U.S. News 第四年度的“全球最佳大學(xué)排名”不僅列出了世界綜合實(shí)力頂尖的1250所大學(xué)，也評出了22個(gè)學(xué)科的大學(xué)排名。下面出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)向大家介紹U.S. News2018學(xué)科排名情況，供大家選校參考。
In addition to rankings of the world's top 1,250 universities overall and by region and country, the fourth annual U.S. News Best Global Universities rankings include an examination of the leaders in key academic subject areas. U.S. News used a separate methodology to publish the top global universities in 22 subject areas. The subject rankings are powered by Clarivate Analytics InCites. Clarivate provided the data and metrics used in the rankings, and the bibliometric data were based on the Web of Science.
These subject-specific rankings – which are not of academic majors, departments or specific schools at universities, such as business or medical schools – are based on academic research performance in those subjects. U.S. News has used various bibliometric measures, including publications and citations, as well as indicators for global and regional reputation in each specific subject.
In many cases, an institution that had a strong focus on a certain subject was ranked in that subject but was excluded from the overall Best Global Universities rankings encompassing the top 1,250 universities worldwide. In total, 125 universities were included in the subject rankings but not in the overall top 1,250 ranked universities. Five countries – Peru, Ghana, Indonesia, Malawi and Vietnam – were represented in the subject rankings but not among the 74 countries in the overall rankings.
U.S. News 第四年度的“全球最佳大學(xué)排名”列出了世界綜合實(shí)力頂尖的1250所大學(xué)，也根據(jù)地區(qū)、國別對它們進(jìn)行了排名。除此以外，第四年度的“全球最佳大學(xué)排名”還根據(jù)核心學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的評估，列出了世界大學(xué)學(xué)科排名。U.S. News采用單獨(dú)的排名方法，評出并公布了22個(gè)學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的全球頂尖大學(xué)。這個(gè)學(xué)科排名得到了Clarivate Analytics的支持。Clarivate Analytics為排名提供了數(shù)據(jù)和參數(shù)。排名涉及的文獻(xiàn)計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)來源于科學(xué)網(wǎng)。
學(xué)科排名不是專業(yè)排名，也不是院系(比如商學(xué)院、醫(yī)學(xué)院)排名，它依據(jù)的是大學(xué)在相關(guān)學(xué)科上的研究表現(xiàn)。U.S. News 采用了各種文獻(xiàn)計(jì)量指標(biāo)，這其中包括出版物、論文引用數(shù)。此外，也參照了大學(xué)的每個(gè)學(xué)科在全球及地區(qū)的聲譽(yù)。
在多數(shù)情況下，偏科的大學(xué)根據(jù)其所偏的學(xué)科接受排名，但不出現(xiàn)在全球最佳大學(xué)綜合排名中。全球最佳大學(xué)綜合排名列出了世界范圍內(nèi)的1250所頂尖大學(xué)。本次學(xué)科排名有125所大學(xué)沒有出現(xiàn)在全球最佳大學(xué)綜合排名中。秘魯、加納、印度尼西亞、馬拉維和越南這五個(gè)國家進(jìn)入了學(xué)科排名，但沒有出現(xiàn)在綜合排名中。綜合排名囊括了74個(gè)國家。
Ranking Indicators
The bibliometric indicators are based on data from the Web of Science for the five-year period from 2011-2015. The Web of Science is a web-based research platform that covers more than 18,000 of the most influential and authoritative scholarly journals worldwide in the sciences, social sciences, and arts and humanities.
The 22 subject fields used in the analysis came from subject schema in Clarivate Analytics InCites, which uses the content and citation indicators from the Web of Science. Publications are limited to those published between 2011 and 2015. However, the citations to those papers come from all publications, including the most recent data available. For the 2018 rankings, this cutoff date was May 30, 2017. It is necessary to use a slightly older window of publication to allow for citations to accumulate and provide statistically relevant results.
