2020英語四級(jí)語法知識(shí)備考:代詞匯總(二)

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    2020英語四級(jí)語法知識(shí)備考:代詞匯總(二)
    英語四級(jí)語法知識(shí):雙重所有格
    物主代詞不可與 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等詞一起前置,修飾一個(gè)名詞,而必須用雙重所有格。
    公式為:
    a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞。如:
    a friend of mine.
    each brother of his.
    英語四級(jí)語法知識(shí):反身代詞
    1) 列表
    I     you     you     she    he
    myself   yourself  yourselves herself himself
    we     they     it    one
    ourselves themselves  itself  oneself
    2)做賓語
    a. 有些動(dòng)詞需有反身代詞
    absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
    We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我們昨晚玩得很開心。
    Please help yourself to some fish.  請(qǐng)你隨便吃點(diǎn)魚。
    b. 用于及物動(dòng)詞+賓語+介詞
    take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
    I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那個(gè)時(shí)候我不能打扮我自己。
    注:有些動(dòng)詞后不跟反身代詞, get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。
    Please sit down. 請(qǐng)坐。
    3) 作表語; 同位語
    be oneself: I am not myself today.  我今天不舒服。
    The thing itself is not important.  事情本身并不重要。
    4) 在不強(qiáng)調(diào)的情況下,but, except, for 等介詞后賓語用反身代詞或人稱代詞賓格均可
    如:
    No one but myself (me) is hurt.
    注意:
    a. 反身代詞本身不能單獨(dú)作主語。
    (錯(cuò)) Myself drove the car.
    (對(duì)) I myself drove the car. 我自己開車。
    b. 但在and, or, nor連接的并列主語中,第二個(gè)主語可用反身代詞,特別是myself 作主語。
    Charles and myself saw it.
    5)第二人稱作賓語,要用反身代詞。
    You should be proud of yourself. 你應(yīng)為自己感到驕傲。
    英語四級(jí)語法知識(shí):相互代詞
    1) 指示代詞分單數(shù)(this / that)和復(fù)數(shù)(these / those)兩種形式,既可作限定詞又可做代詞,例如:
    單數(shù)          復(fù)數(shù)
    限定詞:This girl is Mary.  Those men are my
    teachers.
    代詞: This is Mary.     Those are my
    teachers.
    2) 指示代詞的句法功能;
    a. 作主語
    This is the way to do it.
    這事兒就該這樣做。
    b. 作賓語
    I like this better than that.
    我喜歡這個(gè)甚至那個(gè)。
    c. 作主語補(bǔ)語
    My point is this.
    我的觀點(diǎn)就是如此。
    d. 作介詞賓語
    I don't say no to that.
    我并未拒絕那個(gè)。
    There is no fear of that.
    那并不可怕。
    說明1:
    指示代詞在作主語時(shí)可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分時(shí)只能指物,不能指人,例如:
    (對(duì))That is my teacher. 那是我的老師。( that作主語,指人)
    (對(duì))He is going to marry this girl. 他要和這個(gè)姑娘結(jié)婚。(this作限定詞)
    (錯(cuò))He is going to marry this. (this作賓語時(shí)不能指人)
    (對(duì))I bought this. 我買這個(gè)。(this指物,可作賓語)
    說明2:
    That和those可作定語從句的先行詞,但this和 these不能,同時(shí),在作先行詞時(shí),只有those可指人,試比較:
    (對(duì)) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他贊賞外表漂亮的東西。
    (對(duì)) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)
    (錯(cuò)) He admired that who danced well. (that作賓語時(shí)不能指人)
    (對(duì)) He admired those who danced well. 他贊賞跳舞好的人。(those指人)
    (對(duì)) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的東西。(those指物)
    英語四級(jí)語法知識(shí):指示代詞
    1) 指示代詞分單數(shù)(this / that)和復(fù)數(shù)(these / those)兩種形式,既可作限定詞又可做代詞,例如:
    單數(shù)          復(fù)數(shù)
    限定詞:This girl is Mary.  Those men are my
    teachers.
