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英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法表解1
表22直接引語(yǔ)→間接引語(yǔ)
直接引語(yǔ) 間接引語(yǔ)
時(shí)態(tài)變化 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)→
一般過(guò)去時(shí)→
一般將來(lái)時(shí)→
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)→
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)→
過(guò)去完成時(shí)→
將來(lái)完成時(shí)→ 一般過(guò)去時(shí)
過(guò)去完成時(shí)
過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
過(guò)去完成時(shí)
過(guò)去完成時(shí)
過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) Now→
Yesterday→
Last week(year; month)→
Today←
Tomorrow→
Next week(year; month)→
Ago→
Then
The day before
The week (year; month) before
That day
The next day
The next week(year; month)
before
地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) Here→ there 指示代詞 This→
These→ That
Those
句型變化 陳述句→
特殊問(wèn)句→
祈使句→
一般疑問(wèn)句→ that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
由特殊問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
ask/tell/order sb to do sth.
由Whether(if) 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。
表23 It 的用法
用法 例句
①作人稱(chēng)代詞,指代前文提到的事。與one;that的區(qū)別:one指前文提到的同類(lèi)物之一,且前面常有冠詞、指示代詞或形容詞修飾,one也可指一個(gè)人;而that常指代前面出現(xiàn)過(guò)的不可數(shù)名詞,與of介詞短語(yǔ)連用,它也可指代可數(shù)名詞,表示"較遠(yuǎn)的"人或物與this(近指)相對(duì). A new pen is lying on the desk;It's Jack's.
I've lost my bike ,so I'll buy a new one.
The air of Chengdu is better than that of Beijing.
②指代前文中發(fā)出某個(gè)動(dòng)作的人;也可指代嬰兒。 Who is knocking at/on the door? It must be Tom.
③指代時(shí)間、距離、天氣、季節(jié)。 It is very cold today;It's five o'clock; It's two hours' ride from the office to my home.
④代替前文的this或that. What's this(that)? It's a desk.
⑤用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型It was/is+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that(被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是人時(shí)也可用who)+句子其余部分。 It was in Zigong that(不用where) I met Jack yesterday; It was yesterday that(不用when) I met Tom in Zigong;Is it he that(who) often helps you with your English?
⑥代替不定式、動(dòng)名詞或that或 whether等從句,作形式主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。 It isn't easy to do that; It's no use crying over spilt milk; I find it necessary to learn English; It's clear that he likes reading novels.
It 的用法(表23)精選練習(xí):
1. Is ______necessary to complete the design before National Day ?
A. this B. that C.it D he
2.I don't think ______possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. A. this B. that C.its D it
3.Does _____matter if he can't finish the job on time?
A. this B. that Che D it
4Tom's mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but ________didn't help . A. he B. which C. she D.it
5.I was disappointed with the film , I had expected _________to be much better. A. that B. this C. one D.it
6. ________is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language . A.There B. This C,. That D. It
7. It was not until 1920 _________regular radio broadcasts began.
A.while B.which C, that D.since
8. It was about 600 years ago _______the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made .
A. that B .until C. before D.when
9.Was ______that I saw last night at the concert?
A. it you B. not you C .you D. that yourself
10.________was in 1979 ______I graduated from the university?
A.That…that B. It …that C.That….when D.It…when
11. I hate ______when people talk with their mouths full.
A it B.that C these D.them
12. It was only when I reread his poems recently _____I began to appreciate their beauty.
A.until B.that C.then D.so
表24 介詞
類(lèi)別 例詞 例句或短語(yǔ)
表示地點(diǎn)、方向、方位 At;in;on;to;above;over;up;down;at the top of;on (the) top of;at the bottom of;behind; after; at(in) the backof;out of;into;through;across;below ;under;in(the) front of; on/to the right/left of;beyond;off;from... to;along;for.
At 106 North Street; at a hotel; at the airport(station,gate); at a distance (of…);in the distance ;arrive in/at; in(不用to) the direction of…;all over China; in bed(class,hospital);on one's way to;at/in/on the corner of…;on/in the street;ride on a bike(horse);a town on the river;lie on one's back;fall(come,break)off;in
the east/west/south/north of..;off the coast;at the top of one's voice;at the bottom of a page;In which direction are
you going?swim across a river;through a forest;down/along the street;beyond a village; from east
to west.
表示時(shí)間 At; in; on(=as soon as); by(not later than);after;before;since;not…until;for;
within;during;at the beginning(end) of… At Christmas(night,noon);at the age of; at five o'clock ; in the morning(afternoon,evening); on a coldmorning(afternoon,evening,night);in one's twenties;in the 1989s; within three weeks;since 1986;during the war;by the end of ;for six years;On arriving there,I began to work. .
表示原因 At; with; on; because of;on account of; for; owing to; thanks to; due to. Be disappointed(pleased,surprised) at;tremble with fear/cold;be wet with sweat; thanks to one's help;
because of illness;for political reason;thank(praise,scold,blame) sb for
(doing) sth.;He was late on account of a heavy rain;congratulate sb. on
(doing) sth;on business.
表示目的、目標(biāo) At;for;to Aim at;laugh(shout,throw,grasp) at; leave(start,set out,go,come) for; a
letter for sb.;show(lend,give,offer,
supply) sth. to sb.;buy (make, provide) sth for sb;be good for sb;for sale;
be good/kind/cruel/polite to sb.
表示方法、方式、工具、依據(jù)、憑借、價(jià)格、速度等 At;by;in;like;according to. At a low/high price;at any cost;
in English(pencil,red ink,cash);on TV(
the radio,the phone;the piano); with a
knife; feel/looklike; by air/bike/land/sea;buy sth on crdit;
on foot;make money by doing sth.;
He is paid by the hour; at 50 miles an
hour.
表示狀態(tài)、數(shù)量、穿戴、關(guān)于、贊成、反對(duì)、所屬范圍、依靠和對(duì)比、與…碰撞等。 At;in;on;with;against;for;about;except;except for;but;besides;as to(for);among;
between. At war(work); in peace; in difficulty/
trouble; have difficulty in doing sth;have difficulty with sth;in the sun;
in the rain/storm;(be dressed ) in red (clothes); nine in ten(=nine out of ten);
be in the dark;on/about history;on fire/
sale/strike/show/holiday/exhibition;
with long hair;between ourselves;
be with sb on sth;He is tall for his age;
the city of London; act on one's instructions; live on one's salary;
;be against/for sb/sth;Switzerland lies
between France ,Germany,Austria
and Italy;He is on the football team.
The picture shows up well against the
white wall;He was leaning against the
door; He hit/struck his head against the door.
表24 說(shuō)明:
①above ; on; over之間的區(qū)別:A:above是指某物上的的高低位置,不強(qiáng)調(diào)是正上方,其反義詞為below,e.g.The moon was above the tree in the east. B:over指垂直正上方, 此外還可指"蓋,遍及,從一邊到另一邊" e.g.The sky is over our heads; He climbed over the wall; He took over the business from his father;There is a boat under(不用below) the bridge.C:on 指"在..上.面或相互接觸"e.g. Korea is on the east of China(不接壤用to the east of…); There is a book on the desk.;D.用于引申意思: He's over me in the company.他是我的頂頭上司.He is above me in the company.他在公司的職位比我的高(并非直接上司).
②across與through的區(qū)別:across指從物體的一邊到另一邊、橫過(guò)、越過(guò),而through指從物體的中間通過(guò).
He walked across the bridge and then through the valley ;You can fly across the U.S. in about five hours ; We will be across the border by tomorrow 。
③after 與behind 的區(qū)別:after 表位置時(shí),一般指次序先后,意為"跟在….后面","次于". e.g.
Your name comes after mine on the list;而behind 指物體靜態(tài)位置的前后(其反義詞為in front of ) 且常指在物體本身之外的后面(若指物體本身后面用in/at the back of, in/at the back of的反義詞為in the front of) e.g. Many people are sitting in the back of (in the front of ) the room. There are many trees behind (in front of ) the house; behind 還可指"落后,過(guò)了時(shí)刻,耽誤時(shí)間". E.g. He fell behind the others; He fell behind the time;after也可指時(shí)間:"after +時(shí)間點(diǎn)"可用于將來(lái)時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí),而"after +時(shí)間段"只用于過(guò)去時(shí);但"in +時(shí)間段"只用于將來(lái)時(shí),e.g. I will be back in two hours(after two o'clock); He returned home after three days(two o'clock).
④besides;except;but;except for;but for的區(qū)別:A. besides與except用于肯定句時(shí), (湯母沒(méi)去)指"除...外(不再有)"; besides指"除...外(還有)".e.g.We all went to Zigong except Tom(湯母沒(méi)去);We all went to Zigong besides Tom(湯母也去了) ; B. except 與but后都可接名、代、動(dòng)名詞和不定式及動(dòng)詞原形,且能互換;但except后還可跟副詞、副詞從句和介詞短語(yǔ)等。E.g. He answered all the questions but/except the last one ;The window is never opened except in summer;He has always been in high spirits except recently;C. besides;except;but用于否定句時(shí),可以互換: e.g. There aren't any other people to be considered esides/except/but you; D.but for 指"要不是…."e.g. But for your help , we couldn't have finished the work so soon;而except for 指從某一細(xì)節(jié)方面修正前面的概過(guò)性說(shuō)法,其后的賓語(yǔ)一般與句子主語(yǔ)所涉及的東西不屬同類(lèi).e.g. Your composition is good except for some spelling mistakes.
⑤表示工具、方法、手段、根據(jù)的介詞by、in、on、over、through的區(qū)別:by后的工具名詞是泛指,故工具名詞前不加冠詞,也不用復(fù)數(shù);而in或 on或over后接某一具體的工具名詞,故要用冠詞,例如:He came here by train(on/in a train);She went there by car(in a car);He came here on the first train ; Tom used to go to school by bike(on his own bike;on a horse);I received the news by radio(on/over/through the radio);He got the book through the library.但是當(dāng)by指"憑借、根據(jù)"之意時(shí),其后要用冠詞the,例如:The cloth is sold by the yard;I am paid by the week。
⑥at、on、in接時(shí)間名詞和地點(diǎn)名詞的區(qū)別:at后一般接表示時(shí)刻、時(shí)點(diǎn)和noon、night、Christmas等類(lèi)時(shí)間名詞;on后一般接表示某一天的名詞,但是當(dāng)evening、morning、afternoon、noon和night等名詞的前后有形容詞或限制詞修飾時(shí)就用on,例如:He came here in the morning (at night); He came here on a cold morning/night; He came here on the afternoon of March 1st;介詞in后一般接表示年、月、周、季節(jié)、世紀(jì)、一生等較長(zhǎng)時(shí)段的時(shí)間名詞,如:He did a lot of work in his life;I will finish the work in a month/week/year。但是要注意當(dāng)表示時(shí)間的名詞前有this、that、last、next等修飾時(shí),該時(shí)間名詞前不能再用介詞,例如:Last week he came here;He started(不能用on) that morning。在表示一個(gè)小的位置點(diǎn)時(shí),一般用at ;而表示"在……里面"或一個(gè)較大的地方時(shí),用in,例如:He arrived at the station yesterday;
He arrived in China yesterday.
