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中考英語(yǔ)考點(diǎn)精講：定語(yǔ)從句的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)講解
定語(yǔ)從句講解
Match the two sentences：
1.I’m reading a book. The book is about Bill Gates.
I’m reading a book is about Bill Gates.
2.He is a teacher. The teacher teaches us Chinese.
He is a teacher teaches us Chinese.
3.I don’t like the man. He is smoking.
I don’t like the man is smoking.
4.Where is the picture? You bought it last week.
Where is the picture you bought last week?
定語(yǔ)從句：在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞、代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。
先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。
定語(yǔ)從句一般放在先行詞后面。
例：
關(guān)系代詞
關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞稱為關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞分為
關(guān)系代詞(that, which, who, whom, whose)
關(guān)系副詞(when, where, why)。
關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分，關(guān)系副詞在句中作狀語(yǔ)。
關(guān)系代詞which, that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:
如果先行詞是表示物體的名詞或代詞，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用which, that(作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ))
關(guān)系代詞作為主語(yǔ)時(shí)不能省略，作為賓語(yǔ)是可以省略。
例：
作為主語(yǔ)不能省略：
This is a dream.
The dream will never come true.
The dog has been found.
The dog was lost.
The book is mine.
The book is lying on the floor.
作為賓語(yǔ)能省略：
This is the card.
I’ve just received the card.
This is the mistake.
I always make the mistake.
I still keep the letters.
She wrote letters to me.
I lost the pen.
my father bought me the pen.
關(guān)系代詞who, that, whom, whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:
如果先行詞是表示人的名詞或代詞，關(guān)系代詞用who,that(作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ))
whom (作賓語(yǔ))
whose(作定語(yǔ))
例：
作主語(yǔ)不能省略：
This is the film star.
The film star is very popular in China.
The boy is called Roy.
The boy broke the window.
Do you know the man?
The man spoke at the meeting yesterday.
The girl is my cousin.
The girl is watering the flowers.
例：
做賓語(yǔ)能省略：
The man is a famous writer.
He described the man just now.
(作賓語(yǔ))
The boy is my friend.
I'm looking for the boy.
The thief has been sent to prison.
The police caught the thief last night.
whose作定語(yǔ),表示所屬關(guān)系。
The boy is my friend.
The boy’s father is a policeman.
They are helping the man.
The man’s car is broken.
Please pass me the book.
The cover of the book is red.
例：
( B )A child _____ parents are dead is called an orphan( 孤兒).
A. who B. whose C. who’s D. which
只能用that,不用which,常見(jiàn)的情況有六種：
1. 當(dāng)先行詞是all, any, few, little, none,
anything, everything, nothing , everybody,
nobody, everyone, no one 或被這些詞所修飾時(shí)。
That’s all that I know.
Is there anything that I can do for you?
He answered few questions that the teacher asked.
2. 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。
That is the most boring book that I have ever read.
The first thing that I should do is to do my homework.
3. 當(dāng)先行詞有the very, the only, the same等修飾時(shí)。
That’s the only thing that I can do now.
These are the very words that he used.
This is the same bike that I lost.
4. 當(dāng)主句以who或which開(kāi)頭時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞用that,而不用which或who.
Who is the girl that spoke to you just now?
Which is the pen that you lost ?
5. 先行詞同時(shí)包括人或物時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用that.
The man and his dog that I always meet are standing by the gate.
6. 主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句用that，而不用which.
There is a book that belongs to Tom on the desk.
關(guān)系詞只能用which，而不用that的情況：
1.先行詞為that, those時(shí)
What’s that which is under the desk?
2.關(guān)系代詞前面有介詞時(shí)
This is the room in which he lives.
3.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
Tom came back, which made us happy.
關(guān)系詞只能用whom，而不用that/who的情況：
關(guān)系代詞前面有介詞時(shí)
He is the boy with whom my mother is talking.
who/which/that在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞保持一致。
1) I prefer shoes that are cool.
2) I like a pizza that is really delicious.
3) I love singers who are beautiful.
4) I have a friend who plays sports.
Exercise 1 :用關(guān)系代詞填空
1.The boy _ _ is playing ping-pong is my classmate.
2.The e-mail ___________ I received yesterday was from my sister.
3.I hate people ______________ talk much but do little.
4.The car _____________ my father bought last month is very beautiful.
5. The man _ __ hair is white is his grandfather.
6. Is there a student __ __ father is a business man?
7. This is the house in we have lived for 10 years.
8.I’ve never heard of the people and things _ you talked about just now.
9.Say all __ __ you know.
10.Is there anything _ I can do for you?
11.This is the first play I have seen since I came here.
12. This is the best novel I have read.
13.Who is the girl __ _is standing under the tree?
14. Which is the machine we used last Sunday.
定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系副詞的用法:
1、Where指地點(diǎn)，在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。
This is the place where we lived ten years ago.
=in which
2、When指時(shí)間，在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
He told me the date when he joined the Party.
=on which
3、Why指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ)。
I know the reason why she was so angry.
=for which
關(guān)系副詞when, where和關(guān)系代詞that, which的區(qū)別:
同樣是修飾一個(gè)地點(diǎn)，有時(shí)使用where,有時(shí)使用that/which;
同樣是修飾一個(gè)時(shí)間，有時(shí)使用when,有時(shí)使用that/which。這主要看兩點(diǎn)：
1、先行詞在從句中所作成分;
2、定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是否 一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞。
1.This is the park (which/ that )we visited last year.
This is the park where we held a birthday party.
= in which
2. She won’t forget the days (which/ that) she spent on the island.
She won’t forget the day when they stayed together.
= on which
分析例題：
1) This is the factory _ _ I visited last year.
2) This is the factory _ _ I worked last year.
3) This is the factory produces all kinds of TV sets.
A. where B. which C. whom D. whose
以上三個(gè)句子只有細(xì)微的差別，但答案卻不同：做這種題時(shí)，要通過(guò)還原先行詞,看先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?
1)還原為: I visited the factory.是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，因此選 which
2)還原為: I worked in the factory，factory應(yīng)在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，因此選 where
3)還原為: the factory produces all kinds …是作定語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)，不作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，因此選which
4)Can you lend me the novel _ _ the other day?
A. that you talked
B. you talked about it
C. which you talked with
D. you talked about
還原后為：You talked about the novel the other day.故it要?jiǎng)h掉，先行詞在句中作賓語(yǔ)，關(guān)系代詞可以用which/that或者不填。