對于在托福考試上花費(fèi)了很多時(shí)間但是還是沒有結(jié)果的同學(xué)，可以找一找是哪方面的原因?；蛟S對于出題思路以及答題要點(diǎn)有一個更清晰的了解會幫助你取得高分。下面就由出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)介紹一些托?？谡Ztask3的出題思路是怎么樣的？
一、設(shè)計(jì)初衷
語言的學(xué)習(xí)最重要的結(jié)果是要面對人去傳達(dá)自己的想法，口語就是面對面交流環(huán)節(jié)中最重要的一環(huán)。貼心的ETS在設(shè)計(jì)托?？谡Z考試中就加入了campus situation這一環(huán)節(jié)。校園對話顧名思義，首先這一部分的場景都會設(shè)置在校園之中，其次材料都是以對話的形式出現(xiàn)的。在題材的設(shè)計(jì)上一般也都是同學(xué)們在生活中會遇到的情況，比如學(xué)校要翻新圖書館，體育館設(shè)備陳舊沒法用了建議更換，跑步的時(shí)候路面環(huán)境太差應(yīng)該換一換等等。
二、時(shí)間安排
閱讀的讀題時(shí)間是四十五秒，需要閱讀一篇約一百二十詞的文章，閱讀后會繼續(xù)聽學(xué)生的對話。每篇對話的時(shí)間不定，短則五十多秒，長則約為一分半。閱讀和聽力部分全部完成后，準(zhǔn)備答題時(shí)間為三十秒，作答時(shí)間為六十秒。
三、閱讀話題的兩種分類
1. 按照閱讀的主題主要分為四類：
(1). 學(xué)校新規(guī)定，政策類，例如TPO 12 College Radio Station to Undergo Major Changes。
(2). 學(xué)校新計(jì)劃類，例如TPO 18 University Choir to Enter Off-Campus Singing Competitions。
(3). 校園設(shè)備更新類，例如TPO 20 Energy costs reach sky-high levels。
(4). 校園生活質(zhì)量提升類，例如TPO 24 Close the Campus Coffee house。
2. 按照文章形式主要分為兩大類：
(1). 學(xué)校政策，這一類別在整個考試當(dāng)中占約70%左右，是主要考察的類別。
例如TPO 12的College Radio Station to Undergo Major Changes提到，the university is considering making major changes to the college radio station. Changes would include an expansion of the station’s broadcasting range, which would allow the radio’s programming to reach nearby towns.
(2). 學(xué)生意見，這一類別占剩下的約30%的閱讀形式。
例如TPO 1的Letter in Centerville College News提到，the administration has announced plans to acquire a new sculpture for campus. We should all oppose this plan。
四、閱讀常見思路解析
閱讀中提供的是談話的背景，從上文中可以看出內(nèi)容十分多樣化。在學(xué)校提出建議或者學(xué)生提出意見后，閱讀文章會給出提案或建議產(chǎn)生的兩點(diǎn)原因，細(xì)節(jié)，目的，方案，或者均會提及。這里有一點(diǎn)大家較為普遍的錯誤認(rèn)識，就是認(rèn)為在第三題的閱讀中必會出現(xiàn)兩點(diǎn)原因。其實(shí)不然，在真題和TPO中均出現(xiàn)過沒說原因而只是提出兩個方案的情況，這時(shí)候考生在作答時(shí)務(wù)必要及時(shí)做出調(diào)整，給出該題獨(dú)有的答題框架和模式，不要再照搬常說的原因模板，造成不必要失分。
五、聽力部分常見思路解析
1. 對話主體：
聽力材料是由兩個老伙計(jì)的對話構(gòu)成的，一個是“持有強(qiáng)烈意見人”，一個是“醬油人”。其中，持有強(qiáng)烈意見人會在談話的開頭部分就對閱讀中政策或者意見提出肯定或者否定的表述，后面就會給出自己持有此態(tài)度的原因和細(xì)節(jié)。醬油人顧名思義就是基本是打醬油的人，所以她或他的存在只是對話能夠持續(xù)進(jìn)行的陪襯而已。對話中，約百分之七十“持有強(qiáng)烈意見人”都是持有反對意見的。下面是對態(tài)度進(jìn)行的詳細(xì)統(tǒng)計(jì)(數(shù)據(jù)來源是除TPO 35-39外的TPO材料)：
贊同：5, 12, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, 32, 40, 43;
反對：1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 33, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48。
2. 回答策略：
對于綜合口語的作答很多人都是比較模糊的，其中一些指示性的詞和提示往往也容易被人忽略，比如材料中常會有這么一句話：
Question: The man/woman expresses his/her opinion of the Reading Passage. State his/her opinion and explain the reason he/she gives for holding that opinion.
這個提示就告訴考生你的答案中必須包含三個內(nèi)容：
1. Reading passage
2. State his/her opinion
3. Explain the reason he/she gives for holding that opinion
其中第一個點(diǎn)是考生最容易忽略的，如果不需要陳述閱讀內(nèi)容的話，ETS為什么要花那么多精力去撰寫，給你那么長時(shí)間去準(zhǔn)備呢?所以存在即合理，要把握和利用好出題人給的條件和要求。
第二點(diǎn)闡釋觀點(diǎn)，已經(jīng)在上文提到過，這里不再贅述，你就表述她或他支持還是反對的意見即可。
第三點(diǎn)是占據(jù)我們答案最多的部分，也是比較難以取舍和把控的部分，這里筆者將對常見的論述的套路進(jìn)行解析和抽離。
3. 論述內(nèi)容套路分析：
(1). 描述細(xì)節(jié)
例如TPO 3, 閱讀中學(xué)校要讓學(xué)生吃冷的早餐：
(woman) Do you believe any of this? It’s ridiculous.
