很多學(xué)生覺(jué)得英語(yǔ)難學(xué)，但事實(shí)上，英語(yǔ)和其他學(xué)科區(qū)別不大，知識(shí)點(diǎn)都完全出在書(shū)中。只要肯下工夫，一定會(huì)把英語(yǔ)學(xué)好，至少英語(yǔ)成績(jī)不會(huì)被別人落下太多。通過(guò)今年的初三期末考試可以看出來(lái)，學(xué)生們存在的最主要的問(wèn)題還是對(duì)教材不夠熟悉。比如，今年的完形填空題出自教科書(shū)中的原文，但是5個(gè)填空部分很多學(xué)生都沒(méi)有完全答對(duì)。其實(shí)，現(xiàn)在考試的趨勢(shì)越來(lái)越回歸教材，所以學(xué)生們一定要對(duì)教材非常熟悉。英語(yǔ)考試中的作文雖然不像語(yǔ)文作文那樣占分比例很大，但這仍是一個(gè)重點(diǎn)。此次考試，學(xué)生們的作文情況也不是很理想。原因是學(xué)生們平時(shí)不愿意動(dòng)筆。其實(shí)，只要對(duì)教材熟悉，寫(xiě)作的問(wèn)題就不大。教材中的每個(gè)模塊的第二、三單元都是一個(gè)主題，這個(gè)主題會(huì)告知寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容。中考時(shí)的寫(xiě)作范圍也不會(huì)脫離這些主題，肯定會(huì)是書(shū)中提到過(guò)的，所以，學(xué)生們要根據(jù)這些主題主動(dòng)練習(xí)寫(xiě)作。
寒假期間的復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)可根據(jù)個(gè)人情況而定，但以下兩方面不得忽視：1、完形填空和閱讀每天要做四五篇。英語(yǔ)考試中完形填空和閱讀所占分?jǐn)?shù)非常大，這是一個(gè)容易得分的部分。所以，學(xué)生們?cè)诩倨诿刻於家ＷC閱讀數(shù)量。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)感很重要，如果長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不做閱讀，再次復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)會(huì)費(fèi)很多力氣。2、初一到初三教材“過(guò)”一遍。復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的最好方式就是熟讀教材，因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)教材中幾乎涵蓋了所有知識(shí)點(diǎn)。寒假期間，初一到初三年級(jí)的全部英語(yǔ)單詞要復(fù)習(xí)一遍，課文要通讀一遍，要保證英譯漢和漢譯英都沒(méi)有問(wèn)題，這樣會(huì)給開(kāi)學(xué)后進(jìn)入總復(fù)習(xí)提供很多幫助。
賓語(yǔ)從句
賓語(yǔ)從句是一種名詞性從句，在句中作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，或介詞的賓語(yǔ)，或形容詞的賓語(yǔ)。根據(jù)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的不同連詞，賓語(yǔ)從句可分為三類(lèi)：
1. 由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。That只有語(yǔ)法作用，沒(méi)有實(shí)在的意義，在口語(yǔ)和非正式文體中可以省略。例如：
He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.他說(shuō)他想呆在家里。
She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill.她不知道她病得很?chē)?yán)重。 I am sure (that) he will succeed.我確信他會(huì)成功。
2. 由連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which和連接副詞when, where, why, how引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。這些連接代詞和連接副詞在賓語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分。例如： Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for? 你知道他們?cè)诘日l(shuí)嗎? He asked whose handwriting was the best.他問(wèn)誰(shuí)的書(shū)法最好。
Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is? 你能告訴我3路公共汽車(chē)站在哪兒?jiǎn)? I don’t know why the train is late.我不知道火車(chē)為什么晚了。
I can't imagine why he did that thing.我不能想像他為什么做了那件事。
Do you know why we have put off the sports meet till next month? 你知道我們?yōu)槭裁窗堰\(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)推遲到下個(gè)月嗎?
以上兩個(gè)例句的賓語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于一個(gè)特殊疑問(wèn)句，分別為：why did he do that thing?和Why have you put off the sports meet till next month?由于賓語(yǔ)從句要求陳述句語(yǔ)序，故而在從句中它變成了陳述語(yǔ)序。請(qǐng)看下列兩組句子：
How much does this coat cost? 這件衣服值多少錢(qián)?
