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A
Everybody is happy as his pay rises. Yet pleasure at your own can disappear if you learn that a fellow worker has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he is known as being lazy, you might even be quite cross. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying belief that other animals would not be able to have this finely developed sense of sadness. But a study by Sarah Brosnan of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviors of some kind of female brown monkeys. They look smart. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food happily. Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect subjects for Doctor Brosnan’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens (獎券) for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for pieces of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate and connected rooms, so that each other could observe what the other is getting in return for its rock, they became quite different.
In the world of monkeys，grapes are excellent goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was not willing to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either shook her own token at the researcher, or refused to accept the cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other room (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to bring about dissatisfaction in a female monkey.
The researches suggest that these monkeys, like humans, are guided by social senses. In the wild, they are co-operative and group-living. Such co-operation is likely to be firm only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of anger when unfairly treated, it seems, are not the nature of human beings alone. Refusing a smaller reward completely makes these feelings clear to other animals of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness developed independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it comes from the common roots that they had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
1. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true? A. Only monkeys and humans can have the sense of fairness in the world. B. Women will show more dissatisfaction than men when unfairly treated.
C. In the wild, monkeys are never unhappy to share their food with each other. D. Monkeys can exchange cucumbers for grapes, for grapes are more attractive. 答案解析：答案為B。本題為推斷題，考生需通讀全文進(jìn)行推斷。本文講述了當(dāng)受到不公平待遇的時候，每個人都會生氣，包括動物。但是雌性的動物比雄性的動物更加在意不公平的待遇，研究中用猴子作為實驗來證明這一點。文章中第二段 “Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and
services” than males.” 與第三段 “Such characteristics make them perfect subjects for Doctor Brosnan’s study.” 都有此表達(dá)，故答案為B “當(dāng)受到不公平待遇的時候，女性比男性更加不滿”。
從最后一段 “Refusing a smaller reward completely makes these feelings clear to other animals of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness developed independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it comes from the common roots that they had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.”中可知，independently (獨立)對應(yīng)A選項中的only，whether?or?an unanswered question(是否?或者?未知的問題)的表達(dá)方式與A選項的意思 “只有猴子與人類才具有公平意識” 不同，故A選項是錯誤的。
從第三段 “Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for pieces of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate and connected rooms, so that each other could observe what the other is getting in return for its rock, they became quite different.”可知，猴子樂意用石塊交換黃瓜，但是當(dāng)看到另外一只猴子因為石塊得到的回報，態(tài)度就不一樣了。因此C選項 “猴子從不會不高興彼此分享食物” 與該句意思不符。
從第四段首句 “In the world of monkeys，grapes are excellent goods (and much preferable to cucumbers).” 中注意 “excellent (極好的)” 與 “ preferable(更好的)” 兩詞，與D選項 “for grapes are more attractive(更具有吸引力的)” 意思不一致。綜上分析，A, C, D都不符合文章意思。
2. The underlined statement “it is all too monkey” means that ________. A. monkeys are also angry with lazy fellows
B. feeling bitter at unfairness is also monkey’s nature C. monkeys, like humans, tend to be envious of each other D. no animals other than monkeys can develop such feelings
答案解析：答案為B。本題為句意推斷題。結(jié)合文章第一段中 “all too human”前面的內(nèi)容是說當(dāng)?shù)弥獎e人懶惰卻加薪更多的時候，人人都會生氣，這是人的本能。接下來提到的 “it is all too monkey” 也是表達(dá) “猴子受到不公平待遇的時候感到痛苦也是猴子的本能?！钡囊馑?。故答案為B。A選項 “猴子對懶惰的同伴也會生氣”, C選項 “猴子像人類一樣會彼此嫉妒”, D選項 “除了猴子沒有其他的動物會有那種感覺” 都與文章意思不符。
3. Female monkeys of this kind are chosen for the research most probably because they are ___ .
A. more likely to weigh what they get B. attentive to researchers’ instructions C. nice in both appearance and behaviors
D. more ready to help others than their male companions
答案解析：答案為A。本題為細(xì)節(jié)推理題。從文章中第二段 “Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.” 與第三段 “Such characteristics make them perfect subjects for Doctor Brosnan’s study.” 可知，雌性的猴子作為實驗是因為她們比雄性的猴子更加關(guān)注 “物品與服務(wù)” 的價值。A選項 “她們更有可能掂量(weigh)她們得到的”, 與上述分析意思一致，故答案為A。B和D在文章中都未提到;C并不是根本的原因。
4. Which of the following conclusions is TRUE according to the passage? A. Human beings' feelings of anger are developed from the monkeys.
B. In the research, male monkeys are less likely to exchange food with others. C. Co-operation between monkeys stays firm before the realization of being cheated.
D. Only monkeys and humans have the sense of fairness which dates back to 35 million years ago. 答案解析：答案為C。本題為細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從文章最后一段 “Such co-operation is likely to be firm only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.” 可知，只有當(dāng)每個動物感覺沒有被欺騙的時候合作的態(tài)度才是堅定的”, C選項的意思 “意識到被欺騙之前猴子之間的合作非常堅定” 與上述分析一致。解答此題注意同義句的轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)。A, B, D 與文章意思不符合。
5. What can we infer about the monkeys in Sarah’s study? A. The monkeys can be trained to develop social senses. B. They usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
C. The monkeys may show their satisfaction with equal treatment. D. Co-operation among the monkeys remains effective in the wild.
