2021考研英語(yǔ):六類語(yǔ)法從句辨析

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    2021考研英語(yǔ):六類語(yǔ)法從句辨析
    一、從句類型
    在英語(yǔ)中,經(jīng)常使用的從句有以下六類:
    1. 主語(yǔ)從句:一個(gè)句子在整個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的成分,該句子被稱為主語(yǔ)從句。
    2. 賓語(yǔ)從句:一個(gè)句子在整個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的成分,該句子被稱為賓語(yǔ)從句。
    3. 表語(yǔ)從句:一個(gè)句子在整個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)的成分,該句子被稱為表語(yǔ)從句。
    4. 定語(yǔ)從句:一個(gè)句子在整個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)的成分,該句子被稱為定語(yǔ)從句。
    5. 狀語(yǔ)從句:一個(gè)句子在整個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)的成分,該句子被稱為狀語(yǔ)從句。
    6. 同位語(yǔ)從句:一個(gè)句子在整個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)的成分,該句子被稱為同位語(yǔ)從句。
    二、從句的辨認(rèn)
    如果想辨認(rèn)從句類型,學(xué)生們應(yīng)該對(duì)從句的基本形式有所認(rèn)識(shí)。無論是哪種從句類型,在句子中充當(dāng)成分的"句子"應(yīng)該都具備以下特征:
    從句=從屬連詞+句子
    了解了從句的基本結(jié)構(gòu),那么應(yīng)該如何辨別從句類型呢?學(xué)生可以在句子中過簡(jiǎn)單的公式進(jìn)行辨認(rèn)。常見的從句出現(xiàn)形式有四類:
    1. 名詞+從屬連詞+句子=定語(yǔ)從句/同位語(yǔ)從句
    2. 動(dòng)詞+從屬連詞+句子=賓語(yǔ)從句/表語(yǔ)從句
    3. × +從屬連詞+句子=狀語(yǔ)從句
    4. 從屬連詞+句子+動(dòng)詞=主語(yǔ)從句
    對(duì)于以上四類從句出現(xiàn)形式有了一定的了解,那么今天就首先看看第一類從句出現(xiàn)形式的辨認(rèn)方法和注意事項(xiàng)吧!
    1. 名詞+從屬連詞+句子=定語(yǔ)從句/同位語(yǔ)從句
    例子1:Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.(1997年Text2)
    從句類型:定語(yǔ)從句
    辨別方式:a virtue(名詞)+that(從屬連詞)+many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers(句子)
    譯文:然而,表示友好是一種美德,美國(guó)人高度重視這種美德,并期望鄰居和陌生人都能有這種美德。
    例子2:One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research.
    從句類型:同位語(yǔ)從句
    辨別方式:theory(名詞)+that(從屬連詞)+animals have rights ruling out their use in research(句子)
    譯文:一個(gè)這樣的事業(yè)現(xiàn)在正在尋求終止生物醫(yī)學(xué)的研究,因?yàn)橛羞@樣一種理論說,動(dòng)物享有權(quán)利禁止它們被用于實(shí)驗(yàn)。
    ◆定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)分:既然定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句在辨認(rèn)形式上都是"名詞+從屬連詞+句子",那么應(yīng)該如何具體區(qū)分定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句呢?這個(gè)時(shí)候重點(diǎn)在于從句中是否缺少成分:如果從句中缺少成分,那么應(yīng)該就是定語(yǔ)從句如果從句中不缺少成分,則是同位語(yǔ)從句。例子1中,從句中動(dòng)詞value和expect是及物動(dòng)詞,缺少賓語(yǔ),因此that引導(dǎo)的從句應(yīng)屬于定語(yǔ)從句。例子2中,從句中不缺少任何成分,因此that引導(dǎo)的從句應(yīng)屬于同位語(yǔ)從句。
    2. 動(dòng)詞+從屬連詞+句子=賓語(yǔ)從句/表語(yǔ)從句
    例子3:I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.(2008年Text1)
    從句類型:賓語(yǔ)從句
    辨別方式:think(動(dòng)詞)+從屬連詞(that)+the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature(句子)
    譯文:我認(rèn)為那種婦女面對(duì)的事情往往更具有長(zhǎng)期性和反復(fù)性。
    例子4:A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them.
