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2021考研英語：英語閱讀之專項練習(5)
It looked like a typical business meeting. Six men， neatly dressed in white shirts and ties filed into the boardroom of a small Jakarta company and sat down at a long table. But instead of consulting files or hearing reports， they closed their eyes and began to meditate， consulting the spirits of ancient Javanese kings. Mysticism touches almost every aspect of life in Indonesia and business is no exception. One of the meditators said his weekly meditation sessions are aimed mainly at bringing the peace of mind that makes for good decision-making. But the insight gained from mystic communication with spirits of wise kings has also helped boost the profits of his five companies.
Mysticism and profits have come together since the 13th century introduction of Islam to Indonesia by Indian Moslem merchants. Those devout traders， called ‘Wali Ullah’ or ‘those close to God， ’ energetically spread both trade and religion by adapting their appeals to the native mysticism of Java. Legends attribute magic power of foreknowledge to the Wali Ullah. These powers were believed to be gained through meditation and fasting.
Businessman Hadisiko said his group fasts and meditates all night every Thursday to become closer to God and to contact the spirits of the great men of the past. ‘If we want to employ someone at the managerial level， we meditate together and often the message comes that this man can’t hole onto money or he is untrustworthy. Or maybe the spirits will tell us he should be hired.‘ Hadiziko hastened to add that his companies also hold modern personnel management systems and that formal qualifications are essential for a candidate even to be considered. Perspective investments also are considered through mystic meditation. ’With the mind relaxed and open， it is easier to be objective in judging the risk of a new venture. Meditation and contact with the wisdom of the old leaders sharpens your own insight and intuition. Then you have to apply that intuition to the information you have and work hard to be successful. ‘ Mystic meditation helped reverse a business slide his companies experienced in the mid-1980. Operating with normal business procedures， he lost more than $ 3 millions in that year alone. Meditation brought back his peace of mind. Putting the right persons in the right jobs and gaining confidence in his business decisions were the keys to a turning around that has brought expansion and profitability. The mysticism in Hadisiko’s boardroom is part of a growing movement in Indonesia called Kebatinan – the ‘search for the inner self.’
One of his managers， Yusuf Soemado， who studied business administration at Harvard University， compared the idea of mystic management to western system of positive thinking. ‘Willpower and subconscious mind are recognized as important factors in business. Such approaches as psycho-cybernetics， Carnegie’s think and growth rates， or the power of positive thinking are western attempts to tap the same higher intelligence that we contact through meditation，‘ he said.
1.What is the most important factor in their doing business?
[A] Mysticism.
[B] Religion.
[C] Meditation.
[D] Investment.
2.Whom do they consult?
[A] The spirits of ancient Javanese kings.
[B] Wali Ullah.
[C] Old Kings.
[D] Carnegie.
3.Why did Hadisike hasten to add ‘his companies also hold modern personnel management systems…’?
[A] He thought Mysticism was not so good as expected.
[B] To show they too focused on qualifications.
[C] To show they hired qualified persons.
[D] To show the possibility of combination of the scientific management with religion.
4.According to the passage， the function of the meditation is
[A] to gain profit from the god.
[B] to gain peace of mind to make decision.
[C] to gain foreknowledge.
[D] to gain objective conclusion.
5.What does ‘operating with normal business procedures’ refer to?
[A] Adopting the western way of doing business.
[B] Ordinary way of doing business without meditation and fasting.
[C] Contact with God.
[D] Putting right persons in the right jobs.
Vocabulary
1.file into 魚貫而入，排隊進去
2.Jakarta 雅加達
3.meditate 沉思，冥想，反省
4.Java 爪哇
5.Javanese 爪哇的
6.mysticism 神秘主義
7.boost 促進，增加，提高
8.devout 虔誠的，熱誠的
9.appeal (to) 向……呼吁，求助于，魅力
10.legend 傳說，神話
11.fasting 禁食，齋戒
12.hold onto 抓緊，保住
13.personnel management system 人事管理制度
14.perspective investment 遠景投資
15.venture(商業(yè))投機，風險
16.sharpen 使……敏銳/尖銳，磨尖
17.business slide 買賣/企業(yè)滑坡，下滑
18.turn around (生意)好轉(zhuǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)變
19.subconscious 下意識的，潛意識的
20.cybernetics 控制論
21.Carnegie 卡耐基
22.tap 開拓，選擇
一、難句譯注
1.Mysticism touches almost every aspect of life in Indonesia and business is no exception.
