雅思判斷題一向被歸為雅思閱覽題型中的簡(jiǎn)略題，下面出國(guó)留學(xué)網(wǎng)就為你介紹雅思閱讀理解技巧。
雅思閱讀判斷題主要根據(jù)該題型有兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)。榜首：該題型大多數(shù)是有序的(除劍十有例外);第二：該題型定位詞顯著不太簡(jiǎn)單被替換?？墒?，就筆者在教學(xué)進(jìn)程傍邊發(fā)現(xiàn)，該題型的準(zhǔn)確率卻不是很高。這么的對(duì)立引起了筆者的愛(ài)好，本篇文章將從雅思判斷題的做題過(guò)程，雅思判斷題易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)，以及雅思判斷題的做題辦法三個(gè)方向切入，希望對(duì)考生有協(xié)助。
雅思判斷題的呈現(xiàn)方式通常是TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN, 或許YES/NO/NOT GIVEN。兩者的差異在于前者是問(wèn)到的標(biāo)題所給的語(yǔ)句是不是agree with the information given in the passage, 而后者的挑選規(guī)范則是標(biāo)題中包括的語(yǔ)句是不是agree with the views of the writer, 可是兩者是沒(méi)有本質(zhì)差異的。所以咱們挑選劍五當(dāng)中的一篇文章來(lái)進(jìn)行做題過(guò)程的分析。
劍橋真題分析
The Effects of Light on Plant and Animal Species
Light is important to organisms for two different reasons. Firstly, it is used as a cue for the timing of daily and seasonal rhythms in both plane and animals, and secondly it is used to assist growth in plants.
Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only, and so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behavior. Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length increases steadily by a predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some species of birds' breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plane which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants.
Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured.
The adaptive significance of photoperiodism in plane is also clear. Short-day plane that flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximizing seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plane that flower in the autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter as seeds. Day-neutral plane has an evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favorable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length.
The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths. Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976). Every bamboo of the species Chusqueaabietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not-yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear. The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying I2 to I5 centimeters deep on the ground) is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation (Evans 1976).
The second reason light is important to organisms is that it is essential for photosynthesis. This is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon from soil or water into organic material for growth. The rate of photosynthesis in a plant can be measured by calculating the rate of its uptake of carbon. There is a wide range of photosynthetic responses of plants to variations in light intensity. Some plants reach maximal photosynthesis at one-quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises.
Plants in general can be divided into two groups: shade-tolerant species and shade-intolerant species. This classification is commonly used in forestry and horticulture. Shade-tolerant plane has lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species. Plant species become adapted to living in a certain kind of habitat, and in the process evolve a series of characteristics that prevent them from occupying other habitats. Grime (1966) suggests that light may be one of the major components directing these adaptations. For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant. They can survive in the forest understory under very low light levels because they have a low photosynthetic rate.
Questions 27-33
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 27 33 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
27. There is plenty of scientific evidence to support photoperiodism.
28. Some types of bird can be encouraged to breed out of season.
29. Photoperiodism is restricted to certain geographic areas.
30. Desert annuals are examples of long-day plants.
31. Bamboos flower several times during their life cycle.
32. Scientists have yet to determine the cue for Chusquea abietifolia’s seasonal rhythm.
33. Eastern hemlock is a fast-growing plant.
上文筆者就提及了雅思判斷題的兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)，其中之一就是絕大部分有序，所以這篇文章的定位相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)就會(huì)比較簡(jiǎn)單。關(guān)于定位詞的選擇這里不再贅述，所以按照做題步驟，我會(huì)建議首先學(xué)生需要找到兩個(gè)或者每個(gè)題目的定位詞。
27. 定位詞：scientific evidence, photoperiodism;
28. 定位詞：bird, out of season;
29. 定位詞：photoperiodism, geographic areas;
30. 定位詞：desert annuals, long-day plants;
31. 定位詞：bamboos, life cycle;
32. 定位詞：scientists, chusqueaabietifolia’s seasonal rhythm;
33. 定位詞：eastern hemlock, fast-growing plant.