I want to know how much this coat costs.我想知道這件衣服值多少錢(qián)。 Where did you go yesterday? 你昨天去哪兒了?
Please tell me where you went yesterday.請(qǐng)告訴我你昨天去哪兒了。
當(dāng)疑問(wèn)代詞what，who在特殊疑問(wèn)句中做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，該特殊疑問(wèn)句本身就是陳述句語(yǔ)序，所以當(dāng)該句用來(lái)做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，語(yǔ)序不需要調(diào)整。 What's wrong with you? 怎么了?
He asked the girl what was wrong with her.他問(wèn)這個(gè)女孩怎么回事了。 What's the matter? 怎么了?
He asked the girl what was the matter.他問(wèn)這個(gè)女孩怎么了。 What has happened to him? 他發(fā)生什么事了?
We want to know what has happened to him.我們想知道他發(fā)生了什么事。 同類(lèi)句式還有：Who broke the window? 誰(shuí)打破的窗戶(hù)? Who is in the classroom? 誰(shuí)在教室里?
What made him so angry.什么使得他如此生氣。
3. 由if或whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。表示“是否”，二者通常可以互換。例如： Lily asked if/whether she liked it.莉莉問(wèn)她是否喜歡它。
I want to know if (whether) he lives there.我想知道他是否住在這兒。 He asked me whether (if) I could help him.他問(wèn)我是否可以幫助他。 但語(yǔ)義有點(diǎn)區(qū)別：
1)whether強(qiáng)調(diào)猶豫和選擇，多見(jiàn)于書(shū)面語(yǔ)中;if 只限于條件，常用于口語(yǔ)。例如： Write and tell me whether I'm to come. 請(qǐng)寫(xiě)信告訴我，我是否該來(lái)。
Write and tell me if I'm to come. 如果我該來(lái)，請(qǐng)寫(xiě)信告訴我(相當(dāng)于說(shuō)：若我不必來(lái)，那就不用費(fèi)心寫(xiě)信給
我了。)
2)whether可引導(dǎo)各種名詞性從名和讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，if 只能引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句。由if引導(dǎo)的從
句，首先要弄清楚是賓語(yǔ)從句，還是條件狀語(yǔ)從句，然后再確定時(shí)態(tài)。若是引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在(過(guò)去)時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)(過(guò)去將來(lái))時(shí)。例如： If you don't go soon, you’ll be late.如果你不馬上去就會(huì)遲到。
當(dāng)if引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非真實(shí)條件句時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用過(guò)去式(如果是be, 則不論主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)，一律用
were),主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“would+動(dòng)詞原形”。例如：
If everyone in the country knew first aid, many lives would be saved.如果每個(gè)國(guó)民都懂得急救(的知識(shí))，許
多生命就會(huì)得以挽救。
3)whether和if都可以與or no連用。但if與or not之間常需要用詞語(yǔ)隔開(kāi)，而whether與or not可連用，也可隔 開(kāi)。例如：
Can you tell me whether or not the train has left?(=Can you tell me whether the train has left or not?)你能告訴
我火車(chē)是否離開(kāi)了嗎?
I don't care if your car breaks down or not .我不在乎你的汽車(chē)是否壞了。 4)下列情況，只用whether作引導(dǎo)詞：
引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。例如： Whether he comes or not doesn't concern me.他來(lái)不來(lái)與我無(wú)關(guān)。
I am in doubt whether I ought to give this plan my approval..我決定不了是否該同意這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。 What I want to know is whether you can help me.我想知道的是你是否能幫助我。
Whether we go or stay, the result is the same.不管我們是走還是留，其結(jié)果是一樣的。 5)與不定式連用：例如：
I don't know whether to accept or refuse.我不知道是該接受還是該拒絕。 6)在介詞后作介賓。例如：
I am not interested in whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜歡那項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。
4.think，believe，suppose，imagine，guess等表示“認(rèn)為”、“猜想”等的動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句
4、賓語(yǔ)從句的一些特殊情況 1)否定轉(zhuǎn)移
在以上動(dòng)詞之后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)盡管是否定含義，卻不用否定形式，而把主句中的上述動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问?，這就叫否定轉(zhuǎn)移。
I don't think the book is worth buying.我認(rèn)為這本書(shū)不值得買(mǎi)。
I don't believe they have finished their work.我相信他們并未完成他們的工作。 I don't suppose he cares.我猜想他們不會(huì)介意的。
We don't expect they will have everything done.我們希望他們沒(méi)有把事全做完。 2)存在這種否定轉(zhuǎn)移現(xiàn)象的句了在作反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，具有如下特點(diǎn)：
在賓語(yǔ)從句中，如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是think，believe，suppose，imagine，guess等，主句主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng)以外的人稱(chēng)時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)針對(duì)主句。
You don't think he can finish his work, do you? 你認(rèn)為他不能完成他的工作，是嗎? He doesn't believe that we have come back，does he? 他認(rèn)為我們還沒(méi)回來(lái)呢，是嗎?
