動(dòng)詞(Verbs)
動(dòng)詞的種類 按其作用可分為行為動(dòng)詞(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)、連系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
行為動(dòng)詞(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞) 行為動(dòng)詞意義完整，能獨(dú)立用作謂語
e.g. The sun shone brightly this morning.
連系動(dòng)詞 連系動(dòng)詞本身有一定的意義，但不完整，不能單獨(dú)作謂語，必須和表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。常見的連系動(dòng)詞有be，become，get，look，seem，feel，smell，sound，keep，become，turn，fall等 e.g. She is a good swimmer.
助動(dòng)詞 助動(dòng)詞本身沒有詞義，不能獨(dú)立作謂語，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語，表示否定、疑問、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)或其他語法形式。常見的助動(dòng)詞有be，have(has)，do(does)，will(would)，shall(should)
助動(dòng)詞的基本形式
原形 一般式 過去式 過去分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞
am
is
are were
have
has
does
do
shall shall should
will will would
(表中be，do，have及它們的相應(yīng)形式已不表示“是”、“做”、“有”之意。)
助動(dòng)詞的用法
助動(dòng)詞be的用法
be后面跟現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成各種進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) e.g. My mother is cooking in the chicken.
be后面跟過去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài) e.g. This bridge was built twenty years ago.
be后面跟動(dòng)詞不定式表示根據(jù)安排要發(fā)生的事情
e.g. We are to have an English evening next week.
助動(dòng)詞have的用法
have后面跟過去分詞構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài) e.g. I have been to the teachers’ office.
have后面跟動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成謂語，表示因客觀環(huán)境而不得不做的事情
e.g. It’s raining hard. She has to stay at home.
助動(dòng)詞do的用法
用來構(gòu)成疑問句和否定句 e.g. I don’t think you are right.我認(rèn)為你不對。
用來加強(qiáng)語氣，起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，一般解釋為“一定要”，“真的” e.g. Do come and see me.
用來代替前面剛提到的動(dòng)詞以避免重復(fù) e.g. I work harder than he does.
助動(dòng)詞shall/should與will/would的用法
shall構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí)，should構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí)，用于第一人稱，后接動(dòng)詞原形。
e.g. We shall visit the Science Museum next month. He asked me if I should take part in the sports meet.
will構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí)，would構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí)，用于第二、三人稱，后接動(dòng)詞原形
e.g. The weather report says that there will be heavy rain tomorrow afternoon.
【注】現(xiàn)代英語有一個(gè)明顯的發(fā)展趨勢，就是第一人稱用shall表示將來時(shí)間已越來越少，大量采用will，它在陳述句中能用于所有人稱，即使是第一人稱疑問句也用will。
e.g. We will set off soon. Will I be able to go out tomorrow.
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有詞義，表示說話人對某種動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)的看法，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語，和動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本形式
現(xiàn)在式 否定式的縮寫 過去式 否定式的縮寫
can can’t could couldn’t
may might
must mustn’t
shall shan’t should shouldn’t
will won’t would wouldn’t
need needn’t
幾個(gè)常用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can(could)的用法
表示智力、體力方面的能力 e.g. He can speak both English and French.
在口語中，can常代替may，表示“許可”、“可以” e.g. Can I use your computer?
can有時(shí)意為可能，表示說話人的“懷疑”、“猜測”或“不肯定”，常用于否定句或疑問句 e.g. Can the news be true?
could可代表can表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，但語氣較為婉轉(zhuǎn)
e.g. Could you please ring up again at six?
【注】 ⒈be able to可以和can(could)表示同樣意思 e.g. No one can do it.=No one is able to do it.
⒉表示將來或其他時(shí)間的能力和做具體一件事的能力時(shí)要用be able to，
e.g. Will you be able to come tonight?
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may(might)的用法
表示允許或征求對方的許可，有“可以”的意思 e.g. You may go now.
【注】回答帶有may的疑問句時(shí)，否定式常用must not(mustn’t)，表示“不可以”、“禁止”的意思 e.g. —May I take this magazine out of the reading-room? —No, you mustn’t.
表示說話人的猜測，認(rèn)為某一件事“或許”、“可能”發(fā)生 e.g. You may be right.
Might也可以代替may，表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，但語氣較為婉轉(zhuǎn)客氣或更加不肯定
e.g. It might rain this afternoon.
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must和have to的用法
表示“必須”，“應(yīng)當(dāng)” e.g. We must be strict in our work.
must的否定形式must notmustn’t，表示“不可以”、“禁止”的意思，語氣比較強(qiáng)烈。
回答must的疑問句時(shí)，否定式常用need not eedn’t或don’t have，表示“不必”、“用不著” e.g. —Must we hand in our exercise today? —No，you needn’t.
表示說話人對事物的推測，比may語氣肯定得多，意為“一定”、“準(zhǔn)是”
e.g. She must know how to solve the problem.
have to表示“不得不”、“必須”的意思，它比must更含有“客觀條件時(shí)的必須如此做”的意思，并有較多的時(shí)態(tài) e.g. She has to do a lot of housework every day.
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should的用法
表示勸告、建議，常譯為“應(yīng)當(dāng)” e.g. You should listen to the doctor’s advice.
表示預(yù)測，常譯為“可能” e.g. They should be here by now.
