作為英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)基本技能之一的“聽力”，在高考中具有不可忽視的地位。要求考生聽懂人們?nèi)粘Ｉ罱浑H中所進(jìn)行的簡(jiǎn)短對(duì)話和獨(dú)白?？忌鷳?yīng)該能夠做到以下幾點(diǎn):
(1) 理解主旨要義: 它要求我們對(duì)聽到的內(nèi)容有一個(gè)整體的把握和全面的領(lǐng)會(huì), 理解說(shuō)話者究竟在說(shuō)什么。任何一段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白都是圍繞一個(gè)中心展開的, 有時(shí)主旨大意較明顯, 有時(shí)則需要?dú)w納和概括。
(2) 獲取事實(shí)性的具體信息: 它要求我們聽清、聽懂與話題中心相關(guān)的具體信息, 準(zhǔn)確理解具體細(xì)節(jié),如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、價(jià)錢、數(shù)量、目的、原因、結(jié)果等。同時(shí), 還要求我們對(duì)所聽到的信息進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的處理, 比如數(shù)字運(yùn)算、時(shí)間排序、比較篩選、同義轉(zhuǎn)換等。
(3) 對(duì)所聽內(nèi)容做出簡(jiǎn)單推斷: 它要求我們從對(duì)話或獨(dú)白的話題和語(yǔ)氣中來(lái)推斷出對(duì)話雙方(或說(shuō)話人)的職業(yè)或身份, 彼此之間(或與他人)的關(guān)系, 對(duì)話發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或場(chǎng)合等。
(4) 理解說(shuō)話者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度: 它要求我們從話語(yǔ)中聽出“弦外之音”, 也就是揣摩說(shuō)話人的意圖、觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。從最近幾年高考試題分析可歸納以下幾個(gè)考點(diǎn):
考點(diǎn)一: 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)類
1. 地點(diǎn)場(chǎng)景類
考例 1: Where does the conversation most probably take place? (2008閩、蘇、皖、贛卷)
A. In a restaurant. B. In an office. C. At home.
聽力原文：W: OK, time to go home.
M: I can’t, because I haven’t finished the report about the newly opened restaurant.
W: Well, if you carry on working like that, you’ll make yourself ill.
解析: 根據(jù)對(duì)話中 “ time to go home. … I can’t, because I haven’t finished the report”就可以推斷出是在辦公室。
地點(diǎn)題選項(xiàng)一般由表示地點(diǎn)的名詞或介詞加這類名詞組成。有些地點(diǎn)是對(duì)話中直接提到的, 有些是需要根據(jù)對(duì)話的內(nèi)容來(lái)判斷的, 還有的兩者兼而有之。地點(diǎn)類?？嫉牡攸c(diǎn)一般為機(jī)場(chǎng)、實(shí)驗(yàn)室、學(xué)校、商店、車站、圖書館、餐館、醫(yī)院、郵局等。常見的提問(wèn)方式: 1. Where does this conversation probably take place? / 2. Where did it happen? / 3. Where is…? / 4. What kind of store is she going to?
關(guān)鍵詞: Bank: account, cash, check, savings.
School: campus, dorm, grades, lecture, paper, exam, grades, playground, teacher.
Restaurant: menu, soup, drink, order, bill.
Airport / Station : train, time table, take off, passenger, flight.
Post office: parcel, package, stamp, postage, letter, airmail.
Hospital: cold, fever, pain, cough, trouble, temperature.
2. 時(shí)間類
考例2: When will the two speakers leave if they get cheaper tickets? (2007湖南卷)
A. On Tuesday. B. On Thursday C. On Friday
聽力原文：M: Those tickets on Tuesday are so expensive. Can’t you find anything better before Friday?
W: Well, if we want cheaper tickets, we have to leave on Thursday.
解析: 根據(jù)對(duì)話中 “we have to leave on Thursday” 就可以直接得出答案。
在時(shí)間類題目中,當(dāng)對(duì)時(shí)間進(jìn)行提問(wèn)時(shí),也可能不用數(shù)字而用表示時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示,考生應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
a. 根據(jù)表示時(shí)間的關(guān)聯(lián)詞來(lái)判斷事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間,如: before, after, when, while, then, until, later, right away, immediately, as soon as possible等。
b. 掌握年、月、日、星期等時(shí)間的表達(dá)方法。注意一些表示時(shí)間的詞, 如 quarter, a couple of days, eve, fortnight (two weeks), dawn (daybreak), dusk (time just before it gets quite back) 等。同時(shí)注意英、美不同的時(shí)間表達(dá)方式,如：2 : 15讀作 a quarter past two(英)或 two fifteen(美); 2：30讀作 half past two (英) two thirty(美)等。
c. 有時(shí)候,文中通過(guò)從句或短語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間,而不出現(xiàn)具體表示時(shí)間的數(shù)字或表示時(shí)間概念的單詞,這種情況也要引起注意。例如：“Aren’t you glad the term’s over?”可以判斷出時(shí)間為“at the end of the term”。常見的提問(wèn)方式有: 1. When does the conversation take place? / 2. When does the man want to leave? / 3. How long did it take the man to ….? / 4. When did the football match start?
