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2019年大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試閱讀模擬試題：手語
Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language,complete with grammar, is something that we are born With, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people.
When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher.
Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English.At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混雜英語). But Stokoe believed the “hand talk”his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? It was 1955, wheneven deaf people dismissed their signing as“substandard”. Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy (異端邪說).
It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (調(diào)節(jié)) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. “What I said,” Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it’s brain stuff.”
練習(xí)題：
Choose correct answers to the question:
1. The study of sign language is thought to be ________.
A. a new way to look at the learning of language
B. a challenge to traditional, views on the nature of language
C. an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language
D. an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language
2. The present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by _______.
A. a famous scholar in the study of the human brain
B. a leading specialist in the study of liberal arts
C. an English teacher in a university for the deaf
D. some senior experts in American Sign Language
3. According to Stokoe, sign language is ________.
A. a Substandard language
B. a genuine language
C. an artificial language
D. an international language
4. Most educators objected to Stokoe’s idea because they thought ________.
A. sign language was not extensively used even by deaf people
B. sign language was too artificial to be widely accepted
C. a language should be easy to use and understand
D. a language could only exist in the form of speech sounds
5. Stokoe’s argument is based on his belief that ________.
A. sign language is as efficient as any other language
B. sign language is derived from natural language
C. language is a system of meaningful codes
D. language is a product of the brain
參考答案及解析
1.[B] 從文章第3句“手語提供了一種新方法，用以探索大腦如何產(chǎn)生和理解語言，并為一個(gè)長期以來的科學(xué)爭(zhēng)端——語言(連同語法)究竟是我們與生俱來的，還是一種我們后天學(xué)會(huì)的行為——提出了新的解釋”可以看出，這是對(duì)語言的性質(zhì)的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)的挑戰(zhàn)，即B 。A錯(cuò)在learning,文章并不是在討論語言的學(xué)習(xí)，而是語言的產(chǎn)生和理解;C為簡(jiǎn)單原詞干擾D;中的an attempt to clarify misunderstanding是對(duì)throw new light on an old scientific controversy的曲解，因?yàn)閏ontroversy不等于misunderstanding。另外，第1段最后一句中的rebel“反叛”一詞也與B中的“挑戰(zhàn)”一致。
2.[C] 根據(jù)第1段最后一句可知，選C。題干中的was stimulated相當(dāng)于原文中的has roots in。
3.[B] 根據(jù)第3段第2—4句以及最后一段第3句，可知B為答案。前者提出猜想(Might deaf people actually have a genuine language?)，后者含有一個(gè)同位語 his idea that signed languages are natural languages。
4.[D] 根據(jù)最后一段第4句，可知D正確。D中的only exist in the form of speech sounds是對(duì)原文中be based on speech的同義表達(dá)。
5.[D] 根據(jù)文章最后一句，可知D正確。D中的a product of the brain是對(duì)原文中brain stuff的同義表達(dá)。B中的derived from錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)镾tokoe認(rèn)為sign language就是一種natural language。
2019年大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試閱讀模擬試題：餐桌禮儀
When families gather for Christmas dinner, some will stick to formal traditions dating back to Grandma’s generation. Their tables will be set with the good dishes and silver, and the dress code will be Sunday-best.
But in many other homes, this china--and--silver elegance has given way to stoneware (粗陶)--and--stainless informality, with dresses assuming an equally casual--Friday look. For hosts and guests, the change means greater simplicity and comfort. For makers of fine china in Britain, it spells economic hard times.
Last week Royal Doulton, the largest employer in Stoke-onTrent, announced that it is eliminating 1,000 jobs--one-fifth of its total workforce. That brings to more than 4,000 the number of positions lost in 18 months in the pottery (陶瓷) region. Wedgwood and other pottery factories made cuts earlier.
Although a strong pound and weak markets in Asia play a role in the downsizing, the layoffs in Stoke have their roots in earthshaking social shifts. A spokesman for Royal Doulton admitted that the company “has been somewhat slow in catching up with the trend”toward casual dining. Families eat together less often, he explained, and more people eat alone, either because they are single or they eat in front of television.
Even dinner parties, if they happen at all, have gone causal. In a time of long work hours and demanding family schedules, busy hosts insist, rightly, that it’s better to share a takeout pizza on paper plates inthe family room than to wait for the perfect moment or a “real” dinner party. Too often, the perfect moment never comes, Iron a fine-pattened tablecloth? Forget it. Polish the silver? Who has time?
Yet the loss of formality has its down side. The fine points of etiquette(禮節(jié)) that children might once have learned at the table by observation or instruction from parents and grandparents(“Chew with your mouth closed.”“keep your elbows off the table.”)must be picked up elsewhere. Some companies now offer etiquette seminars for employees who may be competent professionally but clueless socially.
練習(xí)題：
Choose correct answers to the question:
1.The trend toward casual dining has resulted in ______
A. bankruptcy of fine china manufacturers
B. Shrinking of the pottery industry
C. restructuring of large enterprises
D. Economic recession in Great Britain
2.Which of the following may be the best reason for casual dining?
A. Family members need more time to relax.
B. Busy schedules leave people no time for formality.
C. People want to practice economy in times of scarcity.
D. Young people won’t follow the etiquette of the older generation.
3.It can be learned from the passage that Royal Doulton is _______
A. a retailer of stainless steel tableware
B. a dealer in stoneware
C. a pottery chain store
D. a producer of fine china
4.The main cause of the layoffs in the pottery industry is _______
A. the increased value of the pound
B. the economic recession in Asia
C. the change in people’s way of life
D. the fierce competition at home and abroad
5.Refined table manners, though less popular than before in current social life, _______
A. are still a must on certain occasions
B. are bound to return sooner or later
C. are still being taught by parents at home
D. Can help improve personal relationships
參考答案及解析
1.[B] 推理判斷題。首先依據(jù)題目中的casual dining找到第2段中的informality。其后有兩個(gè)for引導(dǎo)的介詞短語，后一個(gè)說“對(duì)于英國精致瓷器的制造商來說，這(informality)意味著經(jīng)濟(jì)困難時(shí)期”;此外,第3段用數(shù)據(jù)具體指出陶瓷業(yè)裁員之嚴(yán)重，說明陶瓷業(yè)在萎縮，即B。A、D均屬夸大事實(shí)，C與文章內(nèi)容無關(guān)。
2.[B] 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第2段第2句中指出現(xiàn)今休閑文化流行的背景：工作時(shí)間長，家庭生活節(jié)奏緊張,B中的 Busy schedules與文中的demanding family schedules對(duì)應(yīng)，故為答案。
3.[D] 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。Royal Doulton在文章中出現(xiàn)過兩次：第3段說它裁員，因?yàn)槿藗冇貌驮絹碓诫S意(不再講究餐具的精致);第 4 段中“A spokesman for Royal Doulton admitted that the company...”，暗示公司的性質(zhì)，可以推斷它是精制器皿的生產(chǎn)者。
4.[C] 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題目中的the layoffs找到文章第4段首句，其中的have their roots in相當(dāng)于題目中的main cause is,shifts相當(dāng)于C中的change。其實(shí)本題與第1題是交叉相關(guān)的，從第1題的題目可找到本題的答案。
5.[A] 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)最后一段，特別是第2句“The fine points of etiquette... must be picked up elsewhere良好的餐桌禮儀必須在其他地方被重拾起來”，可知禮儀在某些場(chǎng)合還是必要的，故答案為A。