⑦because of、due to、owing to、thanks to、for的區(qū)別:because of"因?yàn)椤⒂捎?quot;構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ),在句中常作狀語(yǔ),e.g. The train was delayed because of the rain;He walked slowly because of his bad leg;They are here because of us; due to"因?yàn)?、由?quot;構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ),在句中作表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ),e.g. The accident was due to careless driving; His illness was due to bad food;owing to"因?yàn)?、由?quot;構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ),在句中通常作狀語(yǔ),也可作表語(yǔ),這時(shí)與due to可通用,e.g. Owing to the shower,the football game was interrupted; These errors are owing to (due to) carelessness; thanks to "多虧、由于(含有感激之意)"構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ),在句中作狀語(yǔ),e.g. Thanks to your help/advice ,much trouble was saved; for一般與reasons(但because of 不能和reasons連用)和doing sth 連用,例如,He left his homeland for political reasons;He was praised/scolded for doing that。
⑧.in、on、under都可表狀態(tài),但是它們?cè)谂浯钌嫌袇^(qū)別:in常和peace、war、trouble、difficulty、order、place、good shape、uniform、anger、fun、poverty等連用;on常和holiday、fire、exhibition、show、sale、strike等連用;而under常和、consideration、way、construction、repair、discussion、suspicion、investigation等連用。
⑨ in、on 、to、towards、for表示方位的區(qū)別:在"左、右"邊用on,往"左、右"邊用to;在"東、南、西、北"里用in;向或朝某一方向(指靜態(tài)位置時(shí))用to或towards均可,但to或towards用作動(dòng)態(tài)介詞時(shí),towards 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作方向,而to則兼指"到達(dá)"的含義;for則常和start、leave等連用,表示要去的目的地;on表示"接壤或接觸"例如,The house on the left/right is mine;Shanghai lies in the east of China;The door opens to/towards the mountain;The house faces to/towards the south;The birds were flying towards the south(鳥(niǎo)正南飛);The birds flew to the south(鳥(niǎo)飛到南方去了);He is leaving for Beijing tomorrow;Korea lies on the east of China(強(qiáng)調(diào)"接壤");Taiwan lies to the east of Fujian(強(qiáng)調(diào)"沒(méi)有接壤");there is a town on the river(河畔有一個(gè)小城)。
⑩up和down的區(qū)別:兩者都有副詞和介詞的詞性,但是兩者的意思正好相反。Up 作為副詞常與動(dòng)詞be、go、come、stay、stand、lift、walk、jump等連用,表"往高處、往上、向上方、往上游、向說(shuō)話(huà)人方向走、或在高處、或(價(jià)格、水準(zhǔn)、音量、速度等)增加或上升、完全地(如與use、eat、end連用)、緊緊地(如與tie、lock連用)、或(時(shí)間)已到",作為介詞也表"往上或在上"、還可表示"沿著…."e.g. climb up the tree, walk up the street ;而down作為副詞常與動(dòng)詞be、go、take、come、get、bring、write、turn、calm、cut、quiet、cool等連用,表示向下、下降、在下面、(寫(xiě))下來(lái)、(程度、價(jià)格、品質(zhì)、身份等)由高到低、由強(qiáng)到弱,作為介詞down表"往下、或沿著"的意思,e.g. climb down the ladder,roll down the road 。
(11) near 的nearby區(qū)別: near 可以是介詞、副詞和形容詞, nearby 只能是副詞和形容詞;作為形容詞near 可作前置定語(yǔ)也可作表語(yǔ),其意義可以是指"關(guān)系上親密的或接近的",也可指"場(chǎng)所或時(shí)間上近的",可用比較級(jí)或最高級(jí),而nearby只能指"(距離上)附近的",既可作前置定語(yǔ)也可作后置定語(yǔ),一般不用比較級(jí)或最高級(jí);作為副詞用時(shí),多用nearby表示"在…附近",如用near時(shí),則其前通常要用修飾語(yǔ)。例如,What is the nearest way to the station ? There is a park in the near distance; I will go to America in the near future ;He is my nearest relative; He lives near the station ; She lives quite/very near ;We went out and dined in a nearby restaurant ( 或a restaurant nearby); The plane landed nearby(nearby可單獨(dú)用作狀語(yǔ))。
(12) as 和like的區(qū)別:like一般情況下用作介詞,用于說(shuō)明兩者在形態(tài)或性質(zhì)上相似,但并不等同;而as作為介詞是指"身份、資格"等,意為"作為、看著"等,用于說(shuō)明同一關(guān)系,即兩者為一體,此外as還可作為連詞用,意為"正如、正象、按照…..". 例如, I wish I can fly like a bird ; Like Leifeng , he has done a lot of good deeds; Don't treat me as a child ; Do the work as I do ; As a student , you should study hard.
(13)介詞的句法功能:A.作定語(yǔ):The book on the table is hers; B.作狀語(yǔ): In
front of the house stands a tall tree; C.作表語(yǔ): Taiwan is to the
east of Fujian; D.作主/賓補(bǔ): She found herself in hospital when she came
to.
常用介詞用法解析:
1. About ①關(guān)于(正式用語(yǔ)常用on) I spoke with him about the matter;②到處、各處 He likes to walk about the town; ③在身上 Do you have a lighter about you ?
2. Above ①在…上方(表示正上方時(shí)above與over 可替換使用,但不是正上方則不可替換) I saw the moon above the roof; ②"(能力、地位等)勝過(guò)…,超越/超過(guò)…"The temperature is above average this winter (但用于具體數(shù)量時(shí)over比above更常用),She is above any of her classmates in speaking English。
3. Among在…中間(一般用于指三者或以上的人或物,而between一般是用于指兩者之間,但若指地理疆界或兩個(gè)集體之間的多數(shù)人或物之間仍然用between) They hid themselves among the trees ; I think Eistein is among the greatest scientists; The Mediterranean lies between Africa , Europe and Asia .
4. Around ①到處、各處(=about)She looked around the room to see if he was already there;②環(huán)繞、圍繞 The earth moves aroud the sun ;③ 在四周 she put her arms around his shoulders;④大約 He came here around 5 o'clock
5. At ①在…地點(diǎn) I live at 106 East Street ;②在..年齡(at the age of five)、在…時(shí)間點(diǎn)或時(shí)刻 He arrived at noon/night/five/that moment; ③(表目標(biāo)、方向)對(duì)…/對(duì)準(zhǔn)…(有時(shí)含有傷害之意) She shot at him; Aim at the man carefully; ④表示正在從事…中、或在…狀態(tài)中 The children are still at play/lunch/work/rest; ⑤(表示原因)因…而 She was surprised at what he said; We were all pleased/annoyed at his behavior ;⑥(表示在某方面) 關(guān)于…或?qū)τ?hellip;He is good/bad at cooking; ⑦ (表示數(shù)量、價(jià)格、比率、速度等)以…. He drove at the speed of 100 miles an hour ; She sold the house at a very high price
6. Against ①表示反對(duì)、敵對(duì)、違抗、不利于、逆…而行 Our school played against their school at football ; He is swimming against the tide (水流);② 與…..相撞/碰 、 倚靠 The rain beat against the window;He placed the ladder against the wall;He is leaning against the wall;③(表示對(duì)比、對(duì)照)以…為背景,襯托 The picture shows up well against the white wall (這幅畫(huà)在白壁襯托下很顯眼) ;④ 表示防備、預(yù)防 You should save money against your old age。
7. By ①在…旁Will you sit down here by the fire? ②. (表示經(jīng)由…地方)經(jīng)由…通過(guò)… The thief entered the room by the window ;③. (指時(shí)間) 在…之前 You must finish the work by Friday; ④.(表示手段、原因、方法等,其后的名詞前一般不用冠詞) I sent the letter by airmail ;You can succeed by working hard; ⑤ (表示媒介)把…的地方(其后加冠詞,與人的身體懂得某部分連用) He caught me by the hand; I am paid by the hour;⑥根據(jù)、依據(jù)/憑借、借著… You must play by the rules ; The cloth is sold by the yard ; He is French by birth; I swear(發(fā)誓) by God; ⑦指數(shù)量上相差…左右 He is taller than me by 5 inches ⑧表示乘法或除法…. The pool is 15 meters by 35 meters.
8. Beyond ①(場(chǎng)所)在…那一邊 What is beyond the village ? ②(指程度、時(shí)間)超出、力所不能及 The TV is beyond repair;Don't stay out beyond ten o'clock ;③ 除…之外 I can not say anything beyond that .
9. For ①(表示目的、方向、利益等)適合于、為了…… Do more exercise for the good of your health;I have got a good job for you; buy/make something for somebody; This knife is used for cutting cheese ;He worked hard for the exam;There is no really good medicine for a cold;Do you have any books for children ?It is a very good day for hiking;Is this train for Beijing? I am leaving for Shanghai tomorrow;② (表示交換、報(bào)酬、代表、代理等)與…… 交換、代替、代表、表示….. I gave him a book (in exchange ) for his stamps; He changed his ballpen for an icecream ; He sold his house for 50000 yuan ;He spoke for our class at the meeting;What do the letters NPC stand for ? ③ (表示原因) 由于 He was angry with him for being late; This restaurant is famous for fine cooking ; He jumped for joy at the news;④ 表示時(shí)間 期間 He will be away on business (for) the next ten days ; The next meeting was arranged for the fifth of July ;⑤(表示基準(zhǔn)、對(duì)比、對(duì)象等,常與too、enough連用的形容詞或副詞連用) It is warm enough for February ; For a beginner , he drives well ; She looks young for her age ;⑥表示關(guān)于、對(duì)于、就……He has a taste for music ;I have no eye for paintings ; So much for this class; ⑦ 表示贊成(與against相反) Which party did you vote for ?