答案解析：答案為C。本題為推斷題。文章中說，猴子受到不公平待遇的時候會生氣，這句話的意思就是C選項的表達(dá) “猴子受到公平待遇的時候會滿意”，故答案為C。解答此題仍然要注意推理題設(shè)置的技巧：用不同的表達(dá)方式來表達(dá)同樣的意思。
從文章最后一段 “The researches suggest that these monkeys, like humans, are guided by social senses. In the wild, they are co-operative and group-living.” 可知，猴子自身就有社會意識，而不是通過訓(xùn)練獲得，故A錯誤。B，D在文章中未提及。
B
The amount of time children spend in institutional care(機(jī)構(gòu)式照顧)may affect how their brains develop. That’s the conclusion of a new study carried out by researchers at the University of Wisconsin, Harvard Medical School and the University of Minnesota. The study is published in Child Development in the journal’s January/ February 2010 issue.
To learn how the lack of care and material needs that institutionalized children often experience affect brain development, the researchers looked at 132 8- and 9-year-olds. Some of them were adopted into U.S. homes after spending at least a year and three quarters of their lives in institutions in Asia, Latin America, Russia and Eastern Europe, and Africa. Others were adopted by the time they were 8 months old into U.S. homes from foster care(寄養(yǎng))in Asia and Latin America; most of these children had spent no time in institutional care, while some had spent a month or two in institutions prior to foster placement. On average, the internationally adopted children had been living with their families for more than 6 years. These children were compared to a group of American children raised in their birth families.
Children adopted early from foster care didn't differ from children raised in their birth families in the United States. Children adopted from institutional care
performed worse than those raised in families on tests measuring visual memory and attention, learning visual information, and impulse (沖動)control. Yet these children performed at developmentally appropriate levels on tests involving sequencing and planning.
The take-home message: Children make tremendous advances in cognitive(認(rèn)知的) functioning once they reach their adoptive families, but the early impact on their brains' development is difficult to change completely.
"We identified basic learning processes that are affected by early institutionalization," notes Seth Pollak, professor of psychology and pediatrics at the University of Wisconsin, who was the study's lead author. "Policies that speed the time in which children can be removed from institutionalized care so they can develop within family contexts should be implemented to decrease the likelihood of learning problems later in children's lives." 1. The passage is mainly written to . A. compare two childcare systems B. criticize the institutional childcare C. present a new research finding D. introduce the basic learning process 答案解析：答案為C。本題為主旨大意題。本文運用了總----分----總的寫作風(fēng)格。注意文章第一段 “The amount of time children spend in institutional caremay affect how their brains develop.” 意為 “兒童受到機(jī)構(gòu)式照顧的時間長短或許會影響大腦發(fā)育”，和最后一段"Policies that speed the time in which children can be removed from institutionalized care so they can develop within family contexts should be implemented to decrease the likelihood of learning problems later in children's lives." 可知，兒童應(yīng)擺脫機(jī)構(gòu)式照顧，而應(yīng)在家庭環(huán)境下培養(yǎng)，從而降低他們以后有學(xué)習(xí)障礙的可能性” ，因此，文章主旨是在陳述一種新的發(fā)現(xiàn)。A，B，D都不是文章的主旨。
2. Children have their brain development affected in institutional care
because .
A. they suffer form poor living conditions B. they spend too much time learning
C. they don’t have freedom staying there
D. they are neither physically nor mentally satisfied
答案解析：答案為D。本題為細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。從文章第二段首句 “To learn how the lack
of care and material needs that institutionalized children often experience affect brain development,?”可知， 句中“care(照顧)” 對應(yīng)D選項的 “mentally(精神地)”, “material needs(物質(zhì)需求)” 對應(yīng)D選項的 “physically(身體地)”, 故答案為D。 3.Compared with home-raised children, institutionalized children didn’t do as well
in tasks like .
A. thinking in pictures and self-control B. working in teams and self-expression C. putting things in order and self-defense
D. adapting to the environment and self-panning.
答案解析：答案為A。本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。從文章的第三段 “Children adopted from institutional care performed worse than those raised in families on tests measuring visual memory and attention, learning visual information, and impulse control.” 可知，機(jī)構(gòu)式照顧下的兒童比家庭環(huán)境下培養(yǎng)的兒童在視覺記憶、注意力、視覺信息和沖動控制上表現(xiàn)要差”, 故答案A “ 思考圖片和自我控制” 意思符合文章的內(nèi)容。
4.It can be concluded form the passage that .
A. the United States is a good place for children’s all-round development B. a perfect family is beneficial to children’s all-round development C. children in institutional care can hardly achieve anything great D. nothing has been done to help children in institutional care
答案解析：答案為B。本題為主旨推斷題。結(jié)合第一題，本文是在陳述一種觀點，即：受到機(jī)構(gòu)式照顧的兒童大腦發(fā)育會受到影響， 他們應(yīng)在家庭環(huán)境下培養(yǎng)。A選項未提及;C、D選項太絕對。故答案為B。
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