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2018年12月英語四級考試閱讀真題及答案解析：空氣污染
2018年12月英語四級選詞填空題目：
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.
Millions die early from air pollution each year. Air pollution costs the global economy more than $5 trillion annually in welfare costs, with the most serious 26 occurring in the developing world.
The figures include a number of costs 27 with air pollution. Lost income alone amounts to $225 billion a year.
The report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Indoor pollution, which includes
28 like home heating and cooking, has remained 29 over the past several decades despite advances in the area. Levels of outdoor pollution have grown rapidly along with rapid growth in industry and transportation.
Director of Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Chris Murray 30 it as an “urgent call to action.”“One of the risk factors for premature deaths is the air we breathe, over which individuals have little 31 ,”he said.
The effects of air pollution are worst in the developing world, where in some places lost-labor income 32 nearly 1% of GDP. Around 9 in 10 people in low-and middle-income countries live in places where they 33 experience dangerous levels of outdoor air pollution.
But the problem is not limited 34 to the developing world. Thousands die prematurely in the U.S. as a result of related illnesses. In many European countries, where diesel(柴油) 35 have become more common in recent years, that number reaches tens of thousands.
A)ability I)exclusively
B)associated J)innovated
C)consciously K)regularly
D)constant L)relates
E)control M)sources
F)damage N)undermine
G)described O)vehicles
H)equals
2018年12月英語四級選詞填空答案：
26. F damage (損害)
27. B associated (與……有聯(lián)系)
28. M sources (來源)
29. D constant (不斷的， 常存在的)
30. G described (描述)
31. E control (控制)
32. H equals (等同于)
33. K regularly (經(jīng)常地)
34. I exclusively (僅僅，唯一地)
35. O vehicles (車輛)
2018年12月英語四級選詞填空答案解析：
26. F damage
空格所在句子的含義為：空氣污染每年在福利費用方面給全球經(jīng)濟造成5萬多億損失，最大的... ...發(fā)生在發(fā)展中國家。根據(jù)上下文可知這里應(yīng)該填入一個跟損失有關(guān)聯(lián)的詞匯，另外在語法上這里應(yīng)該填入一個名詞被devastating，“具有破壞力的”修飾，所以我們應(yīng)該可以確定答案為damage， “損害”n.
27. B associated
空格所在句子的含義為：這個福利數(shù)字包含許多與空氣污染... ...的福利費用，比如健康與消費。根據(jù)語法上判斷，這里應(yīng)該填入一個過去分詞做costs 的后置定語，另外從語義上判斷，associated with air pollution做cost的后置定語，表示與空氣污染相關(guān)的費用，語義上也符合上下文語境。
28. M sources
空格所在的句子的含義為：室內(nèi)污染，包括像暖氣和做飯一樣的... ...。從語法上判斷這里應(yīng)該填入名詞，并且這個名詞是一個大范圍的詞可以包括暖氣和做飯，另外從語義上判斷sources like home heating and cooking 表示像暖氣和做飯一樣的來源也符合上下文語境。
29. D constant
空格所在句子的句子，是28空所在句子的下半句，含義為：室內(nèi)污染，包括像暖氣和做飯一樣的來源，在過去的幾十年間... ...，盡管室內(nèi)污染這個區(qū)域取得了一些進步。從語法上判斷，這里應(yīng)該填入一個形容詞，另外從語義上判斷，constant“不斷的，常存在的”，符合上下文語境。
30. G described
空格所在句子的含義為：Chris Murray 參與了這次報告，她把這次報告...為對行動的緊急呼吁。從語法上，這里應(yīng)該填入一個謂語動詞，另外從語義上看，describe表示描述，符合上下文語境。
31. E control
空格所在句子的含義為：在所有造成過早死的不同危險因素當(dāng)中，我們所呼吸的空氣是一個領(lǐng)域，對于這一點個人無法... ...。從語法上判斷，本空應(yīng)該填入一個名詞，從語義上看，control表示控制，符合上下文語境。
32. H equals
空格所詞組的含義為：收入幾乎... ... GDP的1%。 從語法上判斷，本空應(yīng)該填入一個動詞，從語義上看equal表示等同于，符合上下文語境。
33. K regularly
空格所在句子的含義為：低中收入國家當(dāng)約十分之九的人住在有空氣污染的地區(qū)，在這些地區(qū)他們 ... ... 經(jīng)受達到危險水平的室外空氣污染。從語法上判斷，本空應(yīng)該填入一個副詞，來修飾動詞experience，“經(jīng)受”，從語義上看regularly experience，表示經(jīng)常經(jīng)受，符合上下文語境。
34. I exclusively
空格所在句子的含義為：但是這個問題不... ...局限于發(fā)展中國家。從語法上判斷，本空應(yīng)該填入一個副詞，修飾動詞limited，“局限”，從語義上看exclusively“唯一的，僅僅”，符合上下文語境。
35. O vehicles
空格所在句子的含義為：在許多歐洲國家，柴油車輛在近幾年變得更加普遍。從語法上判斷，本空應(yīng)該填入一個名詞，來被diesel修飾，，從語義上看diesel vehicles表示柴油車輛，復(fù)合上下文語境。
2018年12月英語四級考試閱讀真題及答案解析：健康飲食
2018年12月大學(xué)英語四級長篇閱讀真題題目：
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Food-as-Medicine Movement Is Witnessing Progress
[A] Several times a month, you can find a doctor in the aisles of Ralph’s market in Huntington Beach, California, wearing a white coat and helping people learn about food. On one recent day, this doctor was Daniel Nadeau, wandering the cereal aisle with Allison Scott, giving her some idea on how to feed kids who persistently avoid anything that is healthy. “Have you thought about trying fresh juices in the morning?” he asks her. “The frozen oranges and apples are a little cheaper, and fruits are really good for the brain. Juices are quick and easy to prepare, you can take the frozen fruit out the night before and have it ready the next morning.”