10. In ① (表示地點(diǎn))在…里/中/內(nèi)(注意on是指在物體的表面上) 、向…..之中(此處相當(dāng)于into的用法) I spent the holiday in the country ; He threw a stone in the river; ②(表示時(shí)間范圍或經(jīng)過(guò)多少時(shí)間之后) 在…時(shí)候、在….之后 I will come back in ten days ③(表示狀態(tài)、環(huán)境、穿著、穿戴等) 在…..中、 穿戴著…. She is bathing herself in the sun;I am in good shape ; An old man is jogging in a pair of sports shoes ;④(表示受動(dòng)作影響的部位) 在…..處 Tom stared her in the face ; He was wounded in arms ; ⑤(表材料、手段、方法等) 使用 I paid the bill in cash ; He is drawing a picture in pencil ;in red ink / in English ;⑥關(guān)于、在….某方面 I am weak in Chinese ; The bridge is 20000meters in length and 400 meters in height ; You should be careful in operating this machine;⑦(比哦按時(shí)比例、數(shù)量等) nine in ten =nine out of ten(十之八九);twice in a month(一月兩次)。注意:in作為副詞時(shí),常與動(dòng)詞be、get、come、hand、put、go、take、give、turn、bring、call、break連用,其基本意義為"在家、到達(dá)、往里面、往內(nèi)部或進(jìn)來(lái)等",其反義詞為out,out只能是副詞,其基本意義為"在外、向外、被發(fā)表或暴露出來(lái)、完全地、徹底地、消失、缺貨、買(mǎi)光、或清楚地大聲地",常與動(dòng)詞be、go、come、sell、run、speak、call、tired等連用。
11 Instead of 意為"代替",后面可接代詞、名詞、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)等,而instead是副詞,其后不能接任何賓語(yǔ)。例如,I have to finish my work instead of going out ; I do not like beer ;give me some coffe instead。
12.On ① (表示位置)在….之上 、乘于…上 、在…..的表面 He is riding on a bike ;He was hit on the head ;I got on a bus ;② (表示穿著)穿戴、附著于….上 He had a hat on his head; Who will put a bell on the cat?③ (表示接近)在…旁邊/畔 There is a town on the river / a house on the street ; ④(表示支撐點(diǎn)) 以….為軸/支持 He walked on tiptoe (腳尖)); He lay on his back; ⑤ (表示手段器具等)藉….、使用、吃 He called me up on the phone just now; I bought a computer on credit (賒購(gòu)) ;We live on rice ;⑥(表示特定時(shí)間)在….時(shí)候、 一…..就…..on a cold morning /on Christmas ;On his arrival (On arriving 剛一到…) at the station , he was arrested (逮捕)by the police; ⑦ (表示狀態(tài)、方法) on fire / on sale / on show/ on strike /on one's way to …;⑧ (表示原因、根據(jù)) 根據(jù)、由于 He went to Zigong on business; You must act on his advice ; He changed his mind on second thoughts (他重新考慮后又改變了主意);The story is based on facts;He was arrestd on a charge of theft(他以涉嫌盜竊罪而被逮捕);⑨(主題)關(guān)于(用于比about更專(zhuān)門(mén)的內(nèi)容) a book on China ;⑩屬于……的成員 He is on the school football team 。 (注意:on作為副詞與動(dòng)詞turn /put /go/move/walk/come連用有"穿上"、"繼續(xù)向前=forward/along"、"打開(kāi)開(kāi)關(guān)"、"在進(jìn)行中"等)。
13.Off ①(表示分離)離開(kāi)、隔著、脫離、脫落 Keep off the grass! A button came off your coat ;Take some meat off the plate ;② 離去 (工作等) 休息 He is off duty today ;③ 打折扣、減價(jià) Can you take 5% off the price ? (注意off作為副詞也可以指距離、分離、脫離、脫掉衣服等,還可指關(guān)掉、切斷水電氣等、停止、完成、與well或badly連用指生活是…..、休息、折扣等等意義,例如,The scool is five miles off;The exam is two days off; Take off your coat; Turn off the light; Finish your work off before you go to bed; She is off today; He is well off。)
14.Of ①(表示所屬關(guān)系或部分) 是……東西 、屬于 the legs of the table ;the window of a room;one of the books;② 由 制成 It is made of wood; ③表示數(shù)量、分量等 a cup of coffee; ④表示同位關(guān)系 the city of Beijing;⑤ (表示動(dòng)賓關(guān)系) 表示動(dòng)作的目的、對(duì)象 love of one's country ; the use of solar energy ; ⑥表示原因 、出處 He died of cancer / hunger ; He comes of a rich family ;⑦表示擁有…..性質(zhì)、特征 He is a woman of ablity ;⑧與…有關(guān)\關(guān)于 Speaking of music , do you like Mozart? I have never heard of him.
15.Over ①(表位置)在…..正上方(但不接觸,接觸時(shí)用on) He held his umbrella over me; ②覆蓋在….上、遍及、到處 He spread a cloth over the table; I traveled (all) over China; ③(表示動(dòng)作\狀態(tài)) 翻越過(guò)、從一邊到另一邊、橫過(guò) He jumped over the wall ;She climbed the hill; ④表在….期間、 在….中一直 We stayed there over Christmas; He has been ill in bed over the past week;⑤表支配、監(jiān)督 The king ruled over the country for a long time ;⑥一面….一面….We discussed it over a cup of tea ;⑦表與…..有關(guān)\關(guān)于 They argued over money matters; ⑧表數(shù)學(xué)上的分之…的、數(shù)量上多于… five over eleven 5/11、over fifty。 注意:over作為副詞與動(dòng)詞be、take、get、look、turn、go等連用,也可指"在上方、橫過(guò)、越過(guò)、從一邊到另一邊、全面地、到處地",還可指"結(jié)束、反復(fù)、交給、讓與"的意義。
16.Through ① (通過(guò)、貫通等) 通過(guò)、穿過(guò)、經(jīng)過(guò) I can not see through your head; He is looking out through the window; ② 遍及、到處(=throughout) The news has spread through the world;③(時(shí)間)整個(gè)、從開(kāi)頭到結(jié)束(=throughout) He stayed in the room through the winter; I had to sit through the movie though it was not interesting at all;④ (手段、媒介)依據(jù)、經(jīng)由 I got a job through a friend ;⑤(原因) 因?yàn)椤⒂捎?He lost his position through his own mistakes。(注意:它作為副詞,可以指通過(guò)、全程地、徹底地、接通電話(huà)等,例如,Have you read the book through? I walked in the rain and got wet through; Can you put me through to Mr Smith?)。
17.With ①與….一起 、伴同….. 、伴有、 帶著…. 、帶有、具有….Come with me ! China is a developing country with a long history; Take an umbrella with you ; She said goodbye with tears in her eyes; He often rises with the sun; I saw it with my own eyes ; She is a little girl with long hair ; He likes to have coffe with cakes; ② (表示工具、手段、材料) 用、 以 He was killed by Tom with a gun (比較He was killed by a falling stone ); It is a cake made with fruit ;The glass is filled with water;③ 表示符合、贊成、與 …. 一致 Which dress goes better with the these shoes? I agreed with you ;④ 伴隨、配合 With the development of society , China is becoming stronger and stronger ;⑤關(guān)于、對(duì)于、就……而言、以…對(duì)手 She is very angry with you ; I am pleased with my new house ;I have nothing to do with the incident;I often play chess with Jack; He competed with the best runners in the world;⑥表示原因、理由 He trembled with fear/cold (他因害怕/寒冷而發(fā)抖);⑦ (表示委托、委任) 委托/寄存在…….處 Can I leave my cat with you while I go out for shopping ? ⑧表示分離/割?lèi)?ài) I have to part with the watch my father gave me ;⑨(表示矛盾)盡管/ 雖然 With all his faults(缺點(diǎn)) she still loves him.
