動詞(Verbs)
動詞的種類 按其作用可分為行為動詞(實義動詞)、連系動詞、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞
行為動詞(實義動詞) 行為動詞意義完整，能獨立用作謂語
e.g. The sun shone brightly this morning.
連系動詞 連系動詞本身有一定的意義，但不完整，不能單獨作謂語，必須和表語一起構成謂語。常見的連系動詞有be，become，get，look，seem，feel，smell，sound，keep，become，turn，fall等 e.g. She is a good swimmer.
助動詞 助動詞本身沒有詞義，不能獨立作謂語，只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語，表示否定、疑問、時態(tài)、語態(tài)或其他語法形式。常見的助動詞有be，have(has)，do(does)，will(would)，shall(should)
助動詞的基本形式
原形 一般式 過去式 過去分詞 現在分詞
am
is
are were
have
has
does
do
shall shall should
will will would
(表中be，do，have及它們的相應形式已不表示“是”、“做”、“有”之意。)
助動詞的用法
助動詞be的用法
be后面跟現在分詞構成各種進行時態(tài) e.g. My mother is cooking in the chicken.
be后面跟過去分詞構成被動語態(tài) e.g. This bridge was built twenty years ago.
be后面跟動詞不定式表示根據安排要發(fā)生的事情
e.g. We are to have an English evening next week.
助動詞have的用法
have后面跟過去分詞構成完成時態(tài) e.g. I have been to the teachers’ office.
have后面跟動詞不定式構成謂語，表示因客觀環(huán)境而不得不做的事情
e.g. It’s raining hard. She has to stay at home.
助動詞do的用法
用來構成疑問句和否定句 e.g. I don’t think you are right.我認為你不對。
用來加強語氣，起強調作用，一般解釋為“一定要”，“真的” e.g. Do come and see me.
用來代替前面剛提到的動詞以避免重復 e.g. I work harder than he does.
助動詞shall/should與will/would的用法
shall構成一般將來時，should構成過去將來時，用于第一人稱，后接動詞原形。
e.g. We shall visit the Science Museum next month. He asked me if I should take part in the sports meet.
will構成一般將來時，would構成過去將來時，用于第二、三人稱，后接動詞原形
e.g. The weather report says that there will be heavy rain tomorrow afternoon.
【注】現代英語有一個明顯的發(fā)展趨勢，就是第一人稱用shall表示將來時間已越來越少，大量采用will，它在陳述句中能用于所有人稱，即使是第一人稱疑問句也用will。
e.g. We will set off soon. Will I be able to go out tomorrow.
情態(tài)動詞 情態(tài)動詞本身有詞義，表示說話人對某種動作和狀態(tài)的看法，但不能獨立作謂語，和動詞原形一起構成謂語，情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數的變化。
情態(tài)動詞的基本形式
現在式 否定式的縮寫 過去式 否定式的縮寫
can can’t could couldn’t
may might
must mustn’t
shall shan’t should shouldn’t
will won’t would wouldn’t
need needn’t
幾個常用情態(tài)動詞的用法
情態(tài)動詞can(could)的用法
表示智力、體力方面的能力 e.g. He can speak both English and French.
在口語中，can常代替may，表示“許可”、“可以” e.g. Can I use your computer?
can有時意為可能，表示說話人的“懷疑”、“猜測”或“不肯定”，常用于否定句或疑問句 e.g. Can the news be true?
could可代表can表示現在時間的動作，但語氣較為婉轉
e.g. Could you please ring up again at six?
【注】 ⒈be able to可以和can(could)表示同樣意思 e.g. No one can do it.=No one is able to do it.
⒉表示將來或其他時間的能力和做具體一件事的能力時要用be able to，
e.g. Will you be able to come tonight?
情態(tài)動詞may(might)的用法
表示允許或征求對方的許可，有“可以”的意思 e.g. You may go now.
【注】回答帶有may的疑問句時，否定式常用must not(mustn’t)，表示“不可以”、“禁止”的意思 e.g. —May I take this magazine out of the reading-room? —No, you mustn’t.
表示說話人的猜測，認為某一件事“或許”、“可能”發(fā)生 e.g. You may be right.
Might也可以代替may，表示現在時間的動作，但語氣較為婉轉客氣或更加不肯定
e.g. It might rain this afternoon.
情態(tài)動詞must和have to的用法
表示“必須”，“應當” e.g. We must be strict in our work.
must的否定形式must notmustn’t，表示“不可以”、“禁止”的意思，語氣比較強烈。
回答must的疑問句時，否定式常用need not eedn’t或don’t have，表示“不必”、“用不著” e.g. —Must we hand in our exercise today? —No，you needn’t.
表示說話人對事物的推測，比may語氣肯定得多，意為“一定”、“準是”
e.g. She must know how to solve the problem.
have to表示“不得不”、“必須”的意思，它比must更含有“客觀條件時的必須如此做”的意思，并有較多的時態(tài) e.g. She has to do a lot of housework every day.
情態(tài)動詞should的用法
表示勸告、建議，常譯為“應當” e.g. You should listen to the doctor’s advice.
表示預測，常譯為“可能” e.g. They should be here by now.
