托福閱讀 簡化題解題方法

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    托福閱讀 簡化題解題方法

    目標:句子簡化題
    屬性(OG p46):選出一個句子,其句意要與原文中某個句子的主要意思相同。
    正如OG 47頁中的tips提到的,這類題錯誤的選項一般涉及了與原句的矛盾、遺漏了重要信息或者與主要觀點矛盾。因此,解決這類題型的關(guān)鍵在于邏輯。
    解題步驟:
    1.找出原句的邏輯:
    換種說法就是說我們要搞清楚原句到底講了怎么一回事。這個邏輯分為兩種:第一種,句子里有什么動作,動作是誰發(fā)出的,動作的目標是誰,也就是說找到句子的主謂賓;第二種,找到原句中的邏輯詞,如果原句有兩個分句,那么是以什么邏輯聯(lián)系在一起的,最簡單的例子就是因果關(guān)系的句子中,誰是因誰是果。
    一般這種題型的原句都是很麻煩的長難句,所以覺得糾結(jié)的時候不如快刀斬亂麻,直接找主謂賓,第一眼先找謂語動詞,然后句子就很明晰了。存在邏輯詞連接的兩個分句,就分別簡化,再注意兩個句子的邏輯聯(lián)系。其實這就像是縮句,把“今天穿得漂漂亮亮的小明興高采烈地去公園”簡化成“小明去公園”,只留下說事的詞,其他多余的修飾語先忽略,特別是冗長的定語從句等等,選項可能在這里出文章迷惑大家。但是在兩個有對比關(guān)系存在的分句里,因為兩個分句中被比較的事物本質(zhì)可能都差不多,所以表修飾的定語從句才是關(guān)鍵,請大家區(qū)別對待。
    2.看選項的邏輯:
    這個步驟和第一步?jīng)]什么太大的差別,甚至更簡單,因為一般選項的句子比原句更短、結(jié)構(gòu)更簡單。
    3.原文與選項的對比:
    清楚了原文和選項分別在說什么事,就可以通過排除有明顯矛盾的選項了。這個步驟在實際做題的時候,其實是和第二步同時發(fā)生的。
    在對比的時候要注意,錯誤選項中可能遺漏了原文的重要信息,也有可能無中生有了一種原文根本沒有提到的邏輯關(guān)系,比如把兩個本沒有因果關(guān)系的句子,用因果邏輯詞連接在了一起。
    4.其他情況:
    經(jīng)過了第三步驟之后,有可能選項還剩下不只一個,也就是說剩下的句子的主干的邏輯并沒有和原文有直接的沖突,那么這剩下錯誤選項中還可能存在:A.對于程度副詞的過分夸大,做題的時候應(yīng)該對絕對詞(比如never, 最高級形容詞等這些修飾程度比較強烈的詞)保持警覺;B.對于狀語的改寫,比如對時間地點的改變或者無中生有。
    說了這么多,舉個例子~
    (Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States—OG)
    The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semi-subsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.
    Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
    Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
    A. Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.
    B. Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas, respectively.
    C. The semi-subsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs' control of the market economy.
    D. The Democrats' power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fully operating.
    這句話的原句本身就比較簡單,而且兩分句由whereas連接存在著一定的對比。先找出原句的邏輯:Whigs—areas fully integrated into market economy[ whereas表轉(zhuǎn)折]Demo—areas: farming, isolated, languishing
    再來看選項
    A:Whigs—only in wealthiest parts[ because] Demo—other areas, 這個選項不僅濫用了絕對詞only,而且無中生有了不存在的因果關(guān)系,可以排除。
    B:Whig and Demo influence areas were naturally split. 原文并沒有提,排除。
    C:Demo’s farming areas 愈發(fā)isolated←?(弱因果)Whig’s control.捏造了愈發(fā)isolated和因果關(guān)系,可以排除。
    D:Demo—areas: poorer[while表轉(zhuǎn)折]Whig—areas: market was fully operating.這個選項和原文的邏輯基本相同,只是把兩個分句的位置變了,所以這個可以選~
    再來看個TPO上的例子~(Cave art in Europe—TPO 4)
    Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.
    Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
    A.Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that if they drew a human image in their cave art, it would cause death or injury.
    B.Many contemporary people believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, so they, like Upper Paleolithic people, rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.
    C.If Upper Paleolithic people, like many contemporary peoples, believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, this belief might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.