    從句類型:定語(yǔ)從句
    辨別方式:is(動(dòng)詞)+how(從屬連詞)+(how) friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them (句子)
    譯文:由去美國(guó)的游客不斷地帶來的一個(gè)報(bào)告是大多數(shù)美國(guó)人對(duì)他們是多么的友好、禮貌和熱心。
    ◆賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)分:既然賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句在形式上都是"動(dòng)詞+從屬連詞+句子",那么如何進(jìn)行區(qū)分呢?區(qū)分賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句的標(biāo)志在于從句前的動(dòng)詞是否屬于系動(dòng)詞:如果是系動(dòng)詞,那么該從句是表語(yǔ)從句如果不是系動(dòng)詞,那么該從句則是賓語(yǔ)從句。系動(dòng)詞包括:全系動(dòng)詞(be)和半系動(dòng)詞(seem, appear, look, feel, smell,sound, taste, keep, remain, stay, become, go, turn, come, run, get, fall, grow, prove, turn out)。不過在閱讀過程中,學(xué)生即便不知道系動(dòng)詞有哪些也不影響理解,所以對(duì)于系動(dòng)詞的記憶,學(xué)生無需有意識(shí)記憶。
    3. × +從屬連詞+句子=狀語(yǔ)從句
    例子5:While traditional "paid" media -- such as television commercials and print advertisements --still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.
    從句類型:狀語(yǔ)從句
    辨認(rèn)方式:(×)+ While(從屬連詞)+traditional "paid" media -- such as television commercials and print advertisements --still play a major role(句子)
    譯文:盡管傳統(tǒng)的付費(fèi)媒體,比如說,電視商業(yè)廣告和紙質(zhì)廣告,依然占據(jù)著重要的作用,但現(xiàn)在的公司開發(fā)出許多其他的媒體形式。
    4. 從屬連詞+句子+動(dòng)詞=主語(yǔ)從句
    例子6:That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.(1998年Text5)
    從句類型:主語(yǔ)從句
    辨認(rèn)方式:That(從屬連詞)+the plates are moving(句子)+is(動(dòng)詞)
    譯文:不容爭(zhēng)辯的是,板塊正在移動(dòng)。
    2021考研英語(yǔ):語(yǔ)法多方面的講解
    邏輯意義一致就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)須與主語(yǔ)的意義一致(因有時(shí)主語(yǔ)的形式是單數(shù),但意義卻為復(fù)數(shù)有時(shí)主語(yǔ)形式為復(fù)數(shù),而意義卻為單數(shù))。具體請(qǐng)看下文。
    1. what, who, which, any, more, all等代詞可以是單數(shù),也可是復(fù)數(shù),主要靠意思來決定。如:Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.
    2. 表示“時(shí)間、重量、長(zhǎng)度、價(jià)值”等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式,這是由于作主語(yǔ)的名詞在概念上是一個(gè)整體,如:Thirty minutes is enough for the work.
    3. 若英語(yǔ)是書名、片名、格言、劇名、報(bào)名、國(guó)名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。如:“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.
    4. 表數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)“one and a half”后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)形式(也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如:One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.
    5. 算式中表示數(shù)目(字)的主語(yǔ)通常作單數(shù)看待,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用單數(shù)形式。如:Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.
    6. 一些學(xué)科名詞是以 &ndashics 結(jié)尾,如:mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等,都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞,實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞,它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如:The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn‘t easy to study.
    7. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù),但如果這些名詞前有a (the) pair of等量詞修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
    8. “定冠詞the + 形容詞或分詞”,表示某一類人時(shí),動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
    2021考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法:邏輯意義一致原則
    語(yǔ)法一致原則是指句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)法形式上一致,即通常情況下,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式依主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定, 主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)形式時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式, 主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。具體內(nèi)容請(qǐng)看下文。
    1. 以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
    注意:由what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句,后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式,但若表語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.
    2. 由連接詞and或both …… and連接起來的合成主語(yǔ)后面,要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如:Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.
    注意:(1)若and所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí),它后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如:The writer and artist has come. (2)由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)前如果分別有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修飾時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如:Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it.
    3. 主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)名詞或代詞,盡管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式若主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.
    4. either, neither, each, every 或no +單數(shù)名詞和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞,都作單數(shù)看待。如:Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.
    注意:(1)在口語(yǔ)中當(dāng)either或neither后跟有“of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞(或代詞)”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如:Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. (2)若none of后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞,它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就要用單數(shù)若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù),它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。如:None of us has (have) been to America.
    5. 在定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),關(guān)系代詞that, who, which等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。如:He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.
    6. 如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體,它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)如果它指集體的成員,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些詞有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如:Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.
    注意:people, police, cattle等名詞一般都用作復(fù)數(shù)。如:The police are looking for the lost child.
    7. 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)以及由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語(yǔ)中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。如:There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.
    注意:a number of“許多”,作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)the number of“……的數(shù)量”,主語(yǔ)是number,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
    8. 在倒裝句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)一致。如:There comes the bus. / On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.