18.Out of ① 從…...到外(反義詞為into) He is looking out of the window;②在….范圍外(反義詞為within) He is out of hearing/sight他在聽(tīng)不到(看不到)的地方;③在(某個(gè)數(shù))之中 You can choose one out of the ten;④用….做成 He made the basket out of bamboo;⑤失去、欠缺、從…(狀態(tài))離開(kāi) I am out of patience 我沒(méi)有了耐心, The coat is out of fashion ;⑥出于、由于 I did it out of kindness;⑦(起源、出處) This is a scene out of the movie;⑧期望不要….、奪去(反義詞為into)I talked him out of going out alone ; He cheated her out of her money。
常用介詞短語(yǔ)(包含介詞與形容詞或名詞的習(xí)慣配搭、含介詞的副詞性短語(yǔ)和復(fù)合介詞短語(yǔ))
be angry/cross with sb對(duì)某人生氣 ; be afraid of害怕 ; be angry at sth 因某事生氣; be anxious about當(dāng)心或焦慮某事; be eager for/about sth渴望某事; be busy with sth(be busy in doing sth)忙于某事; be sure/certain of/about sth (make sure/certain of sth)確信、確保; be strict in sth對(duì)某事嚴(yán)格; be strict with sb對(duì)某人嚴(yán)格; be famous for/as/to 因…而出名/作為….而出名/為….所知 ; be fit for適合于 ; be good/bad at 擅長(zhǎng)(不擅長(zhǎng)) 于; be good for 對(duì)….有好處; be good/kind/polite to sb對(duì)某人好/對(duì)某人有禮貌 ;be in favor of贊成;be proud of自豪 ; be /get ready for 為某時(shí)做好準(zhǔn)備 ; be similar to類(lèi)似于 ;be the same to sb對(duì)某人來(lái)說(shuō)完全相同; be familiar with對(duì)….熟悉; be wrong with 有毛病 ; be popular with受人歡迎;be surprised/disappointed/pleased/satisfied at sth 因某事而吃驚/失望/高興/滿(mǎn)意; be pleased/satisfied with sb對(duì)某人滿(mǎn)意;be happy about/at (doing) sth因某事高興 ;be interestd in sth對(duì)….感興趣;be related to (= be connected with )與….有關(guān);be concerned about ….為….關(guān)心/當(dāng)心;be sorry about sth 因某事感到難過(guò); be sorry for sb為某人感到遺憾;be worthy of (being done)sth …值得做 (注意該短語(yǔ)與be worth doing 的用法區(qū)別) ; be content with sth對(duì)….滿(mǎn)意;be jealous of sb嫉妒某人; be different from與…不同; be rich in sth在…富有;be lacking in sth在某方面缺乏;be tired of 厭煩… ;be tired from/with因….疲勞; be responsible for sth (=take the responsibility for sth)對(duì)…負(fù)責(zé);express one's satisfaction with/at sth對(duì)…表示滿(mǎn)意; one's familiarity with sb/sth對(duì)…熟悉; the key to sth …的鑰匙或答案; the entrance/monument to sth/sb….入口處或某人的紀(jì)念碑;all over 遍及、結(jié)束;all over the country遍及全國(guó); have an effect/influence on sth/sb對(duì)…有影響;at times(=now and then);from time to time間或、時(shí)常;有時(shí); at a time 一次; at one time曾經(jīng)一度、同時(shí) ;at the same time 同時(shí)、但還是; on time準(zhǔn)時(shí);in time及時(shí)、總有一天; in no time立即; at any time任何時(shí)候 ; behind time(比預(yù)定)遲; ahead of time提前;with time隨著時(shí)間流逝; other than除了…..之外(比較:or rather更正確地說(shuō),more than不止是/多于,rather than倒不如說(shuō)/是…而不是… );none/no other than正是…而不是別的; on (the) one hand一方面; on the other hand另一方面 ; at hand 在手邊、即將到來(lái) (與close,near等連用); by hand手工做的; hand in hand手拉手; in hand在手里的、在控制/掌握中的; hands off請(qǐng)勿動(dòng)手; hands up舉起手; from hand to mouth僅夠糊口;in turn 依次地;in return (for sth)作為回報(bào)地; in trouble/difficulty有了麻煩; in difficulties處于經(jīng)濟(jì)困境; in common共同的、共有的; in public當(dāng)眾、公然; in danger在危險(xiǎn)中; at (the) least至少; at (the) most最多; in the end最后、終于; at the beginning of…在…開(kāi)始時(shí); at the end of…在…結(jié)尾時(shí) ; at last終于 ; at first最初/首先;at the sight of…一看見(jiàn)就; after all畢竟/終究; above all最重要的; at all(否定句中)表示"一點(diǎn)也不",(在疑問(wèn)句中)表示"到底、究竟", (if從句中)表示"既然",;in all總共; all but除…之外全部 ;in the name of憑/以…..名義、看在…上 ; by the name of…..名叫… ;by name只….名字上的、名叫; on top of sth在…之上、加之;once in a while有時(shí)、偶爾;in a word總而言之;in other words也就是說(shuō); be worth doing(=be worthy of being done;be worthy to be done)值得做;(do sth) on credit 以賒帳或記帳方式做某事on duty值日、值班; off duty不值班; as a result of….因?yàn)?由于 ; as a result 作為結(jié)果/因此;without result毫無(wú)結(jié)果;on board搭乘(車(chē)、船、飛機(jī)等); out of sight在看不見(jiàn)的范圍; in sight在看得見(jiàn)的范圍; by birth就出生而言;on the/one's trip/journey to 在去某地的旅行途中;on foot步行;by phone通過(guò)電話(huà);day by day逐日; day after day日復(fù)一日;in a way(= in a sense,也相當(dāng)于more or less或多或少、有幾分、差不多)從某種角度或程度上說(shuō);in no way絕不; in one's / the way(in the way of sb)妨礙某人; ; on the /one's way to 去某地的路上 ;out of the way偏離道路的、偏僻的;under way正在進(jìn)行中; under repair / discussion / construction / investigation正在修理/討論/建設(shè)/調(diào)查中 ;on fire/show/sale/exhibition/strike/business在燃燒/展覽/銷(xiāo)售/陳列/罷工/出公差之中 ; for sale待售;at one's own expense自費(fèi); at an expense of $100….以一百美元的費(fèi)用 ; at the expense/cost of 犧牲… /付出….代價(jià);at a low/high price以低/高價(jià)格; at the speed of….以….速度 ; at full speed全速(比較 with all speed全速);at war/ work/rest/lunch/school正在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)/工作/休息/吃午飯/上學(xué);out of work失業(yè);in work有工作; in class在課堂上; in good shape狀況良好; in style(=in fashion)流行的 ; out of style(=out of fashion)不再流行的;in peace在和平/寧?kù)o中; in good order秩序良好; in the dark在黑暗中; in the sun在陽(yáng)光下;in error錯(cuò)誤地(做); by mistake弄錯(cuò);by accident偶然地;on purpose故意地;to the purpose(to the point)中肯地; for/with the purpose of doing sth為了…..目的; by means of …憑借;by all means務(wù)必、當(dāng)然可以(用來(lái)回答請(qǐng)求); by no maens一點(diǎn)也不; by way of經(jīng)由、為了….; by the way順便一提;in the long run/term就長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)而言; in the short term/run就短期而言; in terms of 用…..字眼、從…角度; off the coast在海上; on the coast在沿岸; according to( in accordance with)依據(jù); in the course of (=during);在…..過(guò)程中; on the spot當(dāng)場(chǎng)、立即; for……reason因…..原因; because of sth因?yàn)?hellip;..;on one's back仰臥;behind one's back背后/背地里;(fall/go) on one's knees下跪; (stand)on one's feet站立、獨(dú)立地;by day日間 ;out of breath(=breathless)上氣不接下氣;far from (doing) sth遠(yuǎn)離/完全不;from now on 從此以后; from then on從那時(shí)開(kāi)始;at present (=at the present time)目前;at the age of 在…..歲時(shí);under control受控制之中;beyond control在控制之外;out of control不受控制;in control of管理、掌握…..; in the control of被….所控制;in charge of….. 負(fù)責(zé)…..; in the charge of由/被….負(fù)責(zé);(sb be ) in possession of sth (某人) 擁有某物; in the possession of sb (某物) 為某人所擁有;on end直立、豎著、連續(xù)地; in general通常、一般而言;in search of尋找;in the eyes of在某人看來(lái);(be/go ) on a diet 節(jié)食、吃限定食物;in doubt可懷疑的; without doubt無(wú)疑地;in honor of紀(jì)念….; in hope of懷著….希望; in memory of紀(jì)念….;in praise of歌頌 ;in face of面對(duì)…. ;in need/want of需要….. ;far from….遠(yuǎn)離、 遠(yuǎn)非;in secret私下地; in ruins成為廢墟; in need需要; in demand需求; in tens十個(gè)一組/包;in groups成群地;in store儲(chǔ)藏著、準(zhǔn)備著; on all sides在各個(gè)方面、到處;
介詞精選練習(xí)(表24):
1.The boat is passing ______the bridge. A. under B.through C.across D.above
2.We went to Nanjing _______October,1977. A.in B.on C.at D.of
3.Macao is ________the south of Zhuhai. A.in B.at C.to D.above
4._________the morning of June 27, they visited the Great Wall.
A.In B. At C.On D.From
5. My room is ________the third floor. A.at B.on C.in D.to
6.They will leave a week _______today. A.from B.on C.by D.for
7.We often go to the park _______Sunday morning.
A.on B.in C.at D.from
8.My aunt has worked in a clinic___________1949.
A.after B.before C.till D. since
9.The sewing machine is made _______China. A.of B.on C.in D.from
10.His father will be back from London ________few days.
A.since B.on C.in D.to
11.We need fifteen more people _________ our team to do the job.
A.but B.except C.as well D.besides
12.My uncle lives _______105 Beijing Street.
A.on B.at C.to D.of
13.He slept well _______all the windows open. A.when B.while C.with D.because
14.I don't think you can finish the work _______my help.
A.since B.because C.without D.unless
15.No one knew Mr.Benson's address_______his daughter.
A.except B.excepts C.only D.beside
16.Your new suit will be ready ______two days. A.in B.on C.for D.over
17.It happened to be very cold _______the morning of our sports meet.
A.at B.of C.on D.with
18.Do you know any other foreign language _________English?
A.except B.but C.beside D.besides
19.__________his wife ,his daughter also went to see him.
A.Beside B.Besides C.Except D.Except for
20.He decided to visit the family __________Friday night.
A.at B.in C. on D.over
21.He suddenly returned ________ a rainy night.
A.on B.at C.in D.over
22.The doctor will be free _______.
A.10 minutes later B.after 10 minutes C.in 10 minutes D.10 minutes after
23.We offered him our congratulations_________his passing the college entrance
exams. A.at B.on C.for D.of
24.Did you have trouble ________the post office?
A.to have found B.with finding C.to find D.in finding
25.---If you keep on, you'll succeed_______.
A.in time B.at one time C.at the same time D.on time
26.She is well-known _____ her poems ,and she is also famous ____ an actress .
A. for; for B. for; as C. as ;for D. by ;for
27.---How long has this shop been in business?
------__________1982. A.After B.In C.From D.Since
28.The train leaves at 6:00pm. So I have to be at the station________5:40 pm at the latest.
A.until B.after C.by D.around
29.For miles around me there was nothing but a desert, without a single plant or tree_____.
A. in sight B.on earth C.at a distance D.in place
30.I wanted two seats_________Madame Curie for Friday night, so I rang the cinema to see if I could book two tickets.
A.of B.about C.to D.for
31. Your performance in the driving test didn't reach the required standard______, you failed.
A.in the end B.after all C.in other words D.at the same time
32.The mountains look grey ____ the blue sky . A. in B. under C. against D. to
33. Dr silver is a man ____ we have the greatest respect .
A. with whom B. to whom C. for whom D. on whom
34. I do not like to read such a book , ___ , I am very busy now.
A. beside B. besides C. except D. except for
35. : Where is your uncle ?" " He has gone ____ the weekend ."
A. in B. at C. for D. on
36. Do you know ____ I have bought this expensive coat ?
A. to whom B. for whom D. by whom D. with whom
37.___ hearing the good news that the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing , they all jumped up . A. For B. To C. On D. At
38.The pianist began to play and the girl began to sing ____ the music.
A. with B. along C. through D. to
39. if you buy more than ten books we'll reduce the cost of each book____ 10% .
A. at B. to C. for D. by
40. Daddy was really cross ___ me when I broke the window and told him a lie .
A. with B. to C. from ;D. for
41. _____ the few who failed , all the other students were in very high spirits.
A. Besides B. In spite of C. Except D. Because of
42. Don't read ___the sun , but you can read ____the shade of the tree.
A. in; under B. undr;in C. under;under; D. at ;in
43.-I am tired , Father , I don't want to clean the windows .
---Tired? ____ ? You have done nothing since morning .
A. For which B. For what C. Because what D. Of what
44.-The two pairs of shooes are ___ the same color . -----But they are different ____size .
A. of ; from B. of; in C. in; from D. in;in
45.The ship would have sunk with all___ board ____the efforts of the captain .
A. on; but for B. from;except C. on; because of D. by; without
46.___the Americans , Thanksgiving Day is a happy time like Christmas .
A. In B. For C. Among D. With
47. He has done everything ____ what I asked him to do .
A. beside B. besides C. except D. without
48.Washington , a state in the US was named ___ one of the greatest American presidents .