第二步，拿著最起碼兩個(gè)題目的定位詞回到原文找到原句進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)述的分析。
27. 根據(jù)題目中的關(guān)鍵詞，定位到“The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable.” 這個(gè)句子應(yīng)該不是難點(diǎn)。重點(diǎn)在于the amount of … is considerable就等同于plenty of…, 所以答案就是TRUE。(注：considerable這個(gè)詞會(huì)有學(xué)生有問(wèn)題)
28. 根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位接下來(lái)的一句話“For example, some species of birds' breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964).” 重點(diǎn)out of season等同于induced even in midwinter, 所以答案就是TRUE。
29. 題目當(dāng)中的關(guān)鍵詞并不能找到可以定位的句子，所以答案就是NOT GIVEN。(注：這個(gè)題目的定位和下一個(gè)題的定位相距較遠(yuǎn)，所以我會(huì)在這之前建議學(xué)生至少拿兩個(gè)題目的關(guān)鍵詞一起來(lái)定位，為了預(yù)防學(xué)生在看到NOT GIVEN題的時(shí)候會(huì)糾結(jié)反復(fù)閱讀文章。因?yàn)檠潘寂袛囝}是順序題，所以下一個(gè)題的關(guān)鍵詞出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候該題目還沒(méi)能定位到，那么答案一定是NOT GIVEN)
30. 關(guān)鍵詞還是比較好定位的，是專有名詞，直接定位到該句子“For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length.” 看到很明顯的for example，往前面看一句就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)desert annual是很明顯的day-neutral plant, 所以答案就可以選擇FALSE。(注：定位一定要帶上主語(yǔ)的原因在該題目中有體現(xiàn)，如果只拿long-day plant來(lái)定位，那么這個(gè)題目很有可能會(huì)誤選NOT GIVEN)
31. 通過(guò)bamboo來(lái)定位到接下來(lái)一段話，具體句子是“Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976).” “flower, fruit and die”恰好和“flower several times ”相反，所以答案是FALSE。
32. 定位并不是問(wèn)題，但是句子有一些變化，對(duì)于基礎(chǔ)較差的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)會(huì)是一個(gè)比較大的問(wèn)題。通過(guò)專有名詞來(lái)看，我們可以確定到相關(guān)句子，“Every bamboo of the species Chusqueaabietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884.” 但是該句子并沒(méi)有答案。(注：一般雅思判斷題是定位到哪句，答案就在哪句，不會(huì)跨句，這也是該題型簡(jiǎn)單的另一個(gè)原因)繼續(xù)往下看，“The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not-yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear.” 所以答案為T(mén)RUE。
33. 該題目相對(duì)有點(diǎn)特殊，因?yàn)槎ㄎ坏降木渥邮恰癋or example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant.” 但是并未提及是屬于快還是慢，所以我們得往前看關(guān)于shade-tolerant的定義，然后我們就可以看到“Shade-tolerant plane has lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species.” 確定答案為FALSE。(注：再?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)一遍，雅思判斷題定位句和答案為同一句，該題跨句的原因是定位到的內(nèi)容是專有的，類似的題目還出現(xiàn)在劍七air traffic control in the USA那篇文章)
做題順序整理
第一：確定關(guān)鍵詞(建議兩道題目一起);
第二：確定考點(diǎn);
第三：回到原文找到對(duì)應(yīng)句子;
第四：同義轉(zhuǎn)述進(jìn)行排除。
學(xué)生易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)分析
1. 詞匯量不夠，導(dǎo)致過(guò)分關(guān)注個(gè)別學(xué)生認(rèn)為可以定位的“關(guān)鍵詞”
例：(C4T1P1)
Many studies have shown that children harbor misconceptions about ‘pure', curriculum science. These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. Sometimes this information may be erroneous. It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers.
Questions 1-8
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1. The plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the media.
2. Children only accept opinions on rainforests that they encounter in their classrooms.
3. It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the 'pure' science that they study at school.
4. The fact that children's ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change them.
5. The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as 'Are there any rainforests in Africa?'
6. Girls are more likely than boys to hold mistaken views about the rainforests' destruction.
7. The study reported here follows on from a series of studies that have looked at children's understanding of rainforests.
8. A second study has been planned to investigate primary school children's ideas about rainforests.
關(guān)于這篇文章中的第三題，第一步，定位詞為“pure science”, 非常明顯，也可以很快定位到原文第二段的首句，根據(jù)不跨句原則可以馬上得出答案，但是很多學(xué)生會(huì)糾結(jié)“they study at school”這個(gè)點(diǎn)，從而導(dǎo)致不敢選擇正確答案TRUE, 而認(rèn)為是NOT GIVEN。主要是因?yàn)閏urriculum這個(gè)單詞的理解障礙，意思就是課程，當(dāng)然就是學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)的意思。
2. 過(guò)度糾結(jié)某個(gè)詞或者詞組的意思，導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤答案
例：(C5T1P1)
For the century before Johnson's Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concern about the state of the English language. There was no standard way of speaking or writing and no agreement as to the best way of bringing some order to the chaos of English spelling. Dr Johnson provided the solution.
There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall ‘of hard usuall English wordes’. Like the various dictionaries that came after it during the seventeenth century, Cawdray's tended to concentrate on 'scholarly' words; one function of the dictionary was to enable its student to convey an impression of fine learning.
Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer - lexical as well as social and commercial. It is highly appropriate that Dr Samuel Johnson, the very model of an eighteenth-century literary man, as famous in his own time as in ours, should have published his Dictionary at the very beginning of the heyday of the middle class.
