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托福閱讀各類長難句解析
托福長難句分析：小說模仿
In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth，Donald Barthelme，and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence on the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction.
(特殊結構characterized by…——以…為特征)
【譯句】盡管處于一個以拋棄大量現(xiàn)實主義傳統(tǒng)(以作家約翰•巴思、唐納德•巴塞爾姆和托馬斯.品欽為代表)為特征的時代，喬伊斯•卡羅爾•歐茨因為堅持自己小說本質上模仿的特點，有時候看起來是一個堅定的守舊派。
分句1. characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth，Donald Barthelme，and Thomas Pynchon,
分句2. Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction.
分句1 做時間狀語“In a period”的后置定語，補充修飾period，相當于省略了 “which was”的定語從句。 分句2 是主句。
整個句子的難點在于找主句。 其實分句1的末尾是 "such as" 引導的三個人名的并列，在最后一個人名Thomas Pynchon前有"and", 說明這個列舉對象中的最后一個。所以整個句子的主干在T P 這個人后面出現(xiàn)。
托福長難句分析：海底環(huán)境
Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space.
(定語后置in some ways…)
【譯句】由于完全沒有光，而且承受著比在地球表面大數(shù)百倍的極大壓力，深海底部對人類而言是一個充滿敵意的環(huán)境，在某些方面就像外層空間一樣險惡和遙遠。
分句1：Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures
分句2：hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface
分句3：the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans
分句4：in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space
分句2修飾分句1結尾的短語intense pressures，
分句1是分句3的狀語
分句3是整個長句子的主句
分句4是分句3的后置定語，修飾分句3的a hostile environment to humans
主句前后分別有狀語和定語的修飾成分，但是本句其實不是復合句。句子的核心意思是深海對于人類而言是一個充滿敵意的環(huán)境。
托福長難句分析：工藝品功能
Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the “applied arts.”
語法分析：Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the “applied arts.”
譯文：盡管現(xiàn)在我們傾向于根據(jù)工藝品的制造材料——比如黏土、玻璃、木頭、纖維以及金屬——對他們進行分類，但根據(jù)工藝品的功能進行分類(這一做法)在過去曾經(jīng)很流行，(這一做法)導致了這些工藝品被稱作“實用藝術”。
解釋：這句話的前半句，也就是讓步的部分并不難，難就難在后面的轉折部分，it是形式主語，真正的主語是“to think of crafts in terms of function”這一做法，而后面which引導的定語從句也正是修飾前面的“to think of crafts in terms of function”這一做法，這句話是全文的第一句，事實上作者是在做一個背景導入，根據(jù)這句話，我們可知，下面要講的就“是實用藝術”。
托福長難句分析：史前動物猛犸
Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent，the two captains set out.
(同位語從句rumors that…)
當時有一些傳言，說有史前的猛犸在這一陌生的區(qū)域活動，而且在這一區(qū)域的某個地方有一座巨大的鹽石山，其面積達80英里長50英里寬。就在這些傳言中，兩位上尉出發(fā)了。
分句1：Amid rumors
分句2：that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region
分句3：and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent
分句4：the two captains set out.
整個句子的主句是分句4.
"Amid" 表示“在 ......之中", 是介詞，它引導的分句1嵌套著分句2和分句3，并且在整句話中作狀語。 而分句2和分句3是并列關系的同位語從句來修飾分句1中的rumors，作rumors的同位語從句，用來說明謠言的具體內容。
托福長難句分析：缺乏能源
This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture inthe high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with highyields.
【分析】
多重復合句。句子主干為This will be particularly true。since引導原因狀語從句，從句主干為 energypinch will make it difficult, it為形式賓語，真正的賓語是后面的不定式結構to continue...;不定式結構中又含有一個that引導的定語從句修飾American fashion，定語從句中又含有一個形式賓語it，指代后面的不定式結構 to combine few farmers with high yields。翻譯時，注意主句中的this指代前文提到的困境，需明確;原因狀語從句中的介詞短語作方式狀語，前置譯;that引導的定語從句可采取補充先行詞的方法單獨翻譯成句。
【點撥】
energy pinch“能源缺乏”。
【譯文】
這種困境將是確定無疑的，因為能源的缺乏使農(nóng)業(yè)無法以高能量消耗這種美國耕種方式繼續(xù)下去了，而這種耕種方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。
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