排名指標(biāo)
文獻(xiàn)計(jì)量指標(biāo)基于科學(xué)網(wǎng)過去五年(2011-2015)的數(shù)據(jù)。科學(xué)網(wǎng)是一個(gè)以網(wǎng)絡(luò)為基礎(chǔ)的研究平臺，它涵蓋了世界范圍內(nèi)的1萬8千多種最具影響力和原創(chuàng)力的學(xué)術(shù)期刊，內(nèi)容涉及科學(xué)、社會科學(xué)、藝術(shù)、人文等領(lǐng)域。
本次學(xué)科排名涉及的22個(gè)學(xué)科依據(jù)了Clarivate Analytics InCites對學(xué)科的劃分，后者又采用了科學(xué)網(wǎng)的內(nèi)容和引證指標(biāo)。出版物的出版年份局限在2011-2015年，但是針對這些出版物的引用則來源于所有出版物，包括最新獲取的數(shù)據(jù)。本次2018年學(xué)科排名的截止日期為2017年5月30日。有必要使用稍早一些的出版窗口，以利于引用量累積，提供統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義上的相關(guān)結(jié)果。
The first step in producing the subject rankings was to create the total universe of schools that could be ranked in each field. Depending on the subject, the number of universities ranked ranged from a low of 206 for immunology to a high of 1,011 in chemistry – see the Total number of universities ranked column in the table below.
The size of the ranking pool in each of the 22 subject areas – except in two cases, microbiology and space science – was determined by the number of universities that had a published paper count of 250 or more in the 2011-2015 time period in the subject area. In microbiology and space science, the paper threshold was 150 and 200 papers, respectively, for the 2011-2015 time period.
U.S. News studied how many papers each university had published in each of the 22 subject areas and determined that the rankings could be extended in some areas, since many universities had published far more than 500 papers in the 2011-2015 period.
為了得出這份學(xué)科排名，第一步要做的就是找到各學(xué)科所有能進(jìn)入排名的大學(xué)。根據(jù)學(xué)科的不同，進(jìn)入排名的大學(xué)數(shù)量也不同。其中，免疫學(xué)只有206所大學(xué)進(jìn)入排名，化學(xué)進(jìn)入排名的大學(xué)則高達(dá)1011所(詳情參見下表數(shù)據(jù))。
在學(xué)科排名涉及的22個(gè)學(xué)科中，除了微生物學(xué)和空間科學(xué)，其余學(xué)科進(jìn)入排名的大學(xué)數(shù)量均由2011-2015年間學(xué)科內(nèi)發(fā)表論文數(shù)量達(dá)到要求(不低于250篇)的大學(xué)數(shù)量決定。對于微生物學(xué)和空間科學(xué)，它們在2011-2015年間發(fā)表論文最低數(shù)量要求分別是150和200。
U.S. News研究了每所大學(xué)在22個(gè)學(xué)科上發(fā)表論文的情況。鑒于2011-2015年間許多大學(xué)發(fā)表論文遠(yuǎn)超過了500篇，因此U.S. News也會增加部分學(xué)科進(jìn)入排名的大學(xué)數(shù)量。
For the 2018 rankings, U.S. News worked with Clarivate Analytics' bibliometric experts to increase the number of ranked universities in four fields. The number of ranked universities published in chemistry, clinical medicine, engineering and physics increased from 400 to 600. The number of ranked schools published in the other 18 fields remained the same as last year. This meant that 6,800 universities were ranked in 22 subjects in the 2018 rankings, which is a 13.3 percent increase from the 6,000 ranked last year.
Many universities appear in more than one subject ranking. For example, 14 universities appear in all 22 subject rankings, 19 appear in 21 subject rankings and 18 appear in 20 subject rankings.
For the 2018 edition, four fields each list 600 ranked universities, four each list 400 schools and 14 fields each list 200 institutions.
U.S. News 同Clarivate Analytics的文獻(xiàn)計(jì)量專家合作，在2018年學(xué)科排名中增加了四個(gè)學(xué)科的大學(xué)排名數(shù)量。這四個(gè)學(xué)科分別是化學(xué)、臨床醫(yī)學(xué)、工程和物理學(xué)，它們進(jìn)入排名的大學(xué)從去年四百所增加到了六百所。除了這四個(gè)學(xué)科，其余18個(gè)學(xué)科進(jìn)入排名的大學(xué)數(shù)量和去年一樣，保持不變。也就是說，2018年學(xué)科排名(22個(gè)學(xué)科)共有6千8百所大學(xué)進(jìn)入排名。同去年的6千所相比，增加了13.3%。
許多大學(xué)出現(xiàn)在多個(gè)學(xué)科的排名。例如，有14所大學(xué)全部進(jìn)入了22個(gè)學(xué)科排名，19所大學(xué)進(jìn)入了21個(gè)學(xué)科排名，18所大學(xué)進(jìn)入了20個(gè)學(xué)科排名。
在2018年學(xué)科排名中，列出600所大學(xué)的有四個(gè)學(xué)科，列出400所大學(xué)的有四個(gè)學(xué)科，其余14個(gè)學(xué)科均列出了200所大學(xué)。
The table below shows the number of universities that published more than 250 papers and those that published more than 500 papers in each subject area from 2011 to 2015; the total number of universities ranked in each subject; and the number of schools U.S. News published rankings for in each subject area.