但是如果主句主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng)時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)詞部分的主語(yǔ)和時(shí)態(tài)要與賓語(yǔ)從句保持一致，并注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移。
I don't think you are an actor，are you? 我認(rèn)為你不是一個(gè)演員，是嗎? I suppose you have been to Beijing，haven't you ?我想你去過(guò)北京。是嗎?
另外，當(dāng)think ，suppose，believe，imaging，guess這類(lèi)表示“認(rèn)為”、“猜想”的動(dòng)詞作主句謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，常會(huì)出現(xiàn)一種以疑問(wèn)詞起頭的雙重疑問(wèn)句。 What do you think he is? 你認(rèn)為他是做什么的?
How much time do you suppose I must spend on it? 你認(rèn)為我得花多少時(shí)間來(lái)做這件事? 二. 賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序
賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)為陳述句的語(yǔ)序。例如：
I hear (that) physics isn’t easy.我聽(tīng)說(shuō)物理不容易。
I think (that) you will like this school soon.我認(rèn)為你不久會(huì)喜歡這所學(xué)校。 Can you tell me how I can get to zoo? 你能告訴我怎么到動(dòng)物園嗎?
Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.請(qǐng)告訴我我們什么時(shí)候開(kāi)會(huì)。 三. 賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)
1.若主句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來(lái)時(shí)，則從句的時(shí)態(tài)不限可視句子意義使用所需要的任何時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
We all know chicken can't swim.我們都知道雞不會(huì)游泳。
Don't you think Jim is speaking too quick.難道你不認(rèn)為吉姆講的太快了嗎? He says he will come back.他說(shuō)他會(huì)回來(lái)。
2.若主句是祈使句，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可用所需要的任何時(shí)態(tài)。例如： Show me which picture is yours.讓我看看哪張照片是你的。 Please tell us where we will go.請(qǐng)告訴我要去哪里。
3.若主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句必須用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的某一種。例如： I knew she had swept the floor already.我知道她已經(jīng)掃過(guò)地了。
He asked if I was doing my homework this time yesterday.他問(wèn)我昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候是否在做作業(yè)。 4.若從句敘述的是客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象或永恒不變的規(guī)律時(shí)，則不受主句時(shí)態(tài)的限制，仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：
Our teacher told us light travels much faster than sound.老師告訴我們光傳播的速度比聲音快得多。 They knew the sun is much bigger than the earth then.他們那時(shí)就知道太陽(yáng)比地球大得多， He said that one and one makes two.他說(shuō)一加一等于二。 【考例】
一Excuse me，could you tell me__________?