情態(tài)動詞need的用法
need作為情態(tài)動詞，主要用于否定句和疑問句中，表示“需要”、“必須”
e.g. You needn’t come here so early tomorrow.
need可用作實義動詞，其否定形式要借助don’t，doesn’t或didn’t;疑問形式要借助do，does或did e.g. Do you need any help?
情態(tài)動詞willwould的用法
用于疑問句,一般用于第二人稱,表示說話人向對方提出請求或詢問
e.g. Will you have another cup of coffee?
表示“意愿”、“決心”等，可用于各種人稱 e.g. I’ll do my best.
用would時語氣比will委婉 e.g. Would you please pass me the ruler?
情態(tài)動詞shall的用法
在疑問句中，情態(tài)動詞shall用于第一、三人稱，表示說話人征求對方的意見或向對方請示 e.g. Shall we go out for a walk?
短語動詞的類型
動詞+介詞(用作及物動詞，后跟賓語)，此類短語動詞有wait for，look for，look after，look at，look into，agree to，agree with，hear from等 e.g. He looked after us very well.
動詞+副詞(有的用作及物動詞，有的用作不及物動詞)，此類短語有find out，give up，hand in，hurry up，knock down，leave behind，look out，look up，put on，slow down，think over，try on，try out，wake up，work out等 e.g. He called up the man.
【注】當這類短語動詞的賓語是名詞時，它可以置于短語動詞之后， 置于短語動詞之中。但若賓語是代詞擔任時，則其只能置于短語動詞之中。 e.g. Can I try them on, please?
動詞+副詞+介詞 此類短語有catch up with，come out of，do away with，get down to，get on with，keep up with，look forward to，put up with等
e.g. I can’t put up with these noisy people.
動詞+名詞+介詞 此類短語有catch hold of，have pity on，make friends with，make fun of，make room for，pay a visit to，pay attention to，play a part in，take care of，take interest in，take part in，take hold of等 e.g. The elder sister takes care of the young children.
動詞+介詞+名詞 此類短語有come to life，bring to an end，go to bed，take by surprise，set on fire，get in touch等 e.g. The cigarette set the house on fire.
be+形容詞+介詞 此類短語有be afraid of，be fond of，be angry with/at，be strict with，be good at，be worried about，be weak in，be interested in，be proud of，be tired of，be sick of，be surprised at等 e.g. She was afraid of snakes.
及物動詞和不及物動詞
及物動詞必須帶賓語，表示動作的對象 e.g. I like music.
不及物動詞不能或不需帶賓語 e.g. The wind is blowing hard.
多數動詞既可作及物動詞，又可作不及物動詞
e.g. I hear your father has left Beijing for Tokyo.(及物動詞) When did he leave?(不及物動詞)
動詞的基本形式 動詞有四種基本形式：動詞原形、過去式、過去分詞和現在分詞
規(guī)則動詞的過去式和過去分詞是在原形動詞后面加-ed構成，現在分詞是在原形動詞后面加-ing構成
規(guī)則動詞加-ed構成過去式和過去分詞的情況及其讀音詳見下表：
詞形 讀音 在清輔音后讀/t/ 在元音和濁輔音后讀/d/ 在輔音/t//d/后讀/id/
一般動詞加-ed asked, helped, finished, worked played, answered, opened, called, entered wanted, needed, repeated
以e結尾的動詞后加-d hoped, liked lived, died, tied, changed
以輔音字母加y結尾的動詞，先將y改為i，再加-ed studied, tried, carried, cried, worried
以重度閉音節(jié)或r結尾而且末尾只有一個輔音字母的動詞，先雙寫輔音字母，再加-ed stopped, dropped planned, referred, begged regretted, permitted, admitted
規(guī)則動詞加-ing構成現在分詞的情況詳見下表：
詞 形 加-ing 例 詞
一般動詞 加-ing see—seeing，ski—skiing
以不發(fā)音的字母e結尾的動詞 先去e，再加-ing become—becoming，use—using
以重度閉音節(jié)結尾，末尾又只有一個輔音字母的動詞 將末尾輔音字母雙寫，再加-ing begin—beginning， sit—sitting，plan—planning，stop—stopping
以ie結尾的動詞 將ie變?yōu)閥，再加-ing die—dying，lie—lying，tie—tying
不規(guī)則動詞 則詳見不規(guī)則動詞表
不規(guī)則動詞表
現在式 過去式 過去分詞
am, is was been
are were been
babysit babysat babysat
become became become
bend bent bent
begin began begun
bite bit bitten
bleed bled bled
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned
buy bought bought
can could -
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
dig dug dug
do, does did done
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
freeze froze frozen
forgive forgave forgiven
get got got
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
has, have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
lay laid laid
leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit/lighted lit/lighted
lose lost lost
make made made
may might -
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
retell retold retold
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
shake shook shaken
shall should -
shine shone shone
shoot shot shot
show showed shown
sing sang sung
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
smell smelt smelt
speak spoke spoken
spell spelt spelt
spend spent spent
spread spread spread
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
tread trod trod / trodden
understand understood understood
upset upset upset
wake woke/waked woken/waked
wear wore worn
will would -
win won won
write wrote written
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