【參考譯文】在印尼神秘主義似乎涉及到印尼生活的各個方面，商業(yè)也不例外。
2.Those devout traders， called ‘Wali Ullah’ or ‘those close to God， ’ energetically spread both trade and religion by adapting their appeals to the native mysticism of Java.
【參考譯文】這些虔誠的商人，叫做Wali Ullah，或者“接近主的人”，把他們的祈求呼吁跟爪哇當?shù)氐纳衩刂髁x相結(jié)合。他們通過這一途徑積極熱情地拓展商業(yè)買賣和宗教信仰。
3.Putting the right persons in the right jobs and gaining confidence in his business decisions were the keys to a turning around that has brought expansion and profitability.
【參考譯文】恰當?shù)墓ぷ鲘徫皇褂煤线m的人選，對企業(yè)決策具有信心使形式好轉(zhuǎn)的關(guān)鍵。它給你帶來拓展和利潤。(或任人唯賢，指揮若定使扭虧增盈，大展宏圖的關(guān)鍵。)
4.Search for the inner self.
【參考譯文】探索內(nèi)心的自我。
5.Such approaches as psycho-cybernetics， Carnegie‘s think and growth rates， or the power of positive thinking are western attempts to tap the same higher intelligence that we contact through meditation.
【參考譯文】類似心理控制論、卡耐基思想、增長率、或者積極思考能力等觀點是西方開拓高智能的辦法，而我們是通過沉思冥想來和高智能聯(lián)系的。
二、寫作方法與文章大意
這是一篇新聞報導，講述印度尼西亞商人如何經(jīng)營公司。主要采用一般到具體寫作手法。一開始就點明他們以獨特的方式――不看文件，不聽匯報，而是閉上眼睛沉思，向古代帝王的精靈請示來經(jīng)營。這種神秘主義幾乎涉及印尼生活的各個領(lǐng)域，商業(yè)也不例外。后面每段都圍繞這一主題而寫。第二段寫來源。第三段，應(yīng)用于商業(yè)方面的具體例子，第四段，和西方管理方法對比。
三、答案詳解
1.C 沉思。這在第一斷已有說明。
A. 神秘主義。是個總的概念，籠罩生活各方面。而不是具體的做法和重要因素。 B. 宗教。 D. 投資。
2.A 爪哇古代帝王之精靈。答案在第一段。
B. Wali Ullah是指印度穆斯林商人。這些虔誠的商人叫做Wali Ullah或者成為接近主的人。傳說神話也把先知的力量歸功于Wali Ullah.C. 老帝王。D. 卡耐基，1835-1919是生于蘇格蘭的美國鋼鐵工業(yè)家和慈善家。他有一套管理企業(yè)的辦法，稱為卡耐基思想(管理法)。
3.B 他們也重視資歷、才能。這在第三段中第二行起，商人 Hadisiko講話清楚說明“如果我們要雇傭管理人員，我們就一起沉思，常常會有這種信息來臨：這個人不能管理錢財或者他不可靠。也可能神靈告訴我們應(yīng)當雇傭他。接著他匆忙補充說他的公司也采用現(xiàn)代人事管理系統(tǒng)，即要考慮雇傭的人員最根本的條件仍是正式資歷”。
A. 他認為神秘主義不像想象中那么好。C. 表明他們雇傭人才。上下文說明，他所以補充是說明他們也重視資格。D. 表明科學管理和宗教結(jié)合的可能性。Hadisike語中沒有這種意思。但不能說他們雇傭人才不管宗教。
4.B 得到冷靜頭腦來決策。這在第三段后半部分講到?！斑h景的投資也是通過神秘的沉思加以考慮。有著放松和開放的頭腦，易于客觀地判斷新投資的風險。沉思和過去領(lǐng)袖的接觸會是你的洞察力和感官變得敏銳?！钡谝欢蔚谖逍小捌渲幸晃怀了颊哒f每星期的沉思會主要目標是帶來一個平靜的頭腦，作出好決策?！?BR> A. 從上帝那里得到利潤。 C. 取得先知。不對，先知的能力歸于Wali Ullah.D. 得到客觀的結(jié)論。文內(nèi)只提到，頭腦放松容易客觀地判斷投資風險與否，并不是客觀的結(jié)論。
5.B 沒有沉思和齋戒的常規(guī)作生意。見第三段中，神秘的沉思幫助扭轉(zhuǎn)公司生意滑坡而正常買賣步驟，這一年就損失了300萬美元。這兩句對比的話說明B項內(nèi)容。
A. 采用西方買賣方式(交易方式)。文內(nèi)沒有點明正常就是西方方式。C. 和上帝接觸。D. 知人善任。
2021考研英語：英語閱讀之專項練習(4)
Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they‘re always coming in for criticism. Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to throw around. ’It‘s iniquitous，’ they say， ‘that this entirely unproductive industry (if we can call it that) should absorb millions of pounds each year. It only goes to show how much profit the big companies are making. Why don’t they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all， it‘s the consumer who pays…’
The poor old consumer! He‘d have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn’t create mass markets for products. It is precisely because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods derives largely from the advertisements we read. Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine， it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance， price， etc.， from an advertisement.
Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements， but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are， too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway byelaws while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful， witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or a newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities.
We must not forget， either， that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers， commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper， or can enjoy so many broadcast programmes is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price!
Another thing we mustn‘t forget is the ’small ads.‘ which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. For instance， you can find a job， buy or sell a house， announce a birth， marriage or death in what used to be called the ’hatch， match and dispatch‘ column but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or ’agony‘ column. No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature. It’s the best advertisement for advertising there is!
1.What is main idea of this passage?
A. Advertisement.
B. The benefits of advertisement.
C. Advertisers perform a useful service to communities.
D. The costs of advertisement.
2.The attitude of the author toward advertisers is
A. appreciative.
B. trustworthy.
C. critical.
D. dissatisfactory.
3.Why do the critics criticize advertisers?
A. Because advertisers often brag.
B. Because critics think advertisement is a “waste of money”。
C. Because customers are encouraged to buy more than necessary.
D. Because customers pay more.
4.Which of the following is Not True?
A. Advertisement makes contribution to our pockets and we may know everything.
B. We can buy what we want.
C. Good quality products don‘t need to be advertised.
D. Advertisement makes our life colorful.
5.The passage is
A. Narration.
B. Description.
C. Criticism.
D. Argumentation.
Vocabulary
1.come in for ( sth. ) 是某事物的對象，吸引(某事物)，獲得
2.flair 天資，天分
3.iniquitous 極邪惡的，極不公正的
4.drab 單調(diào)的，乏味的
5.subsist 活下去，生存下去，維持下去
6.hatch 孵化(指生孩子)
7.match 匹配，婚姻
8.dispatch 派遣，發(fā)送
9.agony 極大痛苦，煎熬
10.agony column (報刊中關(guān)于個人疑難問題征詢意見的)讀者來信專欄
一、難句譯注
1.Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they‘re always coming in for criticism.
【參考譯文】廣告商總是雄心勃勃(想得很大)，也許這就是為什么他們老挨批評。
2.Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion.
【參考譯文】他們的批評者似乎對他們很氣憤，因為他們在自我抬高/標榜上很有天分。
3.No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offer such deep insight into human nature.
【參考譯文】報紙任何其他欄目都難以提供如此有趣的文章，或提供對人性的內(nèi)涵如此深刻的洞察。
4.It‘s the best advertisement for advertising there is.
【參考譯文】這是廣告中最佳的廣告。
二、寫作方法與文章大意
文章以因果、對比的手法寫出有沒有廣告的后果及廣告的真正作用。文章首先指出廣告商遭批評的原因：廣告商夸大和人們認為廣告浪費錢財、商品價格就搞;然后作者以有無廣告的后果突出其功能，沒有廣告，商品價更高，生活單調(diào)、乏味。有了廣告，商品價低，生活豐富多彩，人們獲取各種信息。
三、答案詳解
1.C. 廣告對社會的服務(wù)很有用。作者從三方面來敘述廣告作用：第二段點出如果廣告不為產(chǎn)品開辟廣大的市場，我們就得付出很多錢，正是因為大量的廣告費用，消費者的商品才會那么便宜。廣告除銷售商品外，其重要的功能在通知/告訴信息，有關(guān)家用商品的許多只是來自廣告，還有新產(chǎn)品的介紹。
第三段講了美化環(huán)境功能。如果火車站的墻上和報上沒有廣告，那會怎么樣。一幅悅?cè)诵哪?，機智的廣告將改變一切。
第四段講了它為我們省錢：別忘了廣告對我們口袋作出積極的貢獻。報紙、電臺、電視臺公司沒有這筆收入很難生存。我們的報紙，我們付給很少，或者說，我們能享受那么多的節(jié)目完全是因為廣告商花的錢。如果要我們付報紙的全價，那我們要花多少錢!
