2021考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法:作后置定語(yǔ)的3種短語(yǔ)辨析

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    2021考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法:作后置定語(yǔ)的3種短語(yǔ)辨析
    一、介詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)
    ,如the bird in the tree(樹上的小鳥),the standard of living(生活水平),the way to the hotel(去旅館的路),the life in the future(未來的生活)。
    二、不定式短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ),用來修飾限定其前的名詞或名詞性短語(yǔ)
    分為以下三類:
    1. 在某些名詞結(jié)構(gòu)中可用動(dòng)詞不定式作后置定語(yǔ)。
    I have a lot of homework to do.
    He is the first to finish the task.
    There are a lot of things to do.
    2. 在某些抽象名詞后可用動(dòng)詞不定式作后置定語(yǔ),具體說明抽象名詞的內(nèi)容。常見名詞有ability, anxiety, attempt, decision, chance, courage, right, determination, promise, ambition, effort, drive, eagerness, failure, inclination, intention, movement, need, opportunity, plan, reason, struggle, time, way, wish等。例句:
    He has the ability to do the work.
    I don’t have the courage to tell you the secret.
    3. 動(dòng)詞不定式有時(shí)可替代一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,與其前修飾的名詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,在時(shí)態(tài)上含有將來的含義。例如:
    Perhaps in the years to come(=that will come),we will meet again.
    In the lectures to follow(=that will follow), she talked about her trip to China.
    三、分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)
    這時(shí)一般可以改寫為定語(yǔ)從句,現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語(yǔ)與修飾的名詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,過去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)與修飾的名詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。例如,
    S1:There is a lady waiting for you.=There is a lady who waits for you.
    S2:What is the language spoken in China?=What is the language which is spoken in China?
    S1中,lady和wait之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,S2中,language與spoken之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
    我們?cè)趯懽鲿r(shí),為了讓句子結(jié)構(gòu)更為高級(jí),或是達(dá)到句式多樣的目的,常用分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)來代替定語(yǔ)從句。如在2012年的考研英語(yǔ)作文中,我們?cè)诿鑸D表示兩個(gè)人對(duì)同樣的半瓶水表現(xiàn)出不同的態(tài)度時(shí),可以說:As is shown in the picture, there is a contrast between two men facing the same problem with half a bottle of water. 在這個(gè)英語(yǔ)句子中,我們用現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作men的后置定語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句who face the same problem with half a bottle of water. 再如,在表達(dá)一個(gè)人眉頭緊縮,因?yàn)樗隽税l(fā)出嘆息,可以說:The one frowning in anxiety is sighing because the water is spoilt out of the bottle。此句中,現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作one的后置定語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于從句who frowns in anxiety。用現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)代替從句可以使句式更簡(jiǎn)短,句型也更為高級(jí),更加豐富,同時(shí)也顯示出考生深厚的語(yǔ)法功底。
    2021考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法:名詞性的主語(yǔ)從句的解析
    名詞性從句。名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組,它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等,因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能,名詞性從句又可分為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。今天我們就來重點(diǎn)講一下其中的主語(yǔ)從句。
    在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)成分的句子叫作主語(yǔ)從句。它的具體表現(xiàn)形式是:引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)一個(gè)從句作主語(yǔ)或者it作形式主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)/系表結(jié)構(gòu)+引導(dǎo)詞+從句。
    【例1】that
    That Chris Lee won the champion of Super Girl in 2005 arouse wide public concern.李宇春贏得2005年超女冠軍這件事引起了社會(huì)的廣泛關(guān)注。
    【例2】what
    What caused the accident remains unknown.是什么引起了這一事故仍然未知。
    【例3】where
    Where my wife and I should choose to continue my further education is a question of great importance.我太太和我應(yīng)該去哪享受我們的蜜月還沒有最后決定。
    【例4】which
    Which university I should choose to continue my further education is a question of great importance.我應(yīng)該考哪個(gè)大學(xué)的研究生是個(gè)很重要的問題。