A. in honor of B. instead of C. in favor of D. by means of
《高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法-英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法表解1》由出國(guó)留學(xué)網(wǎng)liuxue86.com編輯整理
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法表解1
表22直接引語(yǔ)→間接引語(yǔ)
直接引語(yǔ) 間接引語(yǔ)
時(shí)態(tài)變化 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)→
一般過(guò)去時(shí)→
一般將來(lái)時(shí)→
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)→
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)→
過(guò)去完成時(shí)→
將來(lái)完成時(shí)→ 一般過(guò)去時(shí)
過(guò)去完成時(shí)
過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
過(guò)去完成時(shí)
過(guò)去完成時(shí)
過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) Now→
Yesterday→
Last week(year; month)→
Today←
Tomorrow→
Next week(year; month)→
Ago→
Then
The day before
The week (year; month) before
That day
The next day
The next week(year; month)
before
地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) Here→ there 指示代詞 This→
These→ That
Those
句型變化 陳述句→
特殊問(wèn)句→
祈使句→
一般疑問(wèn)句→ that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
由特殊問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
ask/tell/order sb to do sth.
由Whether(if) 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。
表23 It 的用法
用法 例句
①作人稱(chēng)代詞,指代前文提到的事。與one;that的區(qū)別:one指前文提到的同類(lèi)物之一,且前面常有冠詞、指示代詞或形容詞修飾,one也可指一個(gè)人;而that常指代前面出現(xiàn)過(guò)的不可數(shù)名詞,與of介詞短語(yǔ)連用,它也可指代可數(shù)名詞,表示"較遠(yuǎn)的"人或物與this(近指)相對(duì). A new pen is lying on the desk;It's Jack's.
I've lost my bike ,so I'll buy a new one.
The air of Chengdu is better than that of Beijing.
②指代前文中發(fā)出某個(gè)動(dòng)作的人;也可指代嬰兒。 Who is knocking at/on the door? It must be Tom.
③指代時(shí)間、距離、天氣、季節(jié)。 It is very cold today;It's five o'clock; It's two hours' ride from the office to my home.
④代替前文的this或that. What's this(that)? It's a desk.
⑤用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型It was/is+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that(被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是人時(shí)也可用who)+句子其余部分。 It was in Zigong that(不用where) I met Jack yesterday; It was yesterday that(不用when) I met Tom in Zigong;Is it he that(who) often helps you with your English?
⑥代替不定式、動(dòng)名詞或that或 whether等從句,作形式主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。 It isn't easy to do that; It's no use crying over spilt milk; I find it necessary to learn English; It's clear that he likes reading novels.
It 的用法(表23)精選練習(xí):
1. Is ______necessary to complete the design before National Day ?
A. this B. that C.it D he
2.I don't think ______possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. A. this B. that C.its D it
3.Does _____matter if he can't finish the job on time?
A. this B. that Che D it
4Tom's mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but ________didn't help . A. he B. which C. she D.it
5.I was disappointed with the film , I had expected _________to be much better. A. that B. this C. one D.it
6. ________is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language . A.There B. This C,. That D. It
7. It was not until 1920 _________regular radio broadcasts began.
A.while B.which C, that D.since
8. It was about 600 years ago _______the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made .
A. that B .until C. before D.when
9.Was ______that I saw last night at the concert?
A. it you B. not you C .you D. that yourself
10.________was in 1979 ______I graduated from the university?
A.That…that B. It …that C.That….when D.It…when
11. I hate ______when people talk with their mouths full.
A it B.that C these D.them
12. It was only when I reread his poems recently _____I began to appreciate their beauty.
A.until B.that C.then D.so
表24 介詞
類(lèi)別 例詞 例句或短語(yǔ)
表示地點(diǎn)、方向、方位 At;in;on;to;above;over;up;down;at the top of;on (the) top of;at the bottom of;behind; after; at(in) the backof;out of;into;through;across;below ;under;in(the) front of; on/to the right/left of;beyond;off;from... to;along;for.
At 106 North Street; at a hotel; at the airport(station,gate); at a distance (of…);in the distance ;arrive in/at; in(不用to) the direction of…;all over China; in bed(class,hospital);on one's way to;at/in/on the corner of…;on/in the street;ride on a bike(horse);a town on the river;lie on one's back;fall(come,break)off;in
the east/west/south/north of..;off the coast;at the top of one's voice;at the bottom of a page;In which direction are
you going?swim across a river;through a forest;down/along the street;beyond a village; from east
to west.
表示時(shí)間 At; in; on(=as soon as); by(not later than);after;before;since;not…until;for;
within;during;at the beginning(end) of… At Christmas(night,noon);at the age of; at five o'clock ; in the morning(afternoon,evening); on a coldmorning(afternoon,evening,night);in one's twenties;in the 1989s; within three weeks;since 1986;during the war;by the end of ;for six years;On arriving there,I began to work. .
表示原因 At; with; on; because of;on account of; for; owing to; thanks to; due to. Be disappointed(pleased,surprised) at;tremble with fear/cold;be wet with sweat; thanks to one's help;
because of illness;for political reason;thank(praise,scold,blame) sb for
(doing) sth.;He was late on account of a heavy rain;congratulate sb. on
(doing) sth;on business.
表示目的、目標(biāo) At;for;to Aim at;laugh(shout,throw,grasp) at; leave(start,set out,go,come) for; a
letter for sb.;show(lend,give,offer,
supply) sth. to sb.;buy (make, provide) sth for sb;be good for sb;for sale;
be good/kind/cruel/polite to sb.
表示方法、方式、工具、依據(jù)、憑借、價(jià)格、速度等 At;by;in;like;according to. At a low/high price;at any cost;
in English(pencil,red ink,cash);on TV(
the radio,the phone;the piano); with a
knife; feel/looklike; by air/bike/land/sea;buy sth on crdit;
on foot;make money by doing sth.;
He is paid by the hour; at 50 miles an
hour.
表示狀態(tài)、數(shù)量、穿戴、關(guān)于、贊成、反對(duì)、所屬范圍、依靠和對(duì)比、與…碰撞等。 At;in;on;with;against;for;about;except;except for;but;besides;as to(for);among;
between. At war(work); in peace; in difficulty/
trouble; have difficulty in doing sth;have difficulty with sth;in the sun;
in the rain/storm;(be dressed ) in red (clothes); nine in ten(=nine out of ten);
be in the dark;on/about history;on fire/
sale/strike/show/holiday/exhibition;
with long hair;between ourselves;
be with sb on sth;He is tall for his age;
the city of London; act on one's instructions; live on one's salary;
;be against/for sb/sth;Switzerland lies
between France ,Germany,Austria
and Italy;He is on the football team.
The picture shows up well against the
white wall;He was leaning against the
door; He hit/struck his head against the door.
表24 說(shuō)明:
①above ; on; over之間的區(qū)別:A:above是指某物上的的高低位置,不強(qiáng)調(diào)是正上方,其反義詞為below,e.g.The moon was above the tree in the east. B:over指垂直正上方, 此外還可指"蓋,遍及,從一邊到另一邊" e.g.The sky is over our heads; He climbed over the wall; He took over the business from his father;There is a boat under(不用below) the bridge.C:on 指"在..上.面或相互接觸"e.g. Korea is on the east of China(不接壤用to the east of…); There is a book on the desk.;D.用于引申意思: He's over me in the company.他是我的頂頭上司.He is above me in the company.他在公司的職位比我的高(并非直接上司).
②across與through的區(qū)別:across指從物體的一邊到另一邊、橫過(guò)、越過(guò),而through指從物體的中間通過(guò).
He walked across the bridge and then through the valley ;You can fly across the U.S. in about five hours ; We will be across the border by tomorrow 。
③after 與behind 的區(qū)別:after 表位置時(shí),一般指次序先后,意為"跟在….后面","次于". e.g.
Your name comes after mine on the list;而behind 指物體靜態(tài)位置的前后(其反義詞為in front of ) 且常指在物體本身之外的后面(若指物體本身后面用in/at the back of, in/at the back of的反義詞為in the front of) e.g. Many people are sitting in the back of (in the front of ) the room. There are many trees behind (in front of ) the house; behind 還可指"落后,過(guò)了時(shí)刻,耽誤時(shí)間". E.g. He fell behind the others; He fell behind the time;after也可指時(shí)間:"after +時(shí)間點(diǎn)"可用于將來(lái)時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí),而"after +時(shí)間段"只用于過(guò)去時(shí);但"in +時(shí)間段"只用于將來(lái)時(shí),e.g. I will be back in two hours(after two o'clock); He returned home after three days(two o'clock).
④besides;except;but;except for;but for的區(qū)別:A. besides與except用于肯定句時(shí), (湯母沒(méi)去)指"除...外(不再有)"; besides指"除...外(還有)".e.g.We all went to Zigong except Tom(湯母沒(méi)去);We all went to Zigong besides Tom(湯母也去了) ; B. except 與but后都可接名、代、動(dòng)名詞和不定式及動(dòng)詞原形,且能互換;但except后還可跟副詞、副詞從句和介詞短語(yǔ)等。E.g. He answered all the questions but/except the last one ;The window is never opened except in summer;He has always been in high spirits except recently;C. besides;except;but用于否定句時(shí),可以互換: e.g. There aren't any other people to be considered esides/except/but you; D.but for 指"要不是…."e.g. But for your help , we couldn't have finished the work so soon;而except for 指從某一細(xì)節(jié)方面修正前面的概過(guò)性說(shuō)法,其后的賓語(yǔ)一般與句子主語(yǔ)所涉及的東西不屬同類(lèi).e.g. Your composition is good except for some spelling mistakes.
⑤表示工具、方法、手段、根據(jù)的介詞by、in、on、over、through的區(qū)別:by后的工具名詞是泛指,故工具名詞前不加冠詞,也不用復(fù)數(shù);而in或 on或over后接某一具體的工具名詞,故要用冠詞,例如:He came here by train(on/in a train);She went there by car(in a car);He came here on the first train ; Tom used to go to school by bike(on his own bike;on a horse);I received the news by radio(on/over/through the radio);He got the book through the library.但是當(dāng)by指"憑借、根據(jù)"之意時(shí),其后要用冠詞the,例如:The cloth is sold by the yard;I am paid by the week。
⑥at、on、in接時(shí)間名詞和地點(diǎn)名詞的區(qū)別:at后一般接表示時(shí)刻、時(shí)點(diǎn)和noon、night、Christmas等類(lèi)時(shí)間名詞;on后一般接表示某一天的名詞,但是當(dāng)evening、morning、afternoon、noon和night等名詞的前后有形容詞或限制詞修飾時(shí)就用on,例如:He came here in the morning (at night); He came here on a cold morning/night; He came here on the afternoon of March 1st;介詞in后一般接表示年、月、周、季節(jié)、世紀(jì)、一生等較長(zhǎng)時(shí)段的時(shí)間名詞,如:He did a lot of work in his life;I will finish the work in a month/week/year。但是要注意當(dāng)表示時(shí)間的名詞前有this、that、last、next等修飾時(shí),該時(shí)間名詞前不能再用介詞,例如:Last week he came here;He started(不能用on) that morning。在表示一個(gè)小的位置點(diǎn)時(shí),一般用at ;而表示"在……里面"或一個(gè)較大的地方時(shí),用in,例如:He arrived at the station yesterday;
He arrived in China yesterday.
