Python中的各種裝飾器詳解

字號:


    Python裝飾器,分兩部分,一是裝飾器本身的定義,一是被裝飾器對象的定義。
    一、函數(shù)式裝飾器:裝飾器本身是一個函數(shù)。
    1.裝飾函數(shù):被裝飾對象是一個函數(shù)
    [1]裝飾器無參數(shù):
    a.被裝飾對象無參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> def test(func):
    def _test():
    print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
    return func()
    return _test
    >>> @test
    def say():return 'hello world'
    >>> say()
    Call the function say().
    'hello world'
    >>>
    b.被裝飾對象有參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> def test(func):
    def _test(*args,**kw):
    print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
    return func(*args,**kw)
    return _test
    >>> @test
    def left(Str,Len):
    #The parameters of _test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
    return Str[:Len]
    >>> left('hello world',5)
    Call the function left().
    'hello'
    >>>
    [2]裝飾器有參數(shù):
    a.被裝飾對象無參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> def test(printResult=False):
    def _test(func):
    def __test():
    print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
    if printResult:
    print func()
    else:
    return func()
    return __test
    return _test
    >>> @test(True)
    def say():return 'hello world'
    >>> say()
    Call the function say().
    hello world
    >>> @test(False)
    def say():return 'hello world'
    >>> say()
    Call the function say().
    'hello world'
    >>> @test()
    def say():return 'hello world'
    >>> say()
    Call the function say().
    'hello world'
    >>> @test
    def say():return 'hello world'
    >>> say()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "<pyshell#224>", line 1, in <module>
    say()
    TypeError: _test() takes exactly 1 argument (0 given)
    >>>
    由上面這段代碼中的最后兩個例子可知:當裝飾器有參數(shù)時,即使你啟用裝飾器的默認參數(shù),不另外傳遞新值進去,也必須有一對括號,否則編譯器會直接將func傳遞給test(),而不是傳遞給_test()
    b.被裝飾對象有參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> def test(printResult=False):
    def _test(func):
    def __test(*args,**kw):
    print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
    if printResult:
    print func(*args,**kw)
    else:
    return func(*args,**kw)
    return __test
    return _test
    >>> @test()
    def left(Str,Len):
    #The parameters of __test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
    return Str[:Len]
    >>> left('hello world',5)
    Call the function left().
    'hello'
    >>> @test(True)
    def left(Str,Len):
    #The parameters of __test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
    return Str[:Len]
    >>> left('hello world',5)
    Call the function left().
    hello
    >>>
    2.裝飾類:被裝飾的對象是一個類
    [1]裝飾器無參數(shù):
    a.被裝飾對象無參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> def test(cls):
    def _test():
    clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
    print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
    return cls()
    return _test
    >>> @test
    class sy(object):
    value=32
    >>> s=sy()
    Call sy.__init().
    >>> s
    <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000002C3E390>
    >>> s.value
    32
    >>>
    b.被裝飾對象有參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> def test(cls):
    def _test(*args,**kw):
    clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
    print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
    return cls(*args,**kw)
    return _test
    >>> @test
    class sy(object):
    def __init__(self,value):
    #The parameters of _test can be '(value)' in this case.
    self.value=value
    >>> s=sy('hello world')
    Call sy.__init().
    >>> s
    <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AF7748>
    >>> s.value
    'hello world'
    >>>
    [2]裝飾器有參數(shù):
    a.被裝飾對象無參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> def test(printValue=True):
    def _test(cls):
    def __test():
    clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
    print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
    obj=cls()
    if printValue:
    print 'value = %r'%obj.value
    return obj
    return __test
    return _test
    >>> @test()
    class sy(object):
    def __init__(self):
    self.value=32
    >>> s=sy()
    Call sy.__init().
    value = 32
    >>> @test(False)
    class sy(object):
    def __init__(self):
    self.value=32
    >>> s=sy()
    Call sy.__init().
    >>>
    b.被裝飾對象有參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> def test(printValue=True):
    def _test(cls):
    def __test(*args,**kw):
    clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
    print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
    obj=cls(*args,**kw)
    if printValue:
    print 'value = %r'%obj.value
    return obj
    return __test
    return _test
    >>> @test()
    class sy(object):
    def __init__(self,value):
    self.value=value
    >>> s=sy('hello world')
    Call sy.__init().
    value = 'hello world'
    >>> @test(False)
    class sy(object):
    def __init__(self,value):
    self.value=value
    >>> s=sy('hello world')
    Call sy.__init().