    D.Although many contemporary peoples believe that the drawing of a human image can cause death or injury, researchers cannot explain why Upper Paleolithic people rarely depicted human figures in their cave art.
    這個句子讀上去比上個例子稍微復(fù)雜一點,但是讓我們來分析一下:
    [Upper Paleolithic believed that (drawing could cause death/Injury)] || [if so] —explain (弱因果)—[ why figures rarely depicted]
    是不是很清晰呢?然后來看一下各選項:
    A.UP believed that (if they drew…, it would cause death/injury).在第一次審查時候,它的邏輯與選項的前半部分比較吻合,先過關(guān)
    B. [contemporary people believed that (drawing cause death/injury)]—因果—they rarely depicted figures. 選項因為原文的定語like contemporary people而試圖偷換主語,引出的結(jié)果自然也是不存在的~排除
    C. [If UP believed that (drawing could cause death/injury)] || this explains — [why figures rarely depicted].選項的邏輯和原句很吻合,先過關(guān)
    D. [Although contemporary people believe (drawing could cause death/injury)]—轉(zhuǎn)折—[researchers can’t explain (why figures rarely depicted)].選項是一個轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系復(fù)句,表達的邏輯也和原文有比較大的出入,排除
    選項中有兩個在第一輪剩下,那么我們再看一遍原句,看一下之前縮句有沒有忽略重要的程度副詞,原句的前半個分句有一個perhaps,所以A選項中表達的句意只是有可能,并不準確,于是可以肯定的排除。其實從另一個角度說,在第一遍審查的時候,A選項只表達了原句一半的意思,而遺漏了后面重要的半句,因此并不能成為原句的替換,本是可以排除的。但是我在這里還是稍微保守了一點,看完所有選項,再從優(yōu)選擇~謹慎一點比較好呢~~
    不管長句短句,我們的方法卻是普遍使用滴~所以遇到長難句千萬不要慌,用我們的步驟1234來排除小怪獸,你會發(fā)現(xiàn)句子簡化題完全不可怕~~~
    【更多托福閱讀信息請點擊出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)相關(guān)鏈接】
    托福閱讀考試的文章結(jié)構(gòu) 
    傳統(tǒng)的文法翻譯法教學(xué)已經(jīng)在新托福完全不能用了,因為新托福閱讀文章變兩倍長,而且ETS在官方指南清楚地寫明:“同學(xué)要能有略讀文章了解文章結(jié)構(gòu)的能力“而且閱讀十大題型中,有一半是考對文章結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯理解。這也正是,同學(xué)到美國求學(xué)必需具備的 reading skimming能力。
    而這教學(xué)法是採用美國最新的整合式教學(xué)法,結(jié)合閱讀與英語寫作手法的教學(xué)。ETS也是按著英語教學(xué)法的趨勢提出整合式的新托福 iBT.所以我們能真正了解英語人士的各種寫作技巧,我們就能作到與一般同學(xué)不同,光看到topic,我們就能預(yù)測:
    新托福閱讀文章的類型、文章的走向、文章的寫作方式,快速清晰地閱讀結(jié)構(gòu),比沒訓(xùn)綀過的同學(xué)在閱讀速度與理解能力快叁倍以上,也進而能真正了解作者對這段文字的態(tài)度,這方法對更艱深難懂的英語學(xué)術(shù)文章尤其有用,比如TOEFL,IELTS,GRE, GMAT,LSAT 的閱讀。
    藉由這樣的美國最新式的英語教學(xué)專業(yè)訓(xùn)綀,也能真正增加了自己英語寫作的能力。而不是一般的邊讀邊翻譯,而最后不知所云,看文章似懂非懂,這就是25分的分水嶺。大多有背詞匯的同學(xué),文章是大約能了解,但還是無沒讀到作者所要講的中心。所以分數(shù)一直上不去。
    另外再教導(dǎo)同學(xué)透過略讀、導(dǎo)讀、精讀的叁讀法, 在最快速的時間內(nèi),迅速了解文章各段的組織、邏輯、大意, 再經(jīng)筆記速記法,也因為老師在美研究過學(xué)術(shù)的英語測驗的出題方法,也親自訪問過ETS的考官,所以知道ETS怎么選材,設(shè)計考題,與干擾選項等等,能應(yīng)用這些計巧,我們就能精確且快速地30秒破解托福閱讀十大題型。