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞need的用法
need作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，主要用于否定句和疑問句中，表示“需要”、“必須”
e.g. You needn’t come here so early tomorrow.
need可用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，其否定形式要借助don’t，doesn’t或didn’t;疑問形式要借助do，does或did e.g. Do you need any help?
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞willwould的用法
用于疑問句,一般用于第二人稱,表示說話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣埱蠡蛟儐?BR> e.g. Will you have another cup of coffee?
表示“意愿”、“決心”等，可用于各種人稱 e.g. I’ll do my best.
用would時(shí)語氣比will委婉 e.g. Would you please pass me the ruler?
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall的用法
在疑問句中，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall用于第一、三人稱，表示說話人征求對方的意見或向?qū)Ψ秸埵?e.g. Shall we go out for a walk?
短語動(dòng)詞的類型
動(dòng)詞+介詞(用作及物動(dòng)詞，后跟賓語)，此類短語動(dòng)詞有wait for，look for，look after，look at，look into，agree to，agree with，hear from等 e.g. He looked after us very well.
動(dòng)詞+副詞(有的用作及物動(dòng)詞，有的用作不及物動(dòng)詞)，此類短語有find out，give up，hand in，hurry up，knock down，leave behind，look out，look up，put on，slow down，think over，try on，try out，wake up，work out等 e.g. He called up the man.
【注】當(dāng)這類短語動(dòng)詞的賓語是名詞時(shí)，它可以置于短語動(dòng)詞之后， 置于短語動(dòng)詞之中。但若賓語是代詞擔(dān)任時(shí)，則其只能置于短語動(dòng)詞之中。 e.g. Can I try them on, please?
動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞 此類短語有catch up with，come out of，do away with，get down to，get on with，keep up with，look forward to，put up with等
e.g. I can’t put up with these noisy people.
動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞 此類短語有catch hold of，have pity on，make friends with，make fun of，make room for，pay a visit to，pay attention to，play a part in，take care of，take interest in，take part in，take hold of等 e.g. The elder sister takes care of the young children.
動(dòng)詞+介詞+名詞 此類短語有come to life，bring to an end，go to bed，take by surprise，set on fire，get in touch等 e.g. The cigarette set the house on fire.
be+形容詞+介詞 此類短語有be afraid of，be fond of，be angry with/at，be strict with，be good at，be worried about，be weak in，be interested in，be proud of，be tired of，be sick of，be surprised at等 e.g. She was afraid of snakes.
及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞
及物動(dòng)詞必須帶賓語，表示動(dòng)作的對象 e.g. I like music.
不及物動(dòng)詞不能或不需帶賓語 e.g. The wind is blowing hard.
多數(shù)動(dòng)詞既可作及物動(dòng)詞，又可作不及物動(dòng)詞
e.g. I hear your father has left Beijing for Tokyo.(及物動(dòng)詞) When did he leave?(不及物動(dòng)詞)
動(dòng)詞的基本形式 動(dòng)詞有四種基本形式：動(dòng)詞原形、過去式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞
規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式和過去分詞是在原形動(dòng)詞后面加-ed構(gòu)成，現(xiàn)在分詞是在原形動(dòng)詞后面加-ing構(gòu)成
規(guī)則動(dòng)詞加-ed構(gòu)成過去式和過去分詞的情況及其讀音詳見下表：
詞形 讀音 在清輔音后讀/t/ 在元音和濁輔音后讀/d/ 在輔音/t//d/后讀/id/
一般動(dòng)詞加-ed asked, helped, finished, worked played, answered, opened, called, entered wanted, needed, repeated
以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后加-d hoped, liked lived, died, tied, changed
以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先將y改為i，再加-ed studied, tried, carried, cried, worried
以重度閉音節(jié)或r結(jié)尾而且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞，先雙寫輔音字母，再加-ed stopped, dropped planned, referred, begged regretted, permitted, admitted
規(guī)則動(dòng)詞加-ing構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在分詞的情況詳見下表：
詞 形 加-ing 例 詞
一般動(dòng)詞 加-ing see—seeing，ski—skiing
以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞 先去e，再加-ing become—becoming，use—using
以重度閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾又只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞 將末尾輔音字母雙寫，再加-ing begin—beginning， sit—sitting，plan—planning，stop—stopping
以ie結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞 將ie變?yōu)閥，再加-ing die—dying，lie—lying，tie—tying
不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞 則詳見不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表
不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表
現(xiàn)在式 過去式 過去分詞
am, is was been
are were been
babysit babysat babysat
become became become
bend bent bent
begin began begun
bite bit bitten
bleed bled bled
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned
buy bought bought
can could -
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
dig dug dug
do, does did done
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
freeze froze frozen
forgive forgave forgiven
get got got
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
has, have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
lay laid laid
leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit/lighted lit/lighted
lose lost lost
make made made
may might -
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
retell retold retold
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
shake shook shaken
shall should -
shine shone shone
shoot shot shot
show showed shown
sing sang sung
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
smell smelt smelt
speak spoke spoken
spell spelt spelt
spend spent spent
spread spread spread
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
tread trod trod / trodden
understand understood understood
upset upset upset
wake woke/waked woken/waked
wear wore worn
will would -
win won won
write wrote written
?
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