⑦because of、due to、owing to、thanks to、for的區(qū)別:because of"因?yàn)椤⒂捎?quot;構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ),在句中常作狀語(yǔ),e.g. The train was delayed because of the rain;He walked slowly because of his bad leg;They are here because of us; due to"因?yàn)?、由?quot;構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ),在句中作表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ),e.g. The accident was due to careless driving; His illness was due to bad food;owing to"因?yàn)?、由?quot;構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ),在句中通常作狀語(yǔ),也可作表語(yǔ),這時(shí)與due to可通用,e.g. Owing to the shower,the football game was interrupted; These errors are owing to (due to) carelessness; thanks to "多虧、由于(含有感激之意)"構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ),在句中作狀語(yǔ),e.g. Thanks to your help/advice ,much trouble was saved; for一般與reasons(但because of 不能和reasons連用)和doing sth 連用,例如,He left his homeland for political reasons;He was praised/scolded for doing that。
⑧.in、on、under都可表狀態(tài),但是它們?cè)谂浯钌嫌袇^(qū)別:in常和peace、war、trouble、difficulty、order、place、good shape、uniform、anger、fun、poverty等連用;on常和holiday、fire、exhibition、show、sale、strike等連用;而under常和、consideration、way、construction、repair、discussion、suspicion、investigation等連用。
⑨ in、on 、to、towards、for表示方位的區(qū)別:在"左、右"邊用on,往"左、右"邊用to;在"東、南、西、北"里用in;向或朝某一方向(指靜態(tài)位置時(shí))用to或towards均可,但to或towards用作動(dòng)態(tài)介詞時(shí),towards 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作方向,而to則兼指"到達(dá)"的含義;for則常和start、leave等連用,表示要去的目的地;on表示"接壤或接觸"例如,The house on the left/right is mine;Shanghai lies in the east of China;The door opens to/towards the mountain;The house faces to/towards the south;The birds were flying towards the south(鳥(niǎo)正南飛);The birds flew to the south(鳥(niǎo)飛到南方去了);He is leaving for Beijing tomorrow;Korea lies on the east of China(強(qiáng)調(diào)"接壤");Taiwan lies to the east of Fujian(強(qiáng)調(diào)"沒(méi)有接壤");there is a town on the river(河畔有一個(gè)小城)。
⑩up和down的區(qū)別:兩者都有副詞和介詞的詞性,但是兩者的意思正好相反。Up 作為副詞常與動(dòng)詞be、go、come、stay、stand、lift、walk、jump等連用,表"往高處、往上、向上方、往上游、向說(shuō)話(huà)人方向走、或在高處、或(價(jià)格、水準(zhǔn)、音量、速度等)增加或上升、完全地(如與use、eat、end連用)、緊緊地(如與tie、lock連用)、或(時(shí)間)已到",作為介詞也表"往上或在上"、還可表示"沿著…."e.g. climb up the tree, walk up the street ;而down作為副詞常與動(dòng)詞be、go、take、come、get、bring、write、turn、calm、cut、quiet、cool等連用,表示向下、下降、在下面、(寫(xiě))下來(lái)、(程度、價(jià)格、品質(zhì)、身份等)由高到低、由強(qiáng)到弱,作為介詞down表"往下、或沿著"的意思,e.g. climb down the ladder,roll down the road 。
(11) near 的nearby區(qū)別: near 可以是介詞、副詞和形容詞, nearby 只能是副詞和形容詞;作為形容詞near 可作前置定語(yǔ)也可作表語(yǔ),其意義可以是指"關(guān)系上親密的或接近的",也可指"場(chǎng)所或時(shí)間上近的",可用比較級(jí)或最高級(jí),而nearby只能指"(距離上)附近的",既可作前置定語(yǔ)也可作后置定語(yǔ),一般不用比較級(jí)或最高級(jí);作為副詞用時(shí),多用nearby表示"在…附近",如用near時(shí),則其前通常要用修飾語(yǔ)。例如,What is the nearest way to the station ? There is a park in the near distance; I will go to America in the near future ;He is my nearest relative; He lives near the station ; She lives quite/very near ;We went out and dined in a nearby restaurant ( 或a restaurant nearby); The plane landed nearby(nearby可單獨(dú)用作狀語(yǔ))。
(12) as 和like的區(qū)別:like一般情況下用作介詞,用于說(shuō)明兩者在形態(tài)或性質(zhì)上相似,但并不等同;而as作為介詞是指"身份、資格"等,意為"作為、看著"等,用于說(shuō)明同一關(guān)系,即兩者為一體,此外as還可作為連詞用,意為"正如、正象、按照…..". 例如, I wish I can fly like a bird ; Like Leifeng , he has done a lot of good deeds; Don't treat me as a child ; Do the work as I do ; As a student , you should study hard.
(13)介詞的句法功能:A.作定語(yǔ):The book on the table is hers; B.作狀語(yǔ): In
front of the house stands a tall tree; C.作表語(yǔ): Taiwan is to the
east of Fujian; D.作主/賓補(bǔ): She found herself in hospital when she came
to.
常用介詞用法解析:
1. About ①關(guān)于(正式用語(yǔ)常用on) I spoke with him about the matter;②到處、各處 He likes to walk about the town; ③在身上 Do you have a lighter about you ?
2. Above ①在…上方(表示正上方時(shí)above與over 可替換使用,但不是正上方則不可替換) I saw the moon above the roof; ②"(能力、地位等)勝過(guò)…,超越/超過(guò)…"The temperature is above average this winter (但用于具體數(shù)量時(shí)over比above更常用),She is above any of her classmates in speaking English。
3. Among在…中間(一般用于指三者或以上的人或物,而between一般是用于指兩者之間,但若指地理疆界或兩個(gè)集體之間的多數(shù)人或物之間仍然用between) They hid themselves among the trees ; I think Eistein is among the greatest scientists; The Mediterranean lies between Africa , Europe and Asia .
4. Around ①到處、各處(=about)She looked around the room to see if he was already there;②環(huán)繞、圍繞 The earth moves aroud the sun ;③ 在四周 she put her arms around his shoulders;④大約 He came here around 5 o'clock
5. At ①在…地點(diǎn) I live at 106 East Street ;②在..年齡(at the age of five)、在…時(shí)間點(diǎn)或時(shí)刻 He arrived at noon/night/five/that moment; ③(表目標(biāo)、方向)對(duì)…/對(duì)準(zhǔn)…(有時(shí)含有傷害之意) She shot at him; Aim at the man carefully; ④表示正在從事…中、或在…狀態(tài)中 The children are still at play/lunch/work/rest; ⑤(表示原因)因…而 She was surprised at what he said; We were all pleased/annoyed at his behavior ;⑥(表示在某方面) 關(guān)于…或?qū)τ?hellip;He is good/bad at cooking; ⑦ (表示數(shù)量、價(jià)格、比率、速度等)以…. He drove at the speed of 100 miles an hour ; She sold the house at a very high price
6. Against ①表示反對(duì)、敵對(duì)、違抗、不利于、逆…而行 Our school played against their school at football ; He is swimming against the tide (水流);② 與…..相撞/碰 、 倚靠 The rain beat against the window;He placed the ladder against the wall;He is leaning against the wall;③(表示對(duì)比、對(duì)照)以…為背景,襯托 The picture shows up well against the white wall (這幅畫(huà)在白壁襯托下很顯眼) ;④ 表示防備、預(yù)防 You should save money against your old age。
7. By ①在…旁Will you sit down here by the fire? ②. (表示經(jīng)由…地方)經(jīng)由…通過(guò)… The thief entered the room by the window ;③. (指時(shí)間) 在…之前 You must finish the work by Friday; ④.(表示手段、原因、方法等,其后的名詞前一般不用冠詞) I sent the letter by airmail ;You can succeed by working hard; ⑤ (表示媒介)把…的地方(其后加冠詞,與人的身體懂得某部分連用) He caught me by the hand; I am paid by the hour;⑥根據(jù)、依據(jù)/憑借、借著… You must play by the rules ; The cloth is sold by the yard ; He is French by birth; I swear(發(fā)誓) by God; ⑦指數(shù)量上相差…左右 He is taller than me by 5 inches ⑧表示乘法或除法…. The pool is 15 meters by 35 meters.
8. Beyond ①(場(chǎng)所)在…那一邊 What is beyond the village ? ②(指程度、時(shí)間)超出、力所不能及 The TV is beyond repair;Don't stay out beyond ten o'clock ;③ 除…之外 I can not say anything beyond that .
9. For ①(表示目的、方向、利益等)適合于、為了…… Do more exercise for the good of your health;I have got a good job for you; buy/make something for somebody; This knife is used for cutting cheese ;He worked hard for the exam;There is no really good medicine for a cold;Do you have any books for children ?It is a very good day for hiking;Is this train for Beijing? I am leaving for Shanghai tomorrow;② (表示交換、報(bào)酬、代表、代理等)與…… 交換、代替、代表、表示….. I gave him a book (in exchange ) for his stamps; He changed his ballpen for an icecream ; He sold his house for 50000 yuan ;He spoke for our class at the meeting;What do the letters NPC stand for ? ③ (表示原因) 由于 He was angry with him for being late; This restaurant is famous for fine cooking ; He jumped for joy at the news;④ 表示時(shí)間 期間 He will be away on business (for) the next ten days ; The next meeting was arranged for the fifth of July ;⑤(表示基準(zhǔn)、對(duì)比、對(duì)象等,常與too、enough連用的形容詞或副詞連用) It is warm enough for February ; For a beginner , he drives well ; She looks young for her age ;⑥表示關(guān)于、對(duì)于、就……He has a taste for music ;I have no eye for paintings ; So much for this class; ⑦ 表示贊成(與against相反) Which party did you vote for ?