Johnson was a poet and critic who raised common sense to the heights of genius. His approach to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was intensely practical. Up until his time, the task of producing a dictionary on such a large scale had seemed impossible without the establishment of an academy to make decisions about right and wrong usage. Johnson decided he did not need an academy to settle arguments about language; he would write a dictionary himself; and he would do it single-handed. Johnson signed the contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller Robert Dosley at a breakfast held at the Golden Anchor Inn near Holborn Bar on 18 June 1764. He was to be paid ￡1,575 in instalments, and from this he took money to rent I7 Gough Square, in which he set up his ‘dictionary workshop’.
James Boswell, his biographer described the garret where Johnson worked as 'fitted up like a counting house' with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks would work standing up.
Questions 8-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
8. The growing importance of the middle classes led to an increased demand for dictionaries.
9. Johnson has become more well known since his death.
10. Johnson had been planning to write a dictionary for several years.
11. Johnson set up an academy to help with the writing of his Dictionary.
12. Johnson only received payment for his Dictionary on its completion.
13. Not all of the assistants survived to see the publication of the Dictionary.
該篇文章的第八題也是學(xué)生比較容易出錯(cuò)的一個(gè)點(diǎn)。定位也不是問(wèn)題，拿到middle class馬上可以定位到“beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer--lexical as well as social and commercial.” 但是因?yàn)閘ed to是導(dǎo)致的意思，而associate with是與…有關(guān)的意思，所以很多學(xué)生會(huì)選擇該答案是FALSE。這就是一個(gè)非常典型的過(guò)分糾結(jié)詞匯內(nèi)容而出錯(cuò)的點(diǎn)。
做題建議
就像筆者之前在做題步驟當(dāng)中強(qiáng)調(diào)的第二步，我認(rèn)為雅思判斷題的出題要求并不是需要學(xué)生對(duì)整個(gè)句子的判定，而是詞或者詞組的正誤判斷，并且我把這樣的詞或者詞組整理為四大類。
第一類，也是最大類就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的判定
例：前面的27題就是一個(gè)典型的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)，is plenty of, 我們只需要回到原文對(duì)應(yīng)到the amount of … considerable就可以馬上確定答案是TRUE。
第二類，比較級(jí)最高級(jí)考點(diǎn)
例：(C8T4P1)
A Japan has a significantly better record in terms of average mathematical attainment than England and Wales. Large sample international comparisons of pupils' attainments since the 1960s have established that not only did Japanese pupils at age 13 have better scores of average attainment, but there was also a larger proportion of 'low' attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater. The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education is reasonably similar in the two countries, so how is this higher and more consistent attainment in maths achieved?
6. There is a wider range of achievement amongst English pupils studying maths than amongst their Japanese counterparts.
題目中有出現(xiàn)明顯比較級(jí)，a wider range of, 所以根據(jù)定位詞回到原文我們尋找的焦點(diǎn)也應(yīng)該是比較級(jí)，a significantly better, 但是這個(gè)比較級(jí)說(shuō)的是平均成績(jī)，所以繼續(xù)往下看，“Large sample international comparisons of pupils' attainments since the 1960s have established that not only did Japanese pupils at age 13 have better scores of average attainment, but there was also a larger proportion of 'low' attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater.”正確答案應(yīng)該是對(duì)應(yīng)這句話得出TRUE。
第三類，因果關(guān)系考點(diǎn)
例：(C8T1P2)
An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested. The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United States, and similar air traffic control procedures are also in place over much of the rest of the world.
7. The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine.
很多學(xué)生看到這道題目會(huì)覺(jué)得答案應(yīng)該是NOT GIVEN, 因?yàn)樵谠牟](méi)有看到j(luò)et engine這個(gè)東西，但是根據(jù)因果關(guān)系考點(diǎn)，我們可以看到題目當(dāng)中有一個(gè)非常明顯的因果關(guān)系邏輯詞，as a result of, 根據(jù)定位詞回到原文找到因果關(guān)系result in, 所以答案就會(huì)選擇FALSE。
第四類，數(shù)字考點(diǎn)(注意精準(zhǔn)性)
該考點(diǎn)是比較簡(jiǎn)單也比較小的一類，注意看到一些副詞的修飾就可以了。
例：(C7T4P2)
Catches have not always been so healthy. Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area. With the onset of statehood, however, the State of Alaska took over management of its own fisheries, guided by a state constitution which mandates that Alaska's natural resources be managed on a sustainable basis. At that time, statewide harvests totaled around 25 million salmon. Over the next few decades’ average catches steadily increased as a result of this policy of sustainable management, until, during the 1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish.
20. During the 1990s, the average number of salmon caught each year was 100 million.
該題目的定位顯而易見(jiàn)，數(shù)字定位很容易，也能對(duì)應(yīng)得上，但是題目中是average, 而原文是in excess of, 所以答案就是FALSE。
在本篇文章中，我們不再贅述網(wǎng)上比較常見(jiàn)的選擇正誤或者未提及的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而強(qiáng)調(diào)從學(xué)生出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題的方向入手，從根本方向去判定答案。