最后一段講了各種專欄的功能。人們可以在這些欄目找工作、買賣房子、宣布婚喪嫁娶信息。這些都圍著一個中心：廣告對社會服務(wù)的有用性。
A. 廣告。太籠統(tǒng)。B. 廣告之優(yōu)點。文章不是講優(yōu)點，而是講服務(wù)于社會的功能。D. 廣告費用。
2.A. 欣賞/贊賞。從上述注釋也可推知是A項。最重要的，作者提出種種功能，是為了反駁第一段內(nèi)提到的論點：完全是非生產(chǎn)企業(yè)每年吸收幾百萬鎊，這說明這些大公司利潤有多高。最重要的是消費者付的廣告費等。反駁更說明了A項對。
B. 值得信任。 C. 批評。 D. 不滿意。
3.A. 因為廣告商常常愛吹，見難句譯注1.
B. 因為批評者認為廣告浪費錢。 C. 因為廣告促使消費者購買不必要的東西。 D. 因為消費者支付更多。
4.C. 優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品不需要廣告。一切產(chǎn)品都需要廣告，新產(chǎn)品、老產(chǎn)品都需要。
A. 廣告對我們的口袋作出貢獻。 B. 我們可以買到我們所需的。 D. 廣告使我們生活豐富多彩。這三條都提到也是真實的。
5.C. 文章一開始就提到對廣告的批評，然后作者以對比的手法說明其功能。
A. 敘事。B. 描寫。 D. 議論。
2021考研英語：英語閱讀之專項練習(7)
The main idea of these business schools is appealing.In a world where companies must adapt to new technologies and source of competition，it is much harder than it used to be to offer good employees job security and an opportunity to climb the corporate ladder.Yet it is also more necessary than ever for employees to invest in better skills and sparkle with bright ideas.How can firms get the most out of people if they can no longer offer them protection and promotion?
Many bosses would love to have an answer.Sumantra Ghoshal of the London Business School and Christopher Bartlett of the Harvard Business School think they have one：“Employability”。If managers offer the right kinds of training and guidance，and change their attitude towards their underlings，they will be able to reassure their employees that they will always have the skills and experience to find a good job—even if it is with a different company.
Unfortunately，they promise more than they deliver.Their thoughts on what an ideal organization should achieve are hard to quarrel with：encourage people to be creative，make sure the gains from creativity are shared with the pains of the business that can make the most of them，keep the organization from getting stale and so forth.The real disappointment comes when they attempt to show how firms might actually create such an environment.At its nub is the notion that companies can attain their elusive goals by changing their implicit contract with individual workers，and treating them as a source of value rather than a cog in a machine.
The authors offer a few inspiring examples of companies——they include Motorola， 3M and ABB—that have managed to go some way towards creating such organizations.But they offer little useful guidance on how to go about it，and leave the biggest questions unanswered.How do you continuously train people，without diverting them from their everyday job of making the business more profitable? How do you train people to be successful elsewhere while still encouraging them to make big commitments to your own firm? How do you get your newly liberated employees to spend their time on ideas that create value，and not simply on those they enjoy? Most of their answers are platitudinous，and when they are not they are unconvincing.
1. We can infer from the passage that in the past an employee .
[A]had job security and opportunity of promotion
[B]had to compete with each other to keep his job
[C]had to undergo training all the time
[D]had no difficulty climbing the corporate ladder
2. According to Christopher Bartlett what will improve“employability”?
[A] Ability to lay out one‘s talents to employers.
[B]Skills and knowledge accumulated from school education.
[C] Training opportunity and guidance offered by company.
[D]Being creative and ready to share collective wisdom.
3. What does the writer of this passage think of the ideas of Ghoshal and Bartlett?
[A] Very instructive. [B] Very inspiring.
[C] Hard to implement. [D] Quite harsh.
4. In their work，Ghoshal and Bartlett discuss .
[A]changes in business organizations [B]contracts between employers and employees
[C]employment situation [D]management ideas
5.This passage seems to be a(n) .