    >>>
    二、類式裝飾器:裝飾器本身是一個類,借用__init__()和__call__()來實現(xiàn)職能
    1.裝飾函數(shù):被裝飾對象是一個函數(shù)
    [1]裝飾器無參數(shù):
    a.被裝飾對象無參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> class test(object):
    def __init__(self,func):
    self._func=func
    def __call__(self):
    return self._func()
    >>> @test
    def say():
    return 'hello world'
    >>> say()
    'hello world'
    >>>
    b.被裝飾對象有參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> class test(object):
    def __init__(self,func):
    self._func=func
    def __call__(self,*args,**kw):
    return self._func(*args,**kw)
    >>> @test
    def left(Str,Len):
    #The parameters of __call__ can be '(self,Str,Len)' in this case.
    return Str[:Len]
    >>> left('hello world',5)
    'hello'
    >>>
    [2]裝飾器有參數(shù)
    a.被裝飾對象無參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> class test(object):
    def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
    self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
    def __call__(self,func):
    def _call():
    print self.beforeInfo
    return func()
    return _call
    >>> @test()
    def say():
    return 'hello world'
    >>> say()
    Call function
    'hello world'
    >>>
    或者:
    代碼如下:
    >>> class test(object):
    def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
    self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
    def __call__(self,func):
    self._func=func
    return self._call
    def _call(self):
    print self.beforeInfo
    return self._func()
    >>> @test()
    def say():
    return 'hello world'
    >>> say()
    Call function
    'hello world'
    >>>
    b.被裝飾對象有參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> class test(object):
    def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
    self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
    def __call__(self,func):
    def _call(*args,**kw):
    print self.beforeInfo
    return func(*args,**kw)
    return _call
    >>> @test()
    def left(Str,Len):
    #The parameters of _call can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
    return Str[:Len]
    >>> left('hello world',5)
    Call function
    'hello'
    >>>
    或者:
    代碼如下:
    >>> class test(object):
    def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
    self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
    def __call__(self,func):
    self._func=func
    return self._call
    def _call(self,*args,**kw):
    print self.beforeInfo
    return self._func(*args,**kw)
    >>> @test()
    def left(Str,Len):
    #The parameters of _call can be '(self,Str,Len)' in this case.
    return Str[:Len]
    >>> left('hello world',5)
    Call function
    'hello'
    >>>
    2.裝飾類:被裝飾對象是一個類
    [1]裝飾器無參數(shù):
    a.被裝飾對象無參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> class test(object):
    def __init__(self,cls):
    self._cls=cls
    def __call__(self):
    return self._cls()
    >>> @test
    class sy(object):
    def __init__(self):
    self.value=32
    >>> s=sy()
    >>> s
    <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AAFA20>
    >>> s.value
    32
    >>>
    b.被裝飾對象有參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> class test(object):
    def __init__(self,cls):
    self._cls=cls
    def __call__(self,*args,**kw):
    return self._cls(*args,**kw)
    >>> @test
    class sy(object):
    def __init__(self,value):
    #The parameters of __call__ can be '(self,value)' in this case.
    self.value=value
    >>> s=sy('hello world')
    >>> s
    <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AAFA20>
    >>> s.value
    'hello world'
    >>>
    [2]裝飾器有參數(shù):
    a.被裝飾對象無參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> class test(object):
    def __init__(self,printValue=False):
    self._printValue=printValue
    def __call__(self,cls):
    def _call():
    obj=cls()
    if self._printValue:
    print 'value = %r'%obj.value
    return obj
    return _call
    >>> @test(True)
    class sy(object):
    def __init__(self):
    self.value=32
    >>> s=sy()
    value = 32
    >>> s
    <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AB50B8>
    >>> s.value
    32
    >>>
    b.被裝飾對象有參數(shù):
    代碼如下:
    >>> class test(object):
    def __init__(self,printValue=False):
    self._printValue=printValue
    def __call__(self,cls):
    def _call(*args,**kw):
    obj=cls(*args,**kw)
    if self._printValue:
    print 'value = %r'%obj.value
    return obj
    return _call
    >>> @test(True)
    class sy(object):
    def __init__(self,value):
    #The parameters of _call can be '(value)' in this case.
    self.value=value
    >>> s=sy('hello world')
    value = 'hello world'
    >>> s
    <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AB5588>
    >>> s.value
    'hello world'
    >>>
    總結:【1】@decorator后面不帶括號時(也即裝飾器無參數(shù)時),效果就相當于先定義func或cls,而后執(zhí)行賦值操作func=decorator(func)或cls=decorator(cls);
    【2】@decorator后面帶括號時(也即裝飾器有參數(shù)時),效果就相當于先定義func或cls,而后執(zhí)行賦值操作 func=decorator(decoratorArgs)(func)或cls=decorator(decoratorArgs)(cls);
    【3】如上將func或cls重新賦值后,此時的func或cls也不再是原來定義時的func或cls,而是一個可執(zhí)行體,你只需要傳入?yún)?shù)就可調用,func(args)=>返回值或者輸出,cls(args)=>object of cls;
    【4】最后通過賦值返回的執(zhí)行體是多樣的,可以是閉包,也可以是外部函數(shù);當被裝飾的是一個類時,還可以是類內(nèi)部方法,函數(shù);
    【5】另外要想真正了解裝飾器,一定要了解func.func_code.co_varnames,func.func_defaults,通過它們你可以以func的定義之外,還原func的參數(shù)列表;另外關鍵字參數(shù)是因為調用而出現(xiàn)的,而不是因為func的定義,func的定義中的用等號連接的只是有默認值的參數(shù),它們并不一定會成為關鍵字參數(shù),因為你仍然可以按照位置來傳遞它們。