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2019年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試語(yǔ)法：分詞
9.1 分詞作定語(yǔ)
分詞前置
We can see the rising sun. 我們可以看到東升的旭日
He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
分詞后置 (i分詞詞組;ii 個(gè)別分詞如given, left; iii 修飾不定代詞 something等)
There was a girl sitting there. 有個(gè)女孩坐在那里
This is the question given. 這是所給的問題
There is nothing interesting. 沒有有趣的東西
過去分詞作定語(yǔ)
與其修飾的詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.
典型例題
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written
答案D. 書與寫作是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)用過去分詞做定語(yǔ)表被動(dòng)，相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句 which is written
2)What's the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
答案B. 主語(yǔ)language與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間有被動(dòng)的含義。
spoken是動(dòng)詞speak的過去分詞形式，在句中作定語(yǔ)，修飾主語(yǔ)language, spoken 與 language有被動(dòng)關(guān)系。該句可以理解為：
What's the language (which is) spoken in German?
9.2 分詞作狀語(yǔ)
As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
-> Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
由于沒有收到他的信，我給他打了電話。
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
-> Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.
假如多給些照顧，那些樹會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。
典型例題
1)_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed
答案B. Napoleon 與follow 之間有被動(dòng)的含義。being followed除表達(dá)被動(dòng)之外，還有動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行之意。 followed by(被…跟隨)。本題可改為： With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
2)There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
答案B. 由于聲音在閃電后，因此為聲跟隨著光，聲音為跟隨的發(fā)出者，為主動(dòng)。用現(xiàn)在分詞。
3)_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat
答案C. 本題要選一分詞作為狀語(yǔ)。現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行的;過去分詞表被動(dòng)的，已經(jīng)完成的。對(duì)于液體來(lái)說是加熱的受動(dòng)者，是被動(dòng)的，因而選C。它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句 When it is heated，…
注意： 選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞，關(guān)鍵看主句的主語(yǔ)。如分詞的動(dòng)作是主句的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出，分詞就選用現(xiàn)在分詞，反之就用過去分詞。
(Being ) used for a long time, the book looks old.
由于用了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，這本書看上去很舊。
Using the book, I find it useful.
在使用的過程中， 我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很有用。
9.3 連詞+分詞(短語(yǔ))
有時(shí)為使分詞短語(yǔ)與主句關(guān)系更清楚，可在分詞前加連詞。 連詞有： when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分詞的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)必須為同一個(gè)，如：
While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
waiting 和saw 的主語(yǔ)相同。
9.4 分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
通常在感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞之后，如：
I found my car missing. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的車不見了。
I'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。
9.5 分詞作表語(yǔ)
現(xiàn)在分詞： 表示主動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行
過去分詞： 表示被動(dòng)，已經(jīng)完成
She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙著做飯，看上去有些疲倦。
He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。
9.6 分詞作插入語(yǔ)
其結(jié)構(gòu)是固定的，意思上的主語(yǔ)并不是句子的主語(yǔ)。
generally speaking 一般說來(lái)
talking of (speaking of) 說道
strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格的說
judging from 從…判斷
all things considered 從整體來(lái)看
taking all things into consideration 全面看來(lái)
Judging from his face, he must be ill. 從他的臉色看，他一定是病了。
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 總的來(lái)說，狗比豬跑得快。 (speaking 并不是dogs 的動(dòng)作)
9.7 分詞的時(shí)態(tài)
1)與主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)，
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 聽到這一消息，他高興得手舞足蹈。
Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 剛一到那兒，他們就發(fā)現(xiàn)那男孩死了。
典型例題
The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
答案B. 此處沒有連詞，不能選D，否則出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞worked和was preparing。 只能在B，C中選一個(gè)。又因前后兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，且與主語(yǔ)為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞。
2)先于主動(dòng)詞
While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花園里散步時(shí)他傷了腿。
分詞作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如果先與主動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作，且強(qiáng)調(diào)先后， 要用having done。
Having finished his homework, he went out.
=As he had finished his homework, he went out.
做完作業(yè)后，他出去了。
典型例題
___ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
答案C. 本題考查分詞的時(shí)態(tài)與分詞的否定式。根據(jù)題意判斷，分詞的動(dòng)作(接信)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作(決心再寫信)之前，因此用分詞的完成式。分詞的否定式的構(gòu)成為not +分詞，故選C。該句可理解為：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.
9.8 分詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)
1)通常，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)，例如：
He is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you…) 他就是給你錢的那個(gè)人。
He is the man stopped by the car. ( = who was stopped by…)
他就是那個(gè)被車攔住的人。
2)不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned
例: a well-read person. 一個(gè)讀過許多書的人
a much-travelled may 一個(gè)去過許多地方的人
a burnt-out match 燒完了的火柴
2019年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試語(yǔ)法：獨(dú)立主格
10.1 獨(dú)立主格
(一)： 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成：
名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞;
名詞(代詞)+形容詞;
名詞(代詞)+副詞;
名詞(代詞)+不定式;
名詞(代詞) +介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。
(二) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)：
1)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同，它獨(dú)立存在。
2)名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定 式，介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。
3)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開。
舉例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考試結(jié)束了，我們開始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
總統(tǒng)被謀殺了，舉國(guó)上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我們才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
會(huì)議結(jié)束后，每個(gè)人都想早點(diǎn)回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館
10.2 With的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作獨(dú)立主格
表伴隨時(shí)，既可用分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，也可用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。
with +名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語(yǔ)
舉例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raise.
典型例題
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名詞(代詞)+分詞+介詞短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)分詞表示伴隨狀況時(shí)，其主語(yǔ)常常用with來(lái)引導(dǎo)。由于本句中名詞"手"與分詞"綁"是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此用過去分詞，選D.
注意:
1) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)使用介詞的問題：
當(dāng)介詞是in時(shí)，其前后的兩個(gè)名詞均不加任何成分(如物主代詞或冠詞)，也不用復(fù)數(shù)。但 with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)。
2) 當(dāng)表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，及物動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在分 詞，不及物動(dòng)詞用過去分詞。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
典型例題：
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本題中沒有連詞，它不是復(fù)合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗號(hào)，且we 小寫，可知其不是兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨(dú)立主格或with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。據(jù)此判斷，本句中使用的是獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)， 其結(jié)構(gòu)為：名詞+分詞。 由于permit在這里翻譯為'天氣允許'，表主動(dòng)，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞，故選B。
如果不會(huì)判斷獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)的形式，不妨將句子改為條件句，例如本句改為If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后將if 去掉，再將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞即可。