[A]book review [B]advertisement
[C]news report [D]research paper
一、核心詞匯
appealing adj.吸引人的 sparkle v.(使)閃耀 reassure vt.使恢復信心
stale adj.陳腐的 implicit adj.暗示的。盲從的 inspiring adj.鼓舞的
divert v.轉(zhuǎn)移 profitable adj.有利可圖的
二、文章翻譯
這些商業(yè)學校的想法非常具有吸引力。在這里所有公司都必須適應(yīng)新技術(shù)與競爭環(huán)境，為優(yōu)秀雇員提供工作保障以及晉升的機會比以前更困難了。然而，對于雇員來講，擁有更好的技能以及充滿睿智的思想火花也比以前更有必要了。如果公司不再能夠為雇員提供保障和晉升，他們?nèi)绾问构蛦T充分發(fā)揮才能呢?
很多老板都希望有自己的答案。倫敦商學院的蘇曼特拉。戈沙爾和哈佛商學院的克里斯托弗。巴特利特認為他們自己的答案是“可雇傭性”。如果經(jīng)理提供正確的培訓及指導，并且改變他們對下屬的態(tài)度，他們將能使自己的雇員充滿信心并且認為自己總是有技能、有經(jīng)驗、可以找到一份好工作——即使是在不同的公司。
令人遺憾的是，這些老板所做的承諾遠遠超出他們實際所能做到的。在有關(guān)一個完美的組織所能獲得的成就上，如鼓勵人們具有創(chuàng)造性、與公司同甘共苦、避免公司疲塌并向前發(fā)展等方面，他們無可非議。但他們在展示公司是如何創(chuàng)造出這樣一種環(huán)境之時卻令人非常失望。問題的中心在于這樣一種觀念：即他們認為改變與工人的合同并將其看作價值的源泉而非機器中的齒輪，來達到公司的目的。
作者提供了一些鼓舞人心的公司案例(包括摩托羅拉、3M和ABB)，這些公司都成功地創(chuàng)造出了這樣的組織機構(gòu)。但是他們很少提供有關(guān)如何運作組織的有益指導，這個最復雜的問題一直沒人來回答。如何在不分散雇員對工作注意力的情況下不斷地對他們加以培訓，以使公司所獲利潤更大?如何將雇員培訓為一個在任何地方都是優(yōu)秀的人而又激勵他們?yōu)槟愕墓拘Я?如何使思想解放的雇員將他們的時間花費在能夠創(chuàng)造價值的想法上而不是他們所喜愛的一些念頭上?這些問題的大多數(shù)答案都是老生常談，不是老生常談的也不具有說服力。
三、答案辨析
1.A推斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞in the past和employee定位文章第一段的it is much harder than it used to be to offer good employee job security and an opportunity to climb the corporate ladder可看出，過去一名優(yōu)秀的職員很容易獲得工作保障和晉升機會，結(jié)合選項可知，A正確。且由該句話可知在過去工作上的競爭并不算殘酷，因此排除B(必須和別人競爭);文中并未談到過去有什么培訓，故排除C(必須總是接受培訓);D(在公司獲得晉升毫無不費力)過于絕對。
2.C細節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞Christopher Bartlett和employability定位文章第二段。該段中
employability后的內(nèi)容即是對此詞的解釋：經(jīng)理們提供正確的培訓及指導，并且能夠改變對下屬的態(tài)度，就能使雇員總是有技能、有經(jīng)驗，從而可以找到一份好工作。結(jié)合選項可知，C正確。
3.C態(tài)度題。題干問作者對Ghoshal and Bartlett的觀點有何看法。從第三段的Unfortunately，they promise more than they deliver…(令人遺憾的是，他們所做的承諾遠遠超出他們實際所能做到的)以及下文提到的The real disappointment comes…可以看出，作者對Ghoshal和Bartlett的觀點不以為然，認為這兩個人許諾的比實際提供的要多，可見作者認為他們的觀點不切實際，故選C.
4.D推斷題。文中提到，Ghoshal和Bartlett不僅討論了企業(yè)的組織形式，還討論了企業(yè)應(yīng)該提供給員工一個創(chuàng)新的環(huán)境，以及對企業(yè)員工進行培訓和管理，最后達到企業(yè)發(fā)展的目的。因此用“企業(yè)管理”來概括他們的觀念最為合適，選項中A過于片面，B只是簡單提到，C過于寬泛，只有D最符合題意。
5.A推斷題。判斷此題的關(guān)鍵在最后一段，由該段首句The author offers a few example of companies…but they offer little useful guidance…中的關(guān)鍵詞the author可推知，本文屬于書評，故應(yīng)選A.