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GRE精選閱讀法國斥巨資收留流浪漢
Homelessness in France——Down and out in Paris
法國的流浪者問題：露宿巴黎街頭的流浪漢們
Tolerance has its limits
包容的底限
Sundy nights in Paris are busy on the northern tip ofthe Canal Saint-Martin. On either side of the water, two groups form long ordered queues,albeit for different reasons. One queue is for those hoping to buy something to eat from a newgourmet hamburger truck (hour-long waits are normal). The other queue, almost all youngNorth African men, is for those hoping to find a seat on a bus to a homeless shelter on theoutskirts of the city.
周日夜晚，巴黎的圣馬丁運(yùn)河北面熱鬧非凡。運(yùn)河的兩岸，動機(jī)不一的兩組人井然有序地排著長隊(duì)。其中一組人是為了從一家新開的美食漢堡車上購買食品(為此排上幾個小時的隊(duì)毫無稀奇)。而另一組幾乎全是北非男性，他們的目的是為了坐上一輛開往城郊流浪者之家的巴士。
Paris is no stranger to such contrasts. Luxury and penury have always coexisted there inuneasy tension. But now a growing number of homeless are stretching the limits of the city’sgenerosity.
此般鮮明對比在巴黎早已習(xí)以為常。奢華和貧困兩種現(xiàn)象一直以來都并存于這個城市，其緊張關(guān)系也令人不安。而今，隨著流浪者數(shù)量的激增，巴黎包容的底限正不斷被拉長。
“It is easier to be homeless in Paris than any other city in the European Union,” says JulienDamon, a sociologist at Sciences Po, a university. Paris is a magnet for the transient. Parisianpolice are more tolerant of the homeless than those in other European cities and rarely troublerough sleepers—an approach that has deep cultural roots. In European surveys Frenchrespondents are the most likely to see homelessness as a product of unemployment and theleast likely to see it as the result of drug or alcohol addiction.
“比起歐盟其他城市，巴黎更容易滋生流浪漢。”巴黎政治大學(xué)(Sciences Po)的社會學(xué)家朱利安·達(dá)蒙(Julien Damon)說道。巴黎吸引了大量流動人口。而巴黎警方對于流浪漢的態(tài)度，也比歐洲其他城市的要包容得多，幾乎從不為難那些流浪漢。這一態(tài)度深刻在其文化之中。在諸多歐洲諸國的記者調(diào)查中，在法國流浪的主因通常是失業(yè)，而非吸毒或酗酒。
Nobody knows how many homeless there are in Paris. Data collection is meaGRE andinfrequent. The last meaningful estimate by INSEE, France’s national statistics office, dates fromthe mid 2000s and pegged the number, including those sleeping rough or in emergencyshelters on any given night at around 12,000. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the number isconsiderably higher today. Despite a big expansion in shelter capacity since 2004, demandstill outstrips supply. Calls to an emergency number run by Samusocial de Paris, a government-funded charity that allocates beds in emergency shelters, doubled between 2009 and 2010.
巴黎流浪漢的具體數(shù)字無人知曉。因?yàn)檫@些數(shù)據(jù)收集得很少，開展頻率也很低。法國統(tǒng)計(jì)局(INSEE)最近一項(xiàng)較有意義的數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)始于2005年左右。據(jù)該統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，街頭與庇護(hù)所的流浪漢都包括在內(nèi)，每晚流浪人數(shù)約在12000左右。而根據(jù)一些非正規(guī)數(shù)據(jù)，現(xiàn)今的流浪人數(shù)要比其高得多。2004年以來，專供流浪者的庇護(hù)所容量擴(kuò)大了不少，但仍然供不應(yīng)求。Samusocial de Paris是一家專為流浪者安排臨時住所的公立慈善機(jī)構(gòu)。該機(jī)構(gòu)在2009年至2010年間接到的緊急電話數(shù)相比過去翻了一番。
The faces of the homeless are changing too. Twenty years ago, the typical homeless person inParis was likely to be a single, middle-aged French man. Now, the homeless are more likely to beyounger, with a family and foreign-born. Interpreters have become indispensable figures atmost Paris soup kitchens. Joint patrols of French and Romanian police, each officer wearing hisown national uniform, help deal with an influx of Roma from eastern Europe.
