判斷類題型是雅思的特色題型之一,也是普遍學生感到頭疼的題型。因為中國學生早已適應了傳統(tǒng)判斷題“非對即錯”的慣性邏輯,而對于NOT GIVEN這類特殊的情況感到茫然。在本文中將通過分析這類題型的出題特點和解題技巧,幫助學生戰(zhàn)勝難題。
馮月(女)1987年 成都分公司 雅思閱讀教師
TURE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN 是非判斷題
判斷類題型是雅思的特色題型之一,也是我們普遍學生感到頭疼的題型。因為中國學生早已適應了傳統(tǒng)判斷題“非對即錯”的慣性邏輯,而對于NOT GIVEN這類特殊的情況感到茫然。在本文中將通過分析這類題型的出題特點和解題技巧,幫助學生戰(zhàn)勝難題。
一、兩大類型
判斷題有兩大類題型:一種是TRUE / FALSE/ NOT GIVEN,另一種是YES/ NO/ NOT GIVEN。兩者的出題方法和指令有所不同。前者的提問方式是Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage X? 而后者的提問方式是Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage X?
雖然一類考查的是學生對于文章信息的理解,一類是考查對作者觀點的把握,但是這兩種題型從解題方法上來說是幾乎完全一致的。除了在答題的時候需要特別注意題型之外,學生在復習備考的時候,基本不用注意這兩種題型的差別。
二、順序原則
從劍橋真題以及考生的實際考試體驗,幾乎所有的判斷題都是嚴格遵守“順序原則”的,也就是說題目的順序與文章的順序是一致的。
三、只考細節(jié)判斷題屬于細節(jié)題
因此幾乎不需要學生對上下文的理解并進行推斷,同時也必須提醒學生不能根據(jù)自己的背景知識直接判斷。簡單地說來,學生解題的關鍵不是對文章大意的把握,而是找到與題目相關的原文,根據(jù)原文的信息進行解題?!?BR> 四、同義轉換
和所有的雅思閱讀細節(jié)題一樣,判斷題的題目都是基于原文,與原文形成同義轉換(paraphrasing)的關系。同義轉換包括同義句型轉換和同義詞轉換兩種類別。下面我們一起來看一下判斷題的解題步驟和技巧。
一、 瀏覽文章閱讀文章的標題、副標題、小標題、圖片,了解文章的大致內(nèi)容和結構。對于文章主題的把握有助于判斷題的解題。
二、閱讀題目,劃出定位詞前面提到,所有的判斷題都是與原文的同義轉換。但是有些詞是無法被同義轉換掉的,我們可以根據(jù)這個特點,到原文中把該題所對應的段落找出來。這類詞我們稱之為“定位詞”。常見的定位詞有:專有名詞,大寫字母縮寫,斜體字,帶引號的詞,相對比較少見的名詞。
但是有兩個例外:一是文章標題中出現(xiàn)的詞不能做定位詞,二是其它題目中多次出現(xiàn)的詞不能做定位詞。因為這兩種詞在原文中多次出現(xiàn),就失去了定位的價值。讀題的時候要特別注意:不要等把全部題目讀完了再開始做題,因為人的記憶有限,不可能短期內(nèi)記下大量的內(nèi)容;但也不要讀一道題目劃一道題目,因為如果遇到NOT GIVEN或者遇到比較難定位的情況,就會非常耗時。建議學生采用的讀題方法是2-3道題目一起讀,這樣既不至于遺忘,又能方便學生。學生可以從一道相對比較容易定位的題目著手,再根據(jù)順序原則找到相鄰的題目。
三、劃出考點詞 -- 抓住“題眼”很多同學找到定位詞之后,就把題目和原文分別翻譯一下,然后再進行判斷。但是這種做法比較笨拙,因為學生非常有可能因為細枝末節(jié)的題目而錯判斷題目。其實每道題目都只有一個地方可能有錯,因此,這個地方我們稱之為“題眼”,或者叫做“考點詞”??键c詞基本上都位于句子的重心位置,多為謂語部分。常見考點詞的類型有:反義考點詞(有反義詞的詞,多為形容詞和副詞),數(shù)字數(shù)量考點詞,絕對考點詞,比較考點詞等。
一、T/F/NG題型
1、同義替換型(包括同義詞、同義結構)
例題:1、Few are more than five years old.
Q:Most are less than five years old.
出題思路:同義結構
2、Frogs are losing the ecological battle for survival, and biologists are a loss to explain their demise.
Q:Biologists are unable to explain why frogs are dying.
出題思路:同義詞(當然包括近義詞)
難點:要結合上下文來理解,不能只是對比詞匯。
3、Tiffany was established in the environment.
Q:Tiffany was incorporated into the environment.
4、The nature of scientific method is inductive.
Q:The scientific method is inductive.
答案反白查看:【1、T 2、T 3、T 4、T】
2、總結歸納型
原則:所見即所得,原文講的就是答案,不要擴展。
例題:1、For example, it has been demonstrated that rapid response leads to a greater likelihood of arrest only if responses are in the order of 1-2 minutes after a call is received by the police. When response times increase to 3-4 minutes——still quite a rapid response——the likelihood of an arrest is substantially reduced.
Q:A response delay of 1-2 minutes may have substantial influence on whether or not a suspected criminal is caught.
答案反白查看:【T】
3、內(nèi)容矛盾型
例題:1、A species becomes extinct when the last individual dies.
Q:A species is said to be extinct when only one individual exists.
2、You may qualify for the Common Interest Group system, if you are one of at least ten adults who are travelling together.
Q:The Common Interest Group scheme does not apply if there are 11 adults in the group.
答案反白查看:【1、F 2、F 】
4、范圍限定型
標志性詞:guarantee must only
例題:1、Booking in advance is strongly recommended as all Daybreak tours are subject to demand, Subject to availability, stand-by tickets can be purchased from the driver.
Q:Tickets must be bought in advance from an authorized Daybreak agent.
2、Since the Winter Games began, 55 out of 56 gold medals in the men’s Nordic skilling events have been won by competitors from Scandinavia or the former Soviet union .
Q:Only Scandinavians have won gold medals in the men’s winter Olympics.
答案反白查看:【1、F 2、F】
5、修飾詞不同型
例題:1、Frogs are sometimes poisonous.
Q:Frogs are usually poisonous.
2、Without a qualification from a reputable school or university, it is unlikely to find a good job.
Q:It is impossible to get a good job without a qualification from a respected institution.
出題思路:unlikely與impossible的詞義辨析,unlikely指不太可能,而impossible指不可能。
答案反白查看:【1、F 2、F】
6、條件不同型
原有修飾語起限定作用,題目將其去掉了,使意思明顯不同。
例題:1、The Internet has often been criticized by the media as a hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users.
Q:The media has often criticized the Internet because it is dangerous.
答案反白查看:【F】
7、包含型
題目的范圍真包含于原文的范圍,只是其中的一個部分。
例題:1、Our computer club provides printer.
Q:Our computer club provides color printer.
2、Tourists in Cyprus come mainly from Europe.
Q:Tourists in Cyprus come mainly from UK.
答案反白查看:【1、NG 2、NG】
8、主客觀型
標志性詞:vow/swear aim/goal/purpose
例題:1、He vowed he would never come back.
Q:He never came back.
2、His aim was to bring together, once every four years, athletes from all countries on the friendly fields of amateur sport.
Q:Only amateur athletes are allowed to compete in the modern Olympics.
答案反白查看:【1、NG 2、NG】
9、未知型
例題:There are many books on psychology in the library.
Q:Alen borrowed some books from the library.