    代詞: This is Mary.     Those are my
    teachers.
    2) 指示代詞的句法功能;
    a. 作主語
    This is the way to do it.
    這事兒就該這樣做。
    b. 作賓語
    I like this better than that.
    我喜歡這個(gè)甚至那個(gè)。
    c. 作主語補(bǔ)語
    My point is this.
    我的觀點(diǎn)就是如此。
    d. 作介詞賓語
    I don't say no to that.
    我并未拒絕那個(gè)。
    There is no fear of that.
    那并不可怕。
    說明1:
    指示代詞在作主語時(shí)可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分時(shí)只能指物,不能指人,例如:
    (對(duì))That is my teacher. 那是我的老師。( that作主語,指人)
    (對(duì))He is going to marry this girl. 他要和這個(gè)姑娘結(jié)婚。(this作限定詞)
    (錯(cuò))He is going to marry this. (this作賓語時(shí)不能指人)
    (對(duì))I bought this. 我買這個(gè)。(this指物,可作賓語)
    說明2:
    That和those可作定語從句的先行詞,但this和 these不能,同時(shí),在作先行詞時(shí),只有those可指人,試比較:
    (對(duì)) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他贊賞外表漂亮的東西。
    (對(duì)) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)
    (錯(cuò)) He admired that who danced well. (that作賓語時(shí)不能指人)
    (對(duì)) He admired those who danced well. 他贊賞跳舞好的人。(those指人)
    (對(duì)) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的東西。(those指物)
    英語四級(jí)語法知識(shí):疑問代詞
    1) 疑問代詞在句中起名詞詞組的作用,用來構(gòu)成疑問句。疑問代詞有下列幾個(gè):
    指 人: who, whom, whose
    指 物: what
    既可指人又可指物: which
    2) 疑問代詞在句中應(yīng)位于謂語動(dòng)詞之前,沒有性和數(shù)的變化,除who之外也沒有格的變化。what, which, whose還可作限定詞。試比較:
    疑問代詞:Whose are these books on the desk?
    桌上的書是誰的?
    What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?
    美國(guó)的領(lǐng)土擴(kuò)張是朝哪個(gè)方向的?
    限定詞: Whose books are these on the desk?
    桌上的書是誰的?
    What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?  哪些事件使密西西比河以東的大部分土地歸屬于美國(guó)?
    說明1:
    無論是做疑問代詞還是限定詞,which 和 what 所指的范圍不同。what所指的范圍是無限的,而which則指在一定的范圍內(nèi),例如:
    Which girls do you like best?
    你喜歡哪幾個(gè)姑娘?
    What girls do you like best?
    你喜歡什么樣的姑娘?
    說明2:
    Whom是who的賓格,在書面語中,它作動(dòng)詞賓語或介詞賓語,在口語中作賓語時(shí),可用who代替,但在介詞后只能用whom, 例如:
    Who(m) did you meet on the street?
    你在街上遇到了誰?(作動(dòng)詞賓語)
    Who(m) are you taking the book to?
    你要把這書帶給誰?(作介詞賓語,置句首)
    To whom did you speak on the campus?
    你在校園里和誰講話了?(作介詞賓語,置介詞 后,不能用who取代。)
    說明3:
    疑問代詞用于對(duì)介詞賓語提問時(shí),過去的文體中介詞和疑問代詞通常一起放在句首,現(xiàn)代英語中,疑問代詞在句首,介詞在句未,例如:
    For what do most people live and work?
    大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(舊文體)
    What are you looking for?
    你在找什么?(現(xiàn)代英語)
    說明4:
    疑問代詞還可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,例如:
    I can't make out what he is driving at.
    我不知道他用意何在。
    Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?
    你能告訴我床上的藍(lán)襯衣是誰的嗎?
    Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
    你說的我大部分同意,但并不完全贊同。