10. In ① (表示地點(diǎn))在…里/中/內(nèi)(注意on是指在物體的表面上) 、向…..之中(此處相當(dāng)于into的用法) I spent the holiday in the country ; He threw a stone in the river; ②(表示時(shí)間范圍或經(jīng)過(guò)多少時(shí)間之后) 在…時(shí)候、在….之后 I will come back in ten days ③(表示狀態(tài)、環(huán)境、穿著、穿戴等) 在…..中、 穿戴著…. She is bathing herself in the sun;I am in good shape ; An old man is jogging in a pair of sports shoes ;④(表示受動(dòng)作影響的部位) 在…..處 Tom stared her in the face ; He was wounded in arms ; ⑤(表材料、手段、方法等) 使用 I paid the bill in cash ; He is drawing a picture in pencil ;in red ink / in English ;⑥關(guān)于、在….某方面 I am weak in Chinese ; The bridge is 20000meters in length and 400 meters in height ; You should be careful in operating this machine;⑦(比哦按時(shí)比例、數(shù)量等) nine in ten =nine out of ten(十之八九);twice in a month(一月兩次)。注意:in作為副詞時(shí),常與動(dòng)詞be、get、come、hand、put、go、take、give、turn、bring、call、break連用,其基本意義為"在家、到達(dá)、往里面、往內(nèi)部或進(jìn)來(lái)等",其反義詞為out,out只能是副詞,其基本意義為"在外、向外、被發(fā)表或暴露出來(lái)、完全地、徹底地、消失、缺貨、買(mǎi)光、或清楚地大聲地",常與動(dòng)詞be、go、come、sell、run、speak、call、tired等連用。
11 Instead of 意為"代替",后面可接代詞、名詞、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)等,而instead是副詞,其后不能接任何賓語(yǔ)。例如,I have to finish my work instead of going out ; I do not like beer ;give me some coffe instead。
12.On ① (表示位置)在….之上 、乘于…上 、在…..的表面 He is riding on a bike ;He was hit on the head ;I got on a bus ;② (表示穿著)穿戴、附著于….上 He had a hat on his head; Who will put a bell on the cat?③ (表示接近)在…旁邊/畔 There is a town on the river / a house on the street ; ④(表示支撐點(diǎn)) 以….為軸/支持 He walked on tiptoe (腳尖)); He lay on his back; ⑤ (表示手段器具等)藉….、使用、吃 He called me up on the phone just now; I bought a computer on credit (賒購(gòu)) ;We live on rice ;⑥(表示特定時(shí)間)在….時(shí)候、 一…..就…..on a cold morning /on Christmas ;On his arrival (On arriving 剛一到…) at the station , he was arrested (逮捕)by the police; ⑦ (表示狀態(tài)、方法) on fire / on sale / on show/ on strike /on one's way to …;⑧ (表示原因、根據(jù)) 根據(jù)、由于 He went to Zigong on business; You must act on his advice ; He changed his mind on second thoughts (他重新考慮后又改變了主意);The story is based on facts;He was arrestd on a charge of theft(他以涉嫌盜竊罪而被逮捕);⑨(主題)關(guān)于(用于比about更專(zhuān)門(mén)的內(nèi)容) a book on China ;⑩屬于……的成員 He is on the school football team 。 (注意:on作為副詞與動(dòng)詞turn /put /go/move/walk/come連用有"穿上"、"繼續(xù)向前=forward/along"、"打開(kāi)開(kāi)關(guān)"、"在進(jìn)行中"等)。
13.Off ①(表示分離)離開(kāi)、隔著、脫離、脫落 Keep off the grass! A button came off your coat ;Take some meat off the plate ;② 離去 (工作等) 休息 He is off duty today ;③ 打折扣、減價(jià) Can you take 5% off the price ? (注意off作為副詞也可以指距離、分離、脫離、脫掉衣服等,還可指關(guān)掉、切斷水電氣等、停止、完成、與well或badly連用指生活是…..、休息、折扣等等意義,例如,The scool is five miles off;The exam is two days off; Take off your coat; Turn off the light; Finish your work off before you go to bed; She is off today; He is well off。)
14.Of ①(表示所屬關(guān)系或部分) 是……東西 、屬于 the legs of the table ;the window of a room;one of the books;② 由 制成 It is made of wood; ③表示數(shù)量、分量等 a cup of coffee; ④表示同位關(guān)系 the city of Beijing;⑤ (表示動(dòng)賓關(guān)系) 表示動(dòng)作的目的、對(duì)象 love of one's country ; the use of solar energy ; ⑥表示原因 、出處 He died of cancer / hunger ; He comes of a rich family ;⑦表示擁有…..性質(zhì)、特征 He is a woman of ablity ;⑧與…有關(guān)\關(guān)于 Speaking of music , do you like Mozart? I have never heard of him.
15.Over ①(表位置)在…..正上方(但不接觸,接觸時(shí)用on) He held his umbrella over me; ②覆蓋在….上、遍及、到處 He spread a cloth over the table; I traveled (all) over China; ③(表示動(dòng)作\狀態(tài)) 翻越過(guò)、從一邊到另一邊、橫過(guò) He jumped over the wall ;She climbed the hill; ④表在….期間、 在….中一直 We stayed there over Christmas; He has been ill in bed over the past week;⑤表支配、監(jiān)督 The king ruled over the country for a long time ;⑥一面….一面….We discussed it over a cup of tea ;⑦表與…..有關(guān)\關(guān)于 They argued over money matters; ⑧表數(shù)學(xué)上的分之…的、數(shù)量上多于… five over eleven 5/11、over fifty。 注意:over作為副詞與動(dòng)詞be、take、get、look、turn、go等連用,也可指"在上方、橫過(guò)、越過(guò)、從一邊到另一邊、全面地、到處地",還可指"結(jié)束、反復(fù)、交給、讓與"的意義。
16.Through ① (通過(guò)、貫通等) 通過(guò)、穿過(guò)、經(jīng)過(guò) I can not see through your head; He is looking out through the window; ② 遍及、到處(=throughout) The news has spread through the world;③(時(shí)間)整個(gè)、從開(kāi)頭到結(jié)束(=throughout) He stayed in the room through the winter; I had to sit through the movie though it was not interesting at all;④ (手段、媒介)依據(jù)、經(jīng)由 I got a job through a friend ;⑤(原因) 因?yàn)椤⒂捎?He lost his position through his own mistakes。(注意:它作為副詞,可以指通過(guò)、全程地、徹底地、接通電話(huà)等,例如,Have you read the book through? I walked in the rain and got wet through; Can you put me through to Mr Smith?)。
17.With ①與….一起 、伴同….. 、伴有、 帶著…. 、帶有、具有….Come with me ! China is a developing country with a long history; Take an umbrella with you ; She said goodbye with tears in her eyes; He often rises with the sun; I saw it with my own eyes ; She is a little girl with long hair ; He likes to have coffe with cakes; ② (表示工具、手段、材料) 用、 以 He was killed by Tom with a gun (比較He was killed by a falling stone ); It is a cake made with fruit ;The glass is filled with water;③ 表示符合、贊成、與 …. 一致 Which dress goes better with the these shoes? I agreed with you ;④ 伴隨、配合 With the development of society , China is becoming stronger and stronger ;⑤關(guān)于、對(duì)于、就……而言、以…對(duì)手 She is very angry with you ; I am pleased with my new house ;I have nothing to do with the incident;I often play chess with Jack; He competed with the best runners in the world;⑥表示原因、理由 He trembled with fear/cold (他因害怕/寒冷而發(fā)抖);⑦ (表示委托、委任) 委托/寄存在…….處 Can I leave my cat with you while I go out for shopping ? ⑧表示分離/割?lèi)?ài) I have to part with the watch my father gave me ;⑨(表示矛盾)盡管/ 雖然 With all his faults(缺點(diǎn)) she still loves him.