    【例5】when
    When and where the test will be given is not yet decided.什么時(shí)候在什么地方進(jìn)行考試還沒定下來。
    【例6】-ever
    Whoever gets the job will have a lot of work to do.任何得到這份工作的人都將要有很多工作要做。
    【例7】how
    How we can protect the grain from damp needs to be discussed.我們?cè)鯓硬拍鼙Wo(hù)糧食不受潮需要討論。
    【例8】whether
    Whether this is true or not remains a mystery.這是對(duì)是錯(cuò)還是個(gè)謎。
    It句型
    有的時(shí)候主語(yǔ)從句過長(zhǎng),根據(jù)人類短暫記憶規(guī)律,主語(yǔ)過長(zhǎng)會(huì)影響理解和閱讀,往往會(huì)用it作形式主語(yǔ),而把真正的主語(yǔ)放在句尾,加以強(qiáng)調(diào),是為it句型。
    【例】
    It is a pity that we won't be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.我們不能去南方度過我們的暑假很遺憾。
    為表示強(qiáng)調(diào),常以形式主語(yǔ)it引導(dǎo)從句。It+謂語(yǔ)+引導(dǎo)詞+從句。由于主語(yǔ)從句一般被認(rèn)為是單數(shù)形式,形式主語(yǔ)代表真正的主語(yǔ),因此要用it。因此形式主語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、be動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)均為第三人稱單數(shù)形式或過去式。
    英國(guó)桂冠詩(shī)人約翰·梅斯菲爾德說:“快樂的日子使人睿智?!焙芏嗫忌赡苡X得這句話應(yīng)該反過來說,但其實(shí)復(fù)習(xí)過一段時(shí)間以后,面對(duì)著越來越復(fù)雜的難題,你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),保持快樂的心態(tài),復(fù)習(xí)效率自然而然就會(huì)提高。
    2021考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法:獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的語(yǔ)法精讀
    一、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
    獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)由名詞或代詞加上其他成分(分詞、不定式、名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞或介詞短語(yǔ))構(gòu)成。
    獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ),所以在語(yǔ)法上不是句子。但多有名詞或代詞表示的邏輯主語(yǔ),分詞或不定式表示的邏輯謂語(yǔ),有時(shí)還有其他修飾成分。(判斷一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)是否是句子的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是看看這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)是否有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。)這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常在句子中起方式、時(shí)間、原因、條件等狀語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句的作用,主要用于書面語(yǔ)。使用動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可以改為句子形式(從句):獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)加上連詞,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式,這樣就成為從句了。
    例如:
    Today being Sunday, the library isn' t open.今天星期天,圖書館不開放。
    (原因)改為從句:
    As (Since) today is Sunday, the library isn' t open.
    例如:
    There being no buses,we had to take a taxi. 沒有汽車了,我們只好坐出租車了。
    Because there were no buses, we had to take a taxi.
    The signal given,the bus started.信號(hào)發(fā)出后,公共汽車就啟動(dòng)了。
    (時(shí)間)改為從句:
    After the signal was given, the bus started.
    The boy followed that man here,and climbed in,sword in hand.少年跟那個(gè)人到這里,并爬了進(jìn)來,手里拿著劍。
    The boy followed that man here,and climbed in,and had a sword in his hand.
    The mid-term examination is over, the end-of-term examination to come two months later.期中考試結(jié)束了,兩個(gè)月之后進(jìn)行期末考試.
    The mid-term examination is over, and the end-of-term examination is to come two months later.
    Weather permitting, we' 11 visit the Great Wall.如果天氣允許的話,我們就去參觀長(zhǎng)城。
    If weather permits, we' 11 visit the Great Wall.
    The boy followed that man here, and climbed in, sword in hand.少年跟那個(gè)人到這里,并爬了進(jìn)來,手里拿著劍。(伴隨狀語(yǔ))
    上文例句中sword in hand是由“名詞+介詞短語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成,表示伴隨的情況。這種表示伴隨情的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),有時(shí)可以用with
    引出,二者的意思是一樣的,with結(jié)構(gòu)更加口語(yǔ)話,更加常用。
    She left the office with tears in her eyes.她眼里含著淚水,離開了辦公室。
    The teacher walked into the classroom, with a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand.老師胳膊底下挾著一把尺子,手里拿著幾本書,走進(jìn)了教室。
    The teacher walked into the classroom. He was holding a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand.
    Tian' anmen Square looks magnificent with all the lights on.華燈齊放,天安門廣場(chǎng)顯得美麗動(dòng)人。
    With the boy leading the way, we found his house with no difficulty.由這孩子領(lǐng)路,我們毫不費(fèi)勁地找到他的家。
    With him to give us a lead, our team is bound to turn out well.有他給我們帶頭,我們對(duì)一定能搞好。