| Subjects | Number of universities with >250 papers in 2011-2015 | Number of universities with >500 papers in 2011-2015 | Total number of universities ranked | Number of ranked universities published by U.S. News |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agricultural sciences | 255 | 91 | 240 | 200 |
| Arts
and humanities | 268 | 115 | 260 | 200 |
| Biology and biochemistry | 590 | 315 | 554 | 400 |
| Chemistry | 1,067 | 650 | 1,011 | 600 |
| Clinical medicine | 991 | 734 | 928 | 600 |
| Computer science | 282 | 99 | 267 | 200 |
| Economics and business | 227 | 61 | 223 | 200 |
| Engineering | 731 | 399 | 690 | 600 |
| Environment/ecology | 393 | 157 | 367 | 200 |
| Geosciences | 366 | 184 | 336 | 200 |
| Immunology | 226 | 105 | 206 | 200 |
| Materials science | 523 | 253 | 479 | 400 |
| Mathematics | 365 | 119 | 344 | 200 |
| Microbiology | 157 | 43 | 273 | 200 |
| Molecular biology and genetics | 408 | 231 | 379 | 200 |
| Neuroscience and behavior | 428 | 248 | 399 | 200 |
| Pharmacology and toxicology | 309 | 98 | 299 | 200 |
| Physics | 855 | 569 | 797 | 600 |
| Plant and animal science | 535 | 253 | 505 | 400 |
| Psychiatry/psychology | 363 | 167 | 348 | 200 |
| Social sciences and public health | 542 | 315 | 518 | 400 |
| Space science | 212 | 99 | 213 | 200 |
下表顯示了2011-2015年發(fā)表論文 >250 的大學(xué)數(shù)量、2011-2015年發(fā)表論文>500 的大學(xué)數(shù)量、各學(xué)科進(jìn)入排名的大學(xué)數(shù)量，以及U.S. News公布排名的大學(xué)數(shù)量。
| 學(xué)科 | 2011-2015年發(fā)表論文 >250 的大學(xué)數(shù)量 | 2011-2015年發(fā)表論文>500 的大學(xué)數(shù)量 | 進(jìn)入排名的大學(xué)數(shù)量 | U.S. News公布排名的大學(xué)數(shù)量 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué) | 255 | 91 | 240 | 200 |
| 藝術(shù)人文 | 268 | 115 | 260 | 200 |
| 生物與生物化學(xué) | 590 | 315 | 554 | 400 |
| 化學(xué) | 1,067 | 650 | 1,011 | 600 |
| 臨床醫(yī)學(xué) | 991 | 734 | 928 | 600 |
| 計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué) | 282 | 99 | 267 | 200 |
| 經(jīng)濟(jì)與商務(wù) | 227 | 61 | 223 | 200 |
| 工程 | 731 | 399 | 690 | 600 |
| 環(huán)境/生態(tài)學(xué) | 393 | 157 | 367 | 200 |
| 地球科學(xué) | 366 | 184 | 336 | 200 |
| 免疫學(xué) | 226 | 105 | 206 | 200 |
| 材料科學(xué) | 523 | 253 | 479 | 400 |
| 數(shù)學(xué) | 365 | 119 | 344 | 200 |
| 微生物學(xué) | 157 | 43 | 273 | 200 |
| 分子生物與遺傳學(xué) | 408 | 231 | 379 | 200 |
| 神經(jīng)科學(xué)與行為 | 428 | 248 | 399 | 200 |
| 藥理學(xué)和毒理學(xué) | 309 | 98 | 299 | 200 |
| 物理學(xué) | 855 | 569 | 797 | 600 |
| 植物與動(dòng)物科學(xué) | 535 | 253 | 505 | 400 |
| 精神病學(xué)/心理學(xué) | 363 | 167 | 348 | 200 |
| 社會科學(xué)與公共健康 | 542 | 315 | 518 | 400 |
| 空間科學(xué) | 212 | 99 | 213 | 200 |
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