新的一場GRE考試馬上就要開始了，小伙伴們準備的怎么樣了呢?出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)GRE欄目為大家?guī)?ldquo;GRE雙語閱讀：五件事加快衰老速度”，希望對大家有所幫助!
Your Lunchtime cola
午餐時的可樂
What it ages: Your bones
老化部位：骨骼
The science: Older women who drank a cola every day had significantly lower bone-mineral density than those who consumed less than one cola per month, according to a study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. It’s not exactly clear why cola had this effect, but the study researchers believe that it could be the combination of caffeine and phosphoric acid (which most other carbonated drinks don’t have) that causes the problem.
科學(xué)研究：《美國臨床營養(yǎng)期刊》研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，年紀較大的女性如果每天喝一杯可樂，骨密度會遠低于那些每月只喝不到一杯可樂的同齡女性。尚不明確可樂為何會產(chǎn)生這種影響，不過許多研究者認為可能是咖啡因與磷酸(其他大多數(shù)碳酸飲料不含該成分)結(jié)合，造成這個問題。
What you can do: Cut back. Keep in mind that diet cola had similar effects and, to a lesser extent, so did decaf versions. If you need bubbles, try seltzer instead.
解決辦法：少飲可樂。記住，健怡可樂也會影響骨密度，不過程度比較輕，脫咖啡因可樂亦如此。如果你想喝碳酸飲料，選擇蘇打水泡騰片吧。
Your Daily Commute
日常交通
What it ages: Your skin
老化部位：皮膚
The science: The air you’re exposed to on the highway is no friend to your complexion. Traffic-related pollution can lead to age spots, according to a review in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology, while another review in Frontiers in Environmental Science found that pollution contributes to overall skin aging, plus other problems like acne, eczema and psoriasis.
科學(xué)研究：路上的空氣可不是皮膚的好朋友?！镀つw病學(xué)研究雜志》表明，交通污染會引發(fā)老年斑?！董h(huán)境科學(xué)前沿》還發(fā)現(xiàn)，污染會導(dǎo)致皮膚整體老化并產(chǎn)生一系列問題，如粉刺、痤瘡和牛皮鮮。
What you can do: Until someone comes up with a way to make a long commute shorter, these tips should help. First, if you drive an older car, roll your windows down instead of up when you’re sitting in traffic. (With an older air-filter system, you’ll just breath in your car’s own exhaust if you keep them up). Second, apply a topical antioxidant product to your face, neck in the morning to help protect your skin from environmental pollution.
解決辦法：如果行程不可縮短，那這些方法也許有用。首先，如果你開的是舊車，開車時要把車窗搖下來。因為舊車的空氣過濾設(shè)備老化，搖起車窗只會吸入車的尾氣。其次，在臉和脖子上涂一些抗氧化性產(chǎn)品，減少環(huán)境污染帶來的傷害。
A Hypercritical Boss
吹毛求疵的老板
What it ages: Your brain
老化部位：大腦
The science: Anxiety and stress can shrink your hippocampus, and in people already experiencing the cognitive decline that can lead to Alzheimer’s, they could potentially speed up the progression of the disease.
科學(xué)研究：壓力和焦慮會使大腦中的海馬體縮小。對于那些認知能力已經(jīng)開始下降的、可能會得老年癡呆癥的人來說，病情可能會加速發(fā)展。
Your hippocampus controls memory formation and also plays a role in regulating your emotions. It naturally gets smaller as we age, but a review in Current Opinion in Psychiatry found that stress can cause structural damage and accelerate the shrinking process.
海馬體是大腦中負責(zé)記憶和感情的部分。隨著年齡增加，它會不斷縮小。不過，《精神醫(yī)學(xué)最新觀點》發(fā)現(xiàn)，壓力會造成海馬體結(jié)構(gòu)性損傷，加速縮小進程。
“Cortisol is released when you’re stressed and cortisol is toxic to the hippocampus,” explains lead study author Linda Mah, an assistant professor of psychiatry at the University of Toronto and clinical scientist at the Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care. Before you get anxious about how stress and anxiety are affecting your brain, know this: The researchers concluded that “pathological anxiety and chronic stress” are the real dangers, meaning the kind that’s unrelenting and never seems to go away. If you think that’s what you’re experiencing, talk to your doctor about ways to manage it.