[B] Scott is delighted to get food advice from a physician who is program director of the nearby Mary and Dick Allen Diabetes Center, part of the St. Joseph Hoag Health alliance. The center’s ‘Shop with Your Doc’ program sends doctors to the grocery store to meet with any patients who sign up for the service, plus any other shoppers who happen to be around with questions.
[C] Nadeau notices the pre-made macaroni (通心粉)-and-cheese boxes in Scott’s shopping cart and suggests she switch to whole grain macaroni and real cheese. “So I’d have to make it?”she asks, her enthusiasm fading at the thought of how long that might take, just to have her kids reject it. “I’m not sure they’d eat it. They just won’t eat it.”
[D] Nadeau says sugar and processed foods are big contributors to the rising diabetes rates among children. “In America, over 50 percent of our food is processed food,” Nadeau tells her. “And only 5 percent of our food is plant-based food. I think we should try to reverse that.” Scott agrees to try more fruit juices for the kids and to make real macaroni and cheese. Score one point for the doctor, zero for diabetes.
[E] Nadeau is part of a small revolution developing across California. The food-as-medicine movement has been around for decades, but it’s making progress as physicians and medical institutions make food a formal part of treatment, rather than relying solely on medications (藥物). By prescribing nutritional changes or launching programs such as ‘Shop with your Doc’, they are trying to prevent, limit or even reverse disease by changing what patients eat. “There’s no question people can take things a long way toward reversing diabetes, reversing high blood pressure, even preventing cancer by food choices,” Nadeau says.
[F] In the big picture, says Dr. Richard Afable, CEO and president of ST. Joseph Hoag Health, medical institutions across the state are starting to make a philosophical switch to becoming a health organization, not just a health care organization. That feeling echoes the beliefs of the Therapeutic Food Pantry program at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, which completed its pilot phase and is about to expand on an ongoing basis to five clinic sites throughout the city. The program will offer patients several bags of food prescribed for their condition, along with intensive training in how to cook it. “We really want to link food and medicine, and not just give away food,” says Dr. Rita Nguyen, the hospital’s medical director of Healthy Food Initiatives. “We want people to understand what they’re eating, how to prepare it, the role food plays in their lives.”
[G] In Southern California, Loma Linda University School of Medicine is offering specialized training for its resident physicians in Lifestyle Medicine — that is a formal specialty in using food to treat disease. Research findings increasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse diseases, but that does not mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every illness can benefit substantially from dietary changes. Nonetheless, physicians say that they look at the collective data and a clear picture emerges: that the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the American diet contribute to the nation’s high rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. According to the World Health Organization, 80 percent of deaths from heart disease and stroke are caused by high blood pressure, tobacco use, elevated cholesterol and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.
[H] “It’s a different paradigm(范式) of how to treat disease,” says Dr. Brenda Rea, who helps run the family and preventive medicine residency program at Loma Linda University School of Medicine. The lifestyle medicine specialty is designed to train doctors in how to prevent and treat disease, in part, by changing patients’ nutritional habits. The medical center and school at Loma Linda also has a food cupboard and kitchen for patients. This way, patients not only learn about which foods to buy, but also how to prepare them at home.