——There's a bank on the second floor.You can make it there.[黃岡市] A. where I can change money B. how I can get to the bank C. if there's a bank near here D.where the bank is [答案]A.[解析]考查賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞用法。根據(jù)上下問(wèn)可知應(yīng)選A。 1.--Do you know ______________now? 一In the People's Hotel.[北京市] A. where is Tom working B. where did Tom work C.where Tom is working D.where Tom worked
[答案]C.[解析]考查賓語(yǔ)從句要用陳述句語(yǔ)序。賓語(yǔ)從句要注意兩點(diǎn)：①?gòu)木溆藐愂鼍湔Z(yǔ)序;②前后時(shí)態(tài)要一致。故排除A、B，D時(shí)態(tài)不對(duì)，故選C。
Excuse me, could you tell me when __the new Olympic Center? [沈陽(yáng)市]
A. are we visited B will we visit C we are visited D we will visit [答案]D。 [解析]考查賓語(yǔ)從句的用法。從句要用陳述句語(yǔ)序，而且時(shí)態(tài)要與主句一致。從句意看本句不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，故排除A、c。本題考查的是以when引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。B沒(méi)用陳述句語(yǔ)序，故排除，此處could只表委婉的語(yǔ)氣，并不表過(guò)去。 ----Could you tell me whom the radio _________by? 一Sorry，I have no idea.[福州市] A. invents B invented C is invented D.was invented [答案]D。[解析]考查賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法。從句中的主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的承受者，這時(shí)應(yīng)使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這樣A、B兩項(xiàng)可以排除。我們還應(yīng)考慮到，收音機(jī)的“發(fā)明”一定是過(guò)去的事情，所以該句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成為“was/were+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”。 (年河北)I didn’t understand __________, so I raised my hand to ask.. A. what my teacher says B. what does my teacher say C. what my teacher said D. what did my teacher say
答案為C。本題為賓語(yǔ)從句，由于需要用陳述語(yǔ)序可排除B、D;另外，主句時(shí)態(tài)為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，則從句也要用對(duì)應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，故還可排除A。 --Did Mr White tell you________-?
--Yes. He said he went there in 2003. [福州市] A. when he traveled to Tibet B. how he goes to Wuhan C. Where he spent his holidays D. why did he visit Kunming
[答案]A。 [解析]考查賓語(yǔ)從句。when詢(xún)問(wèn)時(shí)間，how詢(xún)問(wèn)方式，where詢(xún)問(wèn)地點(diǎn)，why詢(xún)問(wèn)原因。由答語(yǔ)“He said he went here in 2003.”可知，前面應(yīng)是詢(xún)問(wèn)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間。 【語(yǔ)法回顧】
【語(yǔ)法過(guò)關(guān)】
1.--- Could you tell us how long ______? --- About three days.
A. does the sports meeting last B. the sports meeting last C. will the sports meeting last D. the sports meeting will last 2.I want to know______,
A. what is his name B what's his name C. that his name is D. what his name is
3.Parents are taught to understand_____important education is to their children’s future. A. that B. how C. such D. so 4.I wonder _______ they will come here with tomorrow. A. whether B. when C. who D. how 5.-Could you tell me ______? -I'm not sure.
A. how many people have been out of hospital B. when is Thanksgiving C. which animal does he like best D. what time will the dolphin show start 6. - Can I help you?
- Yes. I'd like a ticket to Mount Emei. Can you tell me______ take to get there? A. how soon will it B. how soon it will C. how long it will D. how long will it 7..---Could you let me know ___________ yesterday? ---Because the traffic was heavy. A. why did you come late B. why you came late C. why do you come late D. why you come late 8.A computer can only do _________you have instructed it to do.
A. how B. after C. what D. when
9.The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at ________ I thought was a dangerous speed.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
10.I think Father would like to know ____ I've been up to so far, so I decide to send him a quick note
A. which B. why C. what D. how 【參考答案】
1.D 賓語(yǔ)從句用陳述句語(yǔ)序。 2.D 賓語(yǔ)從句用陳述句語(yǔ)序。
3. B題干中的“_____important education is to their children’s future”應(yīng)理解為：education為主語(yǔ)，important是is的表語(yǔ);to their children’s future是狀語(yǔ)，所以空格處應(yīng)為how修飾important。其實(shí)這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句是一個(gè)感嘆句。 4.C 后面的"with"決定了用"who"。 5.A 賓語(yǔ)從句用陳述句語(yǔ)序。
6. C how soon一般用于指某事過(guò)多久后或到什么時(shí)候才發(fā)生，how long一般用于指某事需持續(xù)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
7. B yesterday表明賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句要用陳述句語(yǔ)序。
8. C。 分析本句的結(jié)構(gòu)可知， 空白處應(yīng)填的連詞應(yīng)作賓語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞不定式中動(dòng)詞do的賓語(yǔ)。所以，該連接詞應(yīng)是連接代詞。故應(yīng)選C。
9. C。 介詞at之后是賓語(yǔ)從句，其中I thought是插入語(yǔ)。也可以把what分解為a speed that…
10. C what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，并在賓語(yǔ)從句中作短語(yǔ)be up to 的賓語(yǔ)。
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