關(guān)鍵詞: ago, before, after, when, until, later, immediately, quarter, a couple of days, fortnight, decade, etc..
考點(diǎn)二: 職業(yè)身份類
考例: Who is the woman most probably speaking to?
A. a railway porter B. a taxi driver C. a postal clerk
聽力原文: W: Excuse me, sir. I’m going to send this parcel to London. What’s the postage for it?
M: Let me see. It’s one pound and fifty pence.
解析: 根據(jù)parcel (郵包) 和 postage(郵資) 等關(guān)鍵詞可以判斷, 這位女士是在跟一名郵局職員講話。答案是C。
該題型經(jīng)常提供一個(gè)情節(jié)，反映所涉及人物的關(guān)系或身份。在高考試題中, 常見的職業(yè)類型有:警察、醫(yī)生、司機(jī)、工作人員、作家、經(jīng)理、教師、學(xué)生等。常見的提問(wèn)形式有: 1. What’s the woman’s job? / 2. What’s the profession of the man? / 3. Who is the woman most probably speaking to? / 4. Who is the speaker? / 5. What is his / her job? / 6. What does he / she do?
關(guān)鍵詞 Teacher / Student: class, exam, homework, part-time / full time job.
Salesman: price, on sale, try on.
Reporter: news, report.
Doctor / nurse: medicine, operation
考點(diǎn)三: 因果關(guān)系類
考例: Why was Susan late for work? (2007全國(guó)卷I)
A. She missed the bus. B. Her train was late. C. Her car broke down.
聽力原文：M: You are lucky. I was 10 minutes late.
W: What happened
M: All the buses came late.
W: What did Susan say?
M: She was late too.
W: What happened to her?
M: She took the train, and it was late too.
解析: 根據(jù)“She took the train, and it was late too.” 就可以可以直接得出答案。
因果關(guān)系類主要對(duì)原因進(jìn)行提問(wèn), 常與文中表示原因的句子形成因果關(guān)系。因此要注意because, for, since, as, so that等引導(dǎo)的句子或短語(yǔ)。
考點(diǎn)四: 主旨大意題類
考例: What are the speakers talking about? (2008閩、蘇、皖、贛卷)
A. A way to improve air quality. B.A problem with traffic miles.
C. A suggestion for city planning.
聽力原文：M: Air pollution is so bad in this city. I think the government should stop people from driving cars on certain days.
W: You have a point. Air pollution is a problem, but not letting people drive on certain days is a bad idea. People have to go to work by car.
M: I’m afraid I don’t agree with you there. Reducing air pollution is really important. People are so used to driving that they don’t think about ways to do things. If we stop them from driving on certain days, maybe they could think of new ways to get around.
W: I see your point, but I still think it wouldn’t be possible to stop people from driving.
解析: 該段對(duì)話是圍繞一個(gè)中心 “I think the government should stop people from driving cars on certain days.”展開的。
對(duì)這種類型題, 抓住短文的前兩句話往往特別重要, 因?yàn)榍皟删湓捦侵黝}句, 即使不是主題句, 也對(duì)理解全文有重要的意義。例如: Last Friday，a storm to re through two villages in Fujian Province，14 people were killed. 這句話是一篇新聞的開頭，很明顯是主題句，介紹了新聞的中心內(nèi)容，下面則應(yīng)是對(duì)風(fēng)暴情況的具體敘述。
這類試題要求我們對(duì)聽到的內(nèi)容有一個(gè)整體的把握和全面的領(lǐng)會(huì), 抓住說(shuō)話者究竟在說(shuō)什么。任何一段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白都是圍繞一個(gè)中心展開的,有時(shí)主旨大意較明顯, 有時(shí)則需要?dú)w納、概括。常見的提問(wèn)方式有: What are the speakers mainly discussing? / What’s the passage mainly about? / What’s the topic of the passage? / What are the two speakers doing? / What is the dialogue / conversation about?為了把握所聽內(nèi)容的主旨要義, 要從說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣上體會(huì)主旨大意,抓住關(guān)鍵詞, 對(duì)語(yǔ)段進(jìn)行整體理解。而不應(yīng)糾纏在某些小細(xì)節(jié)上, 這樣往往會(huì)造成以偏概全。
考點(diǎn)五: 推理、判斷和歸納類
考例: What can we infer from the conversation? (2008閩、蘇、皖、贛卷)
A. Jane has just learned to drive. B. Jane’s car is in bad condition.
C. Mike will go to the airport.
聽力原文: W: Listen, Mike, I’ve got a really problem.