與此同時，這些流浪者也在改頭換面。20年前，巴黎流浪漢的代表一般都是未婚的中年法籍男性。而今，流浪漢趨于年輕化，并常帶有家屬或外國籍。在巴黎的眾多施粥場(向窮人免費(fèi)開放的食堂)翻譯成了不可或缺的職業(yè)。而法國和羅馬尼亞的警察則分別穿著自己國家的制服，在巴黎街頭巡邏，應(yīng)付大批來自東歐的吉普賽人。
“Our problem is too much bureaucracy and centralisation,” explains Mr Damon. Dealing withhomelessness, he argues, should be the exclusive responsibility of the Paris city council.Instead, at least 12 different government bodies are charged with caring for the homeless inParis.
“我們面臨的問題是政府過度的官僚化和集權(quán)化。”達(dá)蒙表示。他又稱，解決流浪漢問題應(yīng)是巴黎市議會獨(dú)自承擔(dān)的義務(wù)。但相反的是，巴黎政府中至少有12個不同部門在負(fù)責(zé)這一問題。
Overlapping responsibility means duplication. Paris has three separate publicly funded groupsthat transport homeless people to shelters. Some complain about being woken up over thecourse of an evening by different homeless services. Philippe Redom, a 56-year-old roughsleeper and former chef, prefers to remain in his alcove outside an office block. The sheltersare “too big and there is no privacy”.
義務(wù)重疊則說明工作重疊。巴黎市有三家獨(dú)立的公立組織負(fù)責(zé)安排流浪漢留宿。而一些流浪者抱怨稱，一個晚上會被多個流浪者服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)給吵醒。Philippe Redom是一名56歲的流浪漢，之前曾擔(dān)當(dāng)過廚師。他表示寧可呆在壁凹里，也不愿去留宿處，因?yàn)槟切┑胤?ldquo;太大了，沒有一點(diǎn)隱私。”
As spaces in shelters are in short supply Paris rents hotel rooms. A report in 2011 by the Courdes Comptes, France’s national auditor, warily noted that more than 90% of the Samusocial’sannual budget of 116m ($150m) went to hotels. In September the French governmentannounced 50m in emergency spending on housing the homeless in Paris.
由于那些留宿處供應(yīng)緊俏，巴黎政府開始向旅館租借房間。法國國家審計(jì)法院(Cour des Comptes)于2011年做了一份報(bào)告，報(bào)告中謹(jǐn)慎地指出，慈善機(jī)構(gòu)Samusocial年均預(yù)算額為1.16億歐元(約1.5億美元)，其中90%以上都花在了旅館開支上。同時，法國政府于今年九月對外聲稱，在緊急安排巴黎流浪者們住宿上，其開銷高達(dá)5000萬歐元。
Some of those funds would be better spent on collecting better data, yet the most useful fixwould be for rough sleepers to go closer to the top of the queue for permanent publichousing, as happens in London with good results. The problem is not just that there are notenough houses, but also that the wrong people tend to get them. However welcoming thestreets of Paris, the homeless would do better with a roof over their heads.
這些資金若花費(fèi)在改善數(shù)據(jù)收集上，將會更有意義。但是目前，流浪者問題最為有效的解決手段還是讓更多人長期進(jìn)入公共住所，這一政策已在倫敦得到施行，并取得頗佳的成果。但問題并非在于住所不足，而是其現(xiàn)居者并非最為需要者。然而，這些流浪漢們很喜愛巴黎大街，露宿街頭對他們來說或許更為快活。
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