托?？荚嚪譃槁?tīng)力、閱讀、寫(xiě)作和口語(yǔ)四部分。出國(guó)留學(xué)網(wǎng)托福頻道根據(jù)托?？荚囶}型構(gòu)成，為各位考生提供了托福聽(tīng)力、托?？谡Z(yǔ)、托福作文、托福閱讀四個(gè)方向的復(fù)習(xí)資料，歡迎大家參考借鑒。
眾所周知，英語(yǔ)是一種表達(dá)意義十分精確，高度形式化和邏輯化的語(yǔ)言，這主要表現(xiàn)在它的嚴(yán)格的句法結(jié)構(gòu)方面。英語(yǔ)句子以動(dòng)詞為核心，排列順序?yàn)橹髦^賓(SVO)或者主謂(SV)，一般來(lái)講，句子必須完備，各組成部分很少省略，尤其是主語(yǔ)更不能省略。一些無(wú)主語(yǔ)的句子如“下雨了”，必須加上一個(gè)邏輯主語(yǔ)it, 翻譯為“ It is raining”;對(duì)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的要求非常嚴(yán)格;句子和句內(nèi)之間各因素也要用形式邏輯關(guān)系詞鏈接，因此說(shuō)英語(yǔ)是“法治”的并不為過(guò)。
新托福考試作為一種針對(duì)母語(yǔ)非英語(yǔ)的人進(jìn)行的英語(yǔ)水平考試，不可避免地會(huì)測(cè)試到考生的語(yǔ)法水平，而新托福閱讀考試尤為如此。盡管托?？荚囉蒔BT演變?yōu)镃BT, 而最終演變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在的IBT, 但其對(duì)考生們語(yǔ)法的考查卻絲毫未變。也就是說(shuō)考生要想在新托福閱讀考試中取得好成績(jī)，除了要把握新托福閱讀考試的思路，熟練運(yùn)用解題技巧，保證詞匯量達(dá)到一定水平的同時(shí)，語(yǔ)法的提高也是必不可少的。因此專家建議考生們一定要在準(zhǔn)備考試的過(guò)程中配備新托福閱讀的第二把劍——語(yǔ)法。
新托福閱讀考試中雖然沒(méi)有單獨(dú)的考查考生語(yǔ)法的題目，但很多題目的解答都依賴于考生們的語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)，其中尤以句子簡(jiǎn)化題和插入文本題為甚。
句子簡(jiǎn)化題在新托福閱讀考試中通常一篇文章只有一題，雖然量不多，但是如果考生的語(yǔ)法很棒，這種題可謂是“送分題”。因?yàn)檫@種題型的主要考查目的是：考查考生們理解文章中某一特定復(fù)雜句子所傳達(dá)的基本內(nèi)容，并不受細(xì)枝末節(jié)的干擾，用簡(jiǎn)化的句子表達(dá)原句基本內(nèi)容的能力。因此，考生們的語(yǔ)法水平在解題過(guò)程中就顯得尤為重要。以O(shè)G Practice Set 4 (Aggression)中的第8題為例：
The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations, and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified – as during wartime – are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.
8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○ People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not.
○ People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently.
○ People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime.
○ People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime.
分析：題目中陰影句子的主句為“people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified – as during wartime – are likely to act aggressively”，其中“who believe that aggression is necessary and justified”為people的定語(yǔ)從句，因此該主句部分翻譯為“相信攻擊或者侵略是必要和公正(就如在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期)的人可能會(huì)有攻擊性或者侵略性行為”;而“whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively”是whereas引導(dǎo)的表示對(duì)比、對(duì)立或者直接相反的狀語(yǔ)從句，其中“who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified,”是該從句中限定“people”的定語(yǔ)從句，因此該狀語(yǔ)從句意為“然而那些認(rèn)為某場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)或侵略行為是不公正的，或者相信侵略是不合理的人，有攻擊性或者侵略性行為的可能性更小一些”。陰影部分的句子主要是把持有不同看法的人的行為的可能性做了對(duì)比，因此答案選第二個(gè)更合理。
雅思閱讀考試中的插入文本題通常也是每篇文章出現(xiàn)一題，但是它和句子簡(jiǎn)化題一樣，只要考生的語(yǔ)法夠好，這種題的解答可謂不費(fèi)吹灰之力。因?yàn)檫@種題型主要考查考生對(duì)句子和句子之間邏輯關(guān)系的理解。以O(shè)G Practice Set 6 (SWIMMING MACHINES)中的第11題為例：
Again, supersonic jets have similar features.
■ Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills.■ Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills.■In fact, tunas must swim to breathe.■ They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.
Look at the four squares (■) that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water.
Where could the sentence best fit?
分析：首先讀被插入的句子，其句首的“Consequently”一詞表明該句和前一句的內(nèi)容之間的邏輯關(guān)系應(yīng)該是因果關(guān)系，而被插入的句子意為“因此，金槍魚(yú)不需要吸入水”。讀原文中的內(nèi)容，原文中對(duì)應(yīng)的第一句話翻譯為“因?yàn)榻饦岕~(yú)總是在游泳，它們只需要張開(kāi)嘴，水就會(huì)涌入它們的腮”，利用邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)判斷，我們便可以確定題目中的句子應(yīng)該插入在第二個(gè)方塊出現(xiàn)的地方。
其他題型的考查重點(diǎn)雖然不是語(yǔ)法，但是語(yǔ)法也會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響題目的理解和答題。建議考生們把新托福閱讀中常涉及的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)掌握好，比如定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、分詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式、倒裝、強(qiáng)調(diào)句式等。