“緊張時會釋放出皮質(zhì)醇，對海馬體百害無利，”研究作者Linda Mah表示，同時他還是東京大學(xué)的精神學(xué)助教、Baycrest老年護理中心的臨床科學(xué)家。在你焦急的想知道焦慮和緊張是如何影響大腦之前，先弄清楚這些：研究人員認為“病態(tài)焦慮和慢性壓力”是真正的元兇，這些可是頑固性因子。如果你覺得自己有這些癥狀，和醫(yī)生談?wù)劷鉀Q辦法。
Dr. Mah led another study in 2014 focusing on people with mild cognitive impairment, or MCI. (MCI is considered a precursor to Alzheimer’s. Not everyone with MCI develops Alzheimer’s, but almost all cases of Alzheimer’s start as MCI.) Subjects who experienced anxiety at any time were more likely to progress to Alzheimer’s during the three-year study. The more severe the anxiety, the higher the risk.
Mah醫(yī)生在2014年做了另一項研究，關(guān)注那些患有輕度認知障礙(MCI)的人。MCI是老年癡呆癥的早期疾病，不是每一個有MCI的人都會得老年癡呆癥，但是大多老年癡呆癥的病人都是從患有MCI開始的。在這三年的研究中，容易焦慮的人更容易得老年癡呆癥。焦慮程度越高，患病風(fēng)險也越高。
What you can do: You’ve heard this before, but managing your stress levels is incredibly important. Exercise may be particularly helpful in dealing with work worries, according to a new study in the journal Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, which reported that being physically fit helped protect against the health effects of work-related stress.
解決方法：你之前可能聽說過，學(xué)會控制壓力至關(guān)重要?！哆\動醫(yī)學(xué)與科學(xué)》雜志最新研究表明，鍛煉也許能幫助減輕工作壓力。同時，健康的身體也會幫助我們抵抗工作壓力帶來的不利影響。
Sleepless Nights
夜間失眠
What they age: Your cells
老化部位：細胞
The science: A startling discovery comes via a study in Biological Psychiatry, which reported that women with five key symptoms of insomnia were almost two years older biologically than women of the same age without sleep issues. (The insomnia symptoms were difficulty falling asleep, restlessness, waking up during the night, trouble dozing off again and waking up too early.) This study didn’t show an obvious cause-and-effect relationship, but study author Steve Horvath, PhD, notes that it’s still good not to let sleep issues linger.
科學(xué)研究：生物精神病學(xué)研究有一項驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)，有五大失眠癥狀的女性在生理上要比同齡女性老兩歲。五大失眠癥包括入睡困難、情緒不安、夜間易醒、午休困難、過早起床。該研究并未顯示明顯的因果關(guān)系，但是研究作者Steve Horvath博士表示還是要解決這些失眠問題。
What you can do: Treat the insomnia. If you’re having trouble sleeping, or notice any of the five symptoms above, ask your doctor for help.
解決方法：治療失眠。如果你入睡困難，有上述癥狀，向醫(yī)生尋求幫助。
An Expanding Waistline
腰圍增加
What it ages: Your brain
老化部位：大腦
The science: Our brains naturally lose white matter with age, but researchers from the University of Cambridge found that the brains of overweight and obese people had the same amount of white matter as healthy people 10 years older than them. Being physically unfit in middle age was also linked to smaller brain size, according to research in Neurology.
科學(xué)研究：大腦中的白質(zhì)會隨年齡增加而不斷損耗。劍橋大學(xué)的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，體重超重的人大腦中的白質(zhì)與與比自己大10歲的人含量相當。神經(jīng)病學(xué)研究表明，中年人身體不健康也會導(dǎo)致腦容量減小。
What you can do: Get regular exercise (the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise, or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise, per week) and manage your weight to help keep your brain at a healthy size for your age.
解決方法：鍛煉。美國衛(wèi)生與人類服務(wù)部建議，每周至少要有150分鐘的有氧運動，或是75分鐘的劇烈運動。并且要控制體重，以此保證正常的大腦容量。
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