18.Out of ① 從…...到外(反義詞為into) He is looking out of the window;②在….范圍外(反義詞為within) He is out of hearing/sight他在聽(tīng)不到(看不到)的地方;③在(某個(gè)數(shù))之中 You can choose one out of the ten;④用….做成 He made the basket out of bamboo;⑤失去、欠缺、從…(狀態(tài))離開(kāi) I am out of patience 我沒(méi)有了耐心, The coat is out of fashion ;⑥出于、由于 I did it out of kindness;⑦(起源、出處) This is a scene out of the movie;⑧期望不要….、奪去(反義詞為into)I talked him out of going out alone ; He cheated her out of her money。
常用介詞短語(yǔ)(包含介詞與形容詞或名詞的習(xí)慣配搭、含介詞的副詞性短語(yǔ)和復(fù)合介詞短語(yǔ))
be angry/cross with sb對(duì)某人生氣 ; be afraid of害怕 ; be angry at sth 因某事生氣; be anxious about當(dāng)心或焦慮某事; be eager for/about sth渴望某事; be busy with sth(be busy in doing sth)忙于某事; be sure/certain of/about sth (make sure/certain of sth)確信、確保; be strict in sth對(duì)某事嚴(yán)格; be strict with sb對(duì)某人嚴(yán)格; be famous for/as/to 因…而出名/作為….而出名/為….所知 ; be fit for適合于 ; be good/bad at 擅長(zhǎng)(不擅長(zhǎng)) 于; be good for 對(duì)….有好處; be good/kind/polite to sb對(duì)某人好/對(duì)某人有禮貌 ;be in favor of贊成;be proud of自豪 ; be /get ready for 為某時(shí)做好準(zhǔn)備 ; be similar to類(lèi)似于 ;be the same to sb對(duì)某人來(lái)說(shuō)完全相同; be familiar with對(duì)….熟悉; be wrong with 有毛病 ; be popular with受人歡迎;be surprised/disappointed/pleased/satisfied at sth 因某事而吃驚/失望/高興/滿(mǎn)意; be pleased/satisfied with sb對(duì)某人滿(mǎn)意;be happy about/at (doing) sth因某事高興 ;be interestd in sth對(duì)….感興趣;be related to (= be connected with )與….有關(guān);be concerned about ….為….關(guān)心/當(dāng)心;be sorry about sth 因某事感到難過(guò); be sorry for sb為某人感到遺憾;be worthy of (being done)sth …值得做 (注意該短語(yǔ)與be worth doing 的用法區(qū)別) ; be content with sth對(duì)….滿(mǎn)意;be jealous of sb嫉妒某人; be different from與…不同; be rich in sth在…富有;be lacking in sth在某方面缺乏;be tired of 厭煩… ;be tired from/with因….疲勞; be responsible for sth (=take the responsibility for sth)對(duì)…負(fù)責(zé);express one's satisfaction with/at sth對(duì)…表示滿(mǎn)意; one's familiarity with sb/sth對(duì)…熟悉; the key to sth …的鑰匙或答案; the entrance/monument to sth/sb….入口處或某人的紀(jì)念碑;all over 遍及、結(jié)束;all over the country遍及全國(guó); have an effect/influence on sth/sb對(duì)…有影響;at times(=now and then);from time to time間或、時(shí)常;有時(shí); at a time 一次; at one time曾經(jīng)一度、同時(shí) ;at the same time 同時(shí)、但還是; on time準(zhǔn)時(shí);in time及時(shí)、總有一天; in no time立即; at any time任何時(shí)候 ; behind time(比預(yù)定)遲; ahead of time提前;with time隨著時(shí)間流逝; other than除了…..之外(比較:or rather更正確地說(shuō),more than不止是/多于,rather than倒不如說(shuō)/是…而不是… );none/no other than正是…而不是別的; on (the) one hand一方面; on the other hand另一方面 ; at hand 在手邊、即將到來(lái) (與close,near等連用); by hand手工做的; hand in hand手拉手; in hand在手里的、在控制/掌握中的; hands off請(qǐng)勿動(dòng)手; hands up舉起手; from hand to mouth僅夠糊口;in turn 依次地;in return (for sth)作為回報(bào)地; in trouble/difficulty有了麻煩; in difficulties處于經(jīng)濟(jì)困境; in common共同的、共有的; in public當(dāng)眾、公然; in danger在危險(xiǎn)中; at (the) least至少; at (the) most最多; in the end最后、終于; at the beginning of…在…開(kāi)始時(shí); at the end of…在…結(jié)尾時(shí) ; at last終于 ; at first最初/首先;at the sight of…一看見(jiàn)就; after all畢竟/終究; above all最重要的; at all(否定句中)表示"一點(diǎn)也不",(在疑問(wèn)句中)表示"到底、究竟", (if從句中)表示"既然",;in all總共; all but除…之外全部 ;in the name of憑/以…..名義、看在…上 ; by the name of…..名叫… ;by name只….名字上的、名叫; on top of sth在…之上、加之;once in a while有時(shí)、偶爾;in a word總而言之;in other words也就是說(shuō); be worth doing(=be worthy of being done;be worthy to be done)值得做;(do sth) on credit 以賒帳或記帳方式做某事on duty值日、值班; off duty不值班; as a result of….因?yàn)?由于 ; as a result 作為結(jié)果/因此;without result毫無(wú)結(jié)果;on board搭乘(車(chē)、船、飛機(jī)等); out of sight在看不見(jiàn)的范圍; in sight在看得見(jiàn)的范圍; by birth就出生而言;on the/one's trip/journey to 在去某地的旅行途中;on foot步行;by phone通過(guò)電話(huà);day by day逐日; day after day日復(fù)一日;in a way(= in a sense,也相當(dāng)于more or less或多或少、有幾分、差不多)從某種角度或程度上說(shuō);in no way絕不; in one's / the way(in the way of sb)妨礙某人; ; on the /one's way to 去某地的路上 ;out of the way偏離道路的、偏僻的;under way正在進(jìn)行中; under repair / discussion / construction / investigation正在修理/討論/建設(shè)/調(diào)查中 ;on fire/show/sale/exhibition/strike/business在燃燒/展覽/銷(xiāo)售/陳列/罷工/出公差之中 ; for sale待售;at one's own expense自費(fèi); at an expense of $100….以一百美元的費(fèi)用 ; at the expense/cost of 犧牲… /付出….代價(jià);at a low/high price以低/高價(jià)格; at the speed of….以….速度 ; at full speed全速(比較 with all speed全速);at war/ work/rest/lunch/school正在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)/工作/休息/吃午飯/上學(xué);out of work失業(yè);in work有工作; in class在課堂上; in good shape狀況良好; in style(=in fashion)流行的 ; out of style(=out of fashion)不再流行的;in peace在和平/寧?kù)o中; in good order秩序良好; in the dark在黑暗中; in the sun在陽(yáng)光下;in error錯(cuò)誤地(做); by mistake弄錯(cuò);by accident偶然地;on purpose故意地;to the purpose(to the point)中肯地; for/with the purpose of doing sth為了…..目的; by means of …憑借;by all means務(wù)必、當(dāng)然可以(用來(lái)回答請(qǐng)求); by no maens一點(diǎn)也不; by way of經(jīng)由、為了….; by the way順便一提;in the long run/term就長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)而言; in the short term/run就短期而言; in terms of 用…..字眼、從…角度; off the coast在海上; on the coast在沿岸; according to( in accordance with)依據(jù); in the course of (=during);在…..過(guò)程中; on the spot當(dāng)場(chǎng)、立即; for……reason因…..原因; because of sth因?yàn)?hellip;..;on one's back仰臥;behind one's back背后/背地里;(fall/go) on one's knees下跪; (stand)on one's feet站立、獨(dú)立地;by day日間 ;out of breath(=breathless)上氣不接下氣;far from (doing) sth遠(yuǎn)離/完全不;from now on 從此以后; from then on從那時(shí)開(kāi)始;at present (=at the present time)目前;at the age of 在…..歲時(shí);under control受控制之中;beyond control在控制之外;out of control不受控制;in control of管理、掌握…..; in the control of被….所控制;in charge of….. 負(fù)責(zé)…..; in the charge of由/被….負(fù)責(zé);(sb be ) in possession of sth (某人) 擁有某物; in the possession of sb (某物) 為某人所擁有;on end直立、豎著、連續(xù)地; in general通常、一般而言;in search of尋找;in the eyes of在某人看來(lái);(be/go ) on a diet 節(jié)食、吃限定食物;in doubt可懷疑的; without doubt無(wú)疑地;in honor of紀(jì)念….; in hope of懷著….希望; in memory of紀(jì)念….;in praise of歌頌 ;in face of面對(duì)…. ;in need/want of需要….. ;far from….遠(yuǎn)離、 遠(yuǎn)非;in secret私下地; in ruins成為廢墟; in need需要; in demand需求; in tens十個(gè)一組/包;in groups成群地;in store儲(chǔ)藏著、準(zhǔn)備著; on all sides在各個(gè)方面、到處;
介詞精選練習(xí)(表24):
1.The boat is passing ______the bridge. A. under B.through C.across D.above
2.We went to Nanjing _______October,1977. A.in B.on C.at D.of
3.Macao is ________the south of Zhuhai. A.in B.at C.to D.above
4._________the morning of June 27, they visited the Great Wall.
A.In B. At C.On D.From
5. My room is ________the third floor. A.at B.on C.in D.to
6.They will leave a week _______today. A.from B.on C.by D.for
7.We often go to the park _______Sunday morning.
A.on B.in C.at D.from
8.My aunt has worked in a clinic___________1949.
A.after B.before C.till D. since
9.The sewing machine is made _______China. A.of B.on C.in D.from
10.His father will be back from London ________few days.
A.since B.on C.in D.to
11.We need fifteen more people _________ our team to do the job.
A.but B.except C.as well D.besides
12.My uncle lives _______105 Beijing Street.
A.on B.at C.to D.of
13.He slept well _______all the windows open. A.when B.while C.with D.because
14.I don't think you can finish the work _______my help.
A.since B.because C.without D.unless
15.No one knew Mr.Benson's address_______his daughter.
A.except B.excepts C.only D.beside
16.Your new suit will be ready ______two days. A.in B.on C.for D.over
17.It happened to be very cold _______the morning of our sports meet.
A.at B.of C.on D.with
18.Do you know any other foreign language _________English?
A.except B.but C.beside D.besides
19.__________his wife ,his daughter also went to see him.
A.Beside B.Besides C.Except D.Except for
20.He decided to visit the family __________Friday night.
A.at B.in C. on D.over
21.He suddenly returned ________ a rainy night.
A.on B.at C.in D.over
22.The doctor will be free _______.
A.10 minutes later B.after 10 minutes C.in 10 minutes D.10 minutes after
23.We offered him our congratulations_________his passing the college entrance
exams. A.at B.on C.for D.of
24.Did you have trouble ________the post office?
A.to have found B.with finding C.to find D.in finding
25.---If you keep on, you'll succeed_______.
A.in time B.at one time C.at the same time D.on time
26.She is well-known _____ her poems ,and she is also famous ____ an actress .
A. for; for B. for; as C. as ;for D. by ;for
27.---How long has this shop been in business?
------__________1982. A.After B.In C.From D.Since
28.The train leaves at 6:00pm. So I have to be at the station________5:40 pm at the latest.
A.until B.after C.by D.around
29.For miles around me there was nothing but a desert, without a single plant or tree_____.
A. in sight B.on earth C.at a distance D.in place
30.I wanted two seats_________Madame Curie for Friday night, so I rang the cinema to see if I could book two tickets.
A.of B.about C.to D.for
31. Your performance in the driving test didn't reach the required standard______, you failed.
A.in the end B.after all C.in other words D.at the same time
32.The mountains look grey ____ the blue sky . A. in B. under C. against D. to
33. Dr silver is a man ____ we have the greatest respect .
A. with whom B. to whom C. for whom D. on whom
34. I do not like to read such a book , ___ , I am very busy now.
A. beside B. besides C. except D. except for
35. : Where is your uncle ?" " He has gone ____ the weekend ."
A. in B. at C. for D. on
36. Do you know ____ I have bought this expensive coat ?
A. to whom B. for whom D. by whom D. with whom
37.___ hearing the good news that the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing , they all jumped up . A. For B. To C. On D. At
38.The pianist began to play and the girl began to sing ____ the music.
A. with B. along C. through D. to
39. if you buy more than ten books we'll reduce the cost of each book____ 10% .
A. at B. to C. for D. by
40. Daddy was really cross ___ me when I broke the window and told him a lie .
A. with B. to C. from ;D. for
41. _____ the few who failed , all the other students were in very high spirits.
A. Besides B. In spite of C. Except D. Because of
42. Don't read ___the sun , but you can read ____the shade of the tree.
A. in; under B. undr;in C. under;under; D. at ;in
43.-I am tired , Father , I don't want to clean the windows .
---Tired? ____ ? You have done nothing since morning .
A. For which B. For what C. Because what D. Of what
44.-The two pairs of shooes are ___ the same color . -----But they are different ____size .
A. of ; from B. of; in C. in; from D. in;in
45.The ship would have sunk with all___ board ____the efforts of the captain .
A. on; but for B. from;except C. on; because of D. by; without
46.___the Americans , Thanksgiving Day is a happy time like Christmas .
A. In B. For C. Among D. With
47. He has done everything ____ what I asked him to do .
A. beside B. besides C. except D. without
48.Washington , a state in the US was named ___ one of the greatest American presidents .
A. in honor of B. instead of C. in favor of D. by means of
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