(man) What do you mean? It is important to eat healthy foods.
(woman) Sure it is! But they are saying a yogurt is better for you than an omelet or than hot cereal? I mean, whether something is hot or cold, that shouldn’t be the issue. Let’s say maybe on a really cold morning, in that case, which is going to be better for you, a bowl of cold cereal or a nice warm omelet? It’s obvious. There’s no question.
(2). 給出具體例子
例如TPO 12, 閱讀中學(xué)校要對radio station進(jìn)行大改變：
(woman) Besides, the whole university will benefit from it.
(man) What do you mean?
(woman) Well, you know my friend Tony, right? He told me that the radio station at his university did something like this about five years ago.
(man) And?
(woman) Well, it’s a success! They are making a lot of money out of commercials and they are using it to offer more scholarships and to help fund projects to renovate the facilities of other programs.
(man) That sounds really good.
(3). 有序列舉
例如TPO 30, 閱讀中學(xué)生建議學(xué)校的建設(shè)工程其實(shí)可以在暑假進(jìn)行：
(woman) Yeah, I do. Take his first reason. Like, I know you don’t drive, but I do drive here every day, so I need a place to park my car. And remember last year when they decided to repair some of the parking lots?
(man) Oh yeah, I remember that, there was a lot of work going on, wasn't there? Starting in December.
(woman) Right, at least four lots were closed, and that meant there weren't enough parking spots for students and professor’s cars. I usually had to circle around looking for parking on one of the streets. And then walk from the street all the way to my classes.
(man) That’s annoying.
(woman) Yeah, and it happened to a lot of other people in my classes too! People were always arriving late because of the trouble they had parking. Sometimes even my professors were late.
(man) Yeah.
(woman) And also, his second point? That makes sense too. I mean, for instance, part of the reason those parking lot repairs last year took so long was because of the big snowstorms. They had to keep stopping, sometimes for a week or two at a time, because of snow and ice on the ground.
(4). 給出原因
例如TPO 1, 閱讀中學(xué)生建議不要在校園中建立新的sculpture。
(woman) Well, you know why Paul is upset. He and his friends are always out there on the lawn right where the sculpture will be, kicking around the soccer ball. Now they’ll just have to use another part of the campus to play.
(man) Oh! So he just doesn't want to have to move.
(5). 給出結(jié)果
例如TPO 34, 閱讀中學(xué)校為學(xué)生提供免費(fèi)導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)項(xiàng)目。
(man) I see what you mean, so new students could get access to information about the program from another student’s point of view.
我們了解完聽力常見的展開套路以后，就需要把材料拼裝成我們自己的答案了。這里同學(xué)們一定要記住一個關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)，也是拿到高分的小竅門，就是兩個字：轉(zhuǎn)述!ETS口語出題的目的絕不是培育出一個個的復(fù)讀機(jī)，他們希望考生在了解原文原意的情況下可以靈活地轉(zhuǎn)述，這也的確符合我們的常識。生活中，別人和我們聊天我們怎么可能記住朋友說的每一句話呢，沒有必要也沒有意義，因?yàn)槲覀冎灰馨盐彰繄鰧υ挼暮诵暮途?，用自己的話能表達(dá)出來就好了。
同時(shí)掌握好閱讀和聽力中常見的信號詞也對我們理順文章的邏輯關(guān)系有很好的幫助，下面是對于常見信號詞的總結(jié)：
閱讀信號詞：
并列, 遞進(jìn)：and, also, as well as, besides, what's more, in addition
順序：first, to begin with, first of all, initially, first thing, first, second, apart from, that, on top of that, more than that, another factor should be taken into consideration is that, finally, last but not least
列舉：and, in addition to, one more thing, also, plus
轉(zhuǎn)折：but, however, nevertheless, yet, although
解釋：that is, in particular, I mean, in this way, to put it another way, in other words, that is to say, ...so to speak..., Let’s say
因果：as a result, as a consequence, consequently, therefore, due to, thanks to, on account of, since
聽力常見信號詞：
同意：like, love, in favor of, agree with, supports, excellent, great idea, right thing, reasonable, sounds great, not a bad idea
反對：dislike, hate, disagree, against, should not, oppose, it is not right, no good, do harm, no benefits, disadvantage
舉例：say, like, for instance, for example, as a good example, by way of example
列舉：first, second, third, another, next, furthermore
比較：like, as, similarly, at the same time, as well as, on the other hand, in contrast, however
對比：in spite of, on the contrary, instead, whereas, unlike, regardless
強(qiáng)調(diào)：especially, remember that, pay particular attention to, a main concern, a key feature
總結(jié)：all in all, in short, in a word, in brief, to summarize, to sum up, to recap, in conclusion, on the whole, altogether, in a nutshell, to cut a long story short, thus