M: What is it?
W: The car is broken down.
M: Oh, now again.
W: Yeah, I checked the oil, and I checked almost everything. I’t’s just not starting at all.
解析: 根據(jù) “The car is broken down. I’t’s just not starting at all.”可以判斷正確的答案。
考例: What does the man imply? (2007湖南卷)
A. He got help from the woman. B. He needed more time to study.
C. He worked hard for his composition.
聽力原文: W: Congratulations! I heard that you did an excellent job on your composition.
M: Thanks. I've put a lot of time into it.
解析: 好成績(jī)的取得當(dāng)然與努力付出有關(guān)。所以本題毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),答案為C。
判斷要通過(guò)兩種途徑實(shí)現(xiàn): 一是充分利用各題僅有的5秒鐘快速閱讀選項(xiàng), 這樣一來(lái)，在聽錄音時(shí)就更容易抓住重點(diǎn);二是對(duì)所給的信息進(jìn)行判斷分析。該類型題目要求應(yīng)試者推測(cè)出某些細(xì)節(jié)的結(jié)果或?qū)δ承┘?xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行比較。在聽的過(guò)程中盡快瀏覽各選擇項(xiàng),以便做出某些預(yù)測(cè);運(yùn)用常識(shí)猜測(cè)某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)可能有的結(jié)果。常見的提問(wèn)方式有: 1. What do we learn from the conversation? / 2. What does the conversation tell us? / 3. What is the man doing? / 4. What does the man mean? / 5. What happened to the woman? / 6. What can we conclude from the man’s reply?
考點(diǎn)六: 人物及人物之間關(guān)系判斷類
考例: What is the probably relationship between the two speakers? (2007湖南卷)
A. Husband and wife B. Passenger and driver C. Salesgirl and customer
聽力原文：W: Oh, my goodness. You must have left the book in a taxi. It’s a very good book, you know.
M: But I tell you I didn’t take it. I remember clearly. Did you put it in our bedroom? Er, yes, on your dressing table.
解析：此題考查對(duì)話人物身份。根據(jù)對(duì)話中“Did you put it in our bedroom?”中 “our”就可以推斷出是“夫妻”之間的對(duì)話。
判斷人物身份類試題必須根據(jù)說(shuō)話人在特定情景中交談時(shí)所使用的特定的語(yǔ)調(diào)及關(guān)鍵詞才能作出正確選擇。高考的聽力對(duì)話不外乎下面幾種情景：師生;師師;醫(yī)生與病人;售貨員與顧客;警察與司機(jī);老板與職員;記者與被采訪者;家長(zhǎng)與兒女等。只要考生緊緊抓住相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵信息,這類題便能迎刃而解。常見的提問(wèn)方式有: What is the person’s probable job? / Who are the speakers? / What is the relationship between the two speakers? / Who is the woman / man speaking to?
關(guān)鍵詞: Customer and shop-assistant: sale, discount, size, style, fashion, price.
Professor / teacher and student
course, assignment, term, paper, mid-exam, final, summer, course, grade, quiz, vacation
Customer and waiter / waitress
menu, order, dessert, delicious, taste, bill
Doctor and patient
headache, stomachache, backache ,catch a cold, flu, running nose ,fever, temperature, check-up , take one’s temperature, blood, pressure, medicine, pill, operation, recover.
Postman and customer
Parcel, package, postcard, stamp, telegram, postage, airmail, letter.
考點(diǎn)七: 數(shù)字運(yùn)算類
考例: When will the plane probably take off? (2007湖南卷)
A. At 3:30p.m. B. At 3:40p.m. C. At 3:50p.m.
聽力原文：M: I’m trying to get on Flight FA 3036. Am I on time?
W: Not exactly. It’s 3:20 now. But luckily for you, that flight’s been delayed.
M: I never thought I'd be happier about a delay, but hey that's great news.
W: Okay, just may I check your luggage and your tickets please.
M: Here you are. Which gate do I leave from?
W: Gate 38 but I'm sorry to tell you that it's been changed to gate 5 and your plane is taking off in 20 minutes.
M: Whoops, I've got to run with my two kids.