[I] Many people don’t know how to cook, Rea says, and they only know how to heat things up. That means depending on packaged food with high salt and sugar content. So teaching people about which foods are healthy and how to prepare them, she says, can actually transform a patient’s life. And beyond that, it might transform the health and lives of that patient’s family. “What people eat can be medicine or poison,” Rea says. “As a physician, nutrition is one of the most powerful things you can change to reverse the effects of long-term disease.”
[J] Studies have explored evidence that dietary changes can slow inflammation(炎癥), for example, or make the body inhospitable to cancer cells. In general, many lifestyle medicine physicians recommend a plant-based diet — particularly for people with diabetes or other inflammatory conditions.
[K] “As what happened with tobacco, this will require a cultural shift, but that can happen,” says Nguyen. “In the same way physicians used to smoke, and then stopped smoking and were able to talk to patients about it, I think physicians can have a bigger voice in it.”
36. More than half of the food Americans eat is factory-produced.
37. There is a special program that assigns doctors to give advice to shoppers in food stores.
38. There is growing evidence from research that food helps patients recover from various illnesses.
39. A healthy breakfast can be prepared quickly and easily.
40. Training a patient to prepare healthy food can change their life.
41. One food-as-medicine program not only prescribes food for treatment but teaches patients how to cook it.
42. Scott is not keen on cooking food herself, thinking it would simply be a waste of time.
43. Diabetes patients are advised to eat more plant-based food.
44. Using food as medicine is no novel idea, but the movement is making headway these days.
45. Americans’ high rates of various illnesses result from the way they eat.
2018年12月大學(xué)英語四級長篇閱讀真題參考答案：
D 36. More than half the food Americans eat is factory-produced.
B 37. There is a special program that assigns doctors to give advice to shoppers in food stores.
G 38. There is growing evidence from research that food helps patients recover from various illnesses.
A 39. A healthy breakfast can be prepared quickly and easily.
I 40. Training a patient to prepare healthy food can change their life.
F 41. One food-as-medicine program not only prescribes food for treatment but teachers patients how to cook it.
C 42. Scott is not keen on cooking food herself, thinking it would simply be a waste of time.
J 43. Diabetes patients are advised to eat more plant-based food.
E 44. Using food as medicine is no novel idea, but the movement is making headway these days.
G 45. Americans’ high rates of various illnesses result from the way they eat.
2018年12月大學(xué)英語四級長篇閱讀真題答案解析：
36. 答案：D
解析：D段中In America, over 50 percent of our food is processed food與該題干More than half the food Americans eat is factory-produced.屬于同義替換。
37. 答案：B
解析：B段中的 The center’s ‘Shop with Your Doc’ program sends doctors to the grocery store to meet with any patients與該題干There is a special program that assigns doctors to give advice to shoppers in food stores.屬于同義替換。
38. 答案：G
解析：G段中Research findings increasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse diseases與該題干There is growing evidence from research that food helps patients recover from various illnesses.屬于同義替換。
39. 答案：A
解析：A段中Juices are quick and easy to prepare, you can take the frozen fruit out the night before and have it ready the next morning.與該題干 A healthy breakfast can be prepared quickly and easily.屬于同義替換。
40. 答案：I
解析：I 段中 So teaching people about which foods are healthy and how to prepare them, she says, can actually transform a patient’s life. 與該題干Training a patient to prepare healthy food can change their life.屬于同義替換。
41. 答案：F
解析：F段中 The program will offer patients several bags of food prescribed for their condition, along with intensive training in how to cook it. 與該題干One food-as-medicine program not only prescribes food for treatment but teaches patients how to cook it.屬于同義替換。
42. 答案：C
解析：C段中“So I’d have to make it?”she asks, her enthusiasm fading at the thought of how long that might take, just to have her kids reject it. “I’m not sure they’d eat it. They just won’t eat it.”與該題干Scott is not keen on cooking food herself, thinking it would simply be a waste of time.屬于同義替換。
43. 答案：J
解析：J段中的In general, many lifestyle medicine physicians recommend a plant-based diet — particularly for people with diabetes or other inflammatory conditions.與該題干Diabetes patients are advised to eat more plant-based food.屬于同義替換。
44. 答案：E
解析：E段中的 The food-as-medicine movement has been around for decades, but it’s making progress as physicians and medical institutions make food a formal part of treatment, rather than relying solely on medications (藥物). 與該題干Using food as medicine is no novel idea, but the movement is making headway these days.屬于同義替換。
45. 答案：G
解析：G段中的the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the American diet contribute to the nation’s high rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. 與該題干Americans’ high rates of various illnesses result from the way they eat.屬于同義替換。