解析：現(xiàn)在時(shí)間為3: 20,女士說(shuō)飛機(jī)將在20分鐘之內(nèi)起飛in 20 minutes.聽到in表示加,起飛時(shí)間應(yīng)為3: 40,因此答案為B。
數(shù)字類問(wèn)題包括辨別類和計(jì)算類兩種:
(1) 要注意區(qū)分-teen和-ty 及four和 five 的讀音;要能夠辨別多位數(shù),如電話號(hào)碼,門牌號(hào)等。
(2) 計(jì)算時(shí)間、價(jià)格、距離、速度、年齡、人或物的數(shù)量等; 聽懂?dāng)?shù)字間的關(guān)系,更要聽清問(wèn)題,因?yàn)閷?duì)運(yùn)算方法的考查通常寓于問(wèn)題中; 注意數(shù)字運(yùn)算有關(guān)的單詞或短語(yǔ); 注意時(shí)間是60進(jìn)制, 還要注意百分?jǐn)?shù)、倍數(shù)等的數(shù)量詞。
常見的提問(wèn)方式有: 1. How old is the man? / 2. How long does it take them to get there if they take plane? / 3. How did the man go to Japan? / 4. How did they feel about the train? / 5. How much will the woman pay…? / 6. How many people are there in…? / 7. Is her age fifteen or fifty? / 8. What’s the distance between…?
關(guān)鍵詞: more, less, as much(many) as, another, double, a couple of, to, past, quarter, double, half, dozen, couple, thirty percent, three times, century, etc.
考點(diǎn)八: 態(tài)度評(píng)價(jià)類
考例: What does the woman think of the man? (2007湖南卷)
A. Lazy. B. Greedy. C. Curious.
聽力原文：M: Hmm… I think I’ll have a chicken sandwich.
W: Okay, a chicken sandwich. Anything else?
M: Soup would be good. Yes, bring me tomato soup, and a salad and a chicken sandwich.
W: Fine, tomato soup, salad and a chicken sandwich. A piece of pie for dessert?
M: No, but you know I love cakes most. Bring me three cakes and some cookies too.
W: Cakes and cookies?
M: Right. That’s too much. Forget cookies. Just bring me the cakes and a glass of milk and some coffee and…
M: Still more? Why don’t I just bring back the whole café!
解析：對(duì)話中的男士因?yàn)橐獪?zhǔn)備report所以請(qǐng)女士幫忙帶外賣。女士中間說(shuō)了A peace of pie for dessert?作為推薦, 但后來(lái)由于男士的要求太多而引起了她的不滿。此外,通過(guò)對(duì)話中他啰嗦的表現(xiàn), 我們也可以看出他是個(gè)greedy貪心和貪吃的人。如果同學(xué)們不認(rèn)得這個(gè)單詞,同樣可以采用排除法。Lazy懶的,他不是自己不愿意去,而是有事在身,curious好奇的, 與本題無(wú)關(guān)。因此答案為B。
該類型題目對(duì)話中經(jīng)常涉及到一方對(duì)另一方或某一事件、觀點(diǎn)、言論、行為的態(tài)度和反應(yīng),或贊成或反對(duì),或滿意或失望,喜怒哀樂(lè)等各種情緒。此類題目的解題方法有：
a. 語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)。英語(yǔ)中,語(yǔ)調(diào)主要有升調(diào)、降調(diào)兩種,另外還有升降調(diào)和降升調(diào)。不同的語(yǔ)調(diào)表達(dá)不同的含義。例如,陳述句用升調(diào)表示說(shuō)話者抱有遲疑、猶豫的態(tài)度;用降調(diào)表示肯定。反意疑問(wèn)句如果反意部分是降調(diào),就表示肯定,希望得到贊同或支持;反之,則表示征求對(duì)方的意見或不耐煩。
b. 提示詞和關(guān)鍵詞?？忌梢愿鶕?jù)一些提示性的語(yǔ)言或一些相關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)進(jìn)行判斷,如 I think…; It seems to me that…; As far as I’m concerned, I could say…; It is / sounds true that...同時(shí)還要注意表示否定、轉(zhuǎn)折和虛擬等含義的指示詞。如,I’d be fired if I accepted your offer.所表達(dá)的是拒絕。
c. 從字里行間判斷。錄音材料的內(nèi)容、材料中不會(huì)直接說(shuō)明態(tài)度,但在字里行間會(huì)有滲透,考生在聽懂對(duì)話的基礎(chǔ)上,依據(jù)語(yǔ)氣,充分理解其言外之意和所反映出來(lái)的態(tài)度。
常見的就語(yǔ)氣而提問(wèn)的問(wèn)題有: What is the man’s / woman’s attitude toward the conversation? / How does the man / woman feel? / The man’s / woman’s feeling toward the subject can be best described as…?
?
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