??定語從句是大學英語四級考試中測試的重點項目之一，筆者近來對大學英語考試樣題、曝光試題及其它相關(guān)試題進行了研究。本文主要以四級考試樣題和真題為例，將英語定語從句歸納為五大類型，這五大類型既是《大學英語教學大綱》中規(guī)定的學習重點，也是四級考試的重點，學生應(yīng)熟練掌握。
??1．由單個關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導的定語從句
??定語從句可由單個的關(guān)系代詞that， which，who，whom，whose和單個的關(guān)系副詞 when，where，why來引導。在四級考試中，往往測試考生正確選用這類定語從句的關(guān)系詞的能力，有時也測試考生對整個定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)的認識或運用能力。例如：
??1）All _____?is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life．（CET-4，90．1）?
??A）what is needed
??B）for our needs
??C）the thing needed
??D）that is needed
? 【簡析】修飾all或其它指物的不定代詞（如：anything，something，nothing等）的定語從句宜用that引導。
??2）Jack is the most intelligent man _____? I've ever met．
??A）that? B）what? C）whom? D）who
??【簡析】當先行詞被形容詞級或序數(shù)詞所修飾時，定語從句用that引導。
??3）Alva found a place in the cellar _____? he usedas his first laboratory．
??A）which? B）where? C）such? D）the same
? 【簡析】which引導定語從句，修飾place，為從句的賓語，故不選用where。
??4）Edward is the boy?_____?I think scored the winning points for the basketball team．
??A）whom? B）which? C）that? D）who
?【簡析】who引導一個嵌入式定語從句： who scored ．．．for the basketball team．該從句既修飾先行詞（the boy），同時又嵌入在另一主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（I think）之中作賓語。由于關(guān)系詞指人，又在從句中起主語作用，故應(yīng)選用who。
??5）There will come a day?_____?all the people in the world will live a happy life under the sun of socialism．
?? A）when??B）where??C）why??D）the moment
??【簡析】when引導定語從句，修飾時間名詞。
??6）Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers， _____?overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women．（CET-4，2000．6）
??A）whose
??B）which
? C）that
??D）what
? 【簡析】whose引導非限制性定語從句，在從句中作定語修飾overall consumption。整個定語從句修飾male drinkers。
??2．由"介詞＋關(guān)系代詞"引導的定語從句 "prep．＋which ／whom ／whose?引導的定語從句是英語中的普通現(xiàn)象，十分常見。四級考試往往測試學生正確選用這類定語從句中與關(guān)系詞搭配的介詞的能力，同時也測試學生正確選用這類定語從句中關(guān)系詞的能力。介詞的選用與上下文有密切關(guān)系，或與其前面的名詞詞組的搭配有關(guān)，或與其后面的動 詞或形容詞的搭配有關(guān)。關(guān)系詞的選用與它代表的先行詞和它在從句中的語法功能有關(guān)。在解答這類選擇題時，應(yīng)注意到上述關(guān)系。例如：
??1）There was a teapot fashioned like a China duck，out of?_____?open mouth the tea was supposed to come．（CET-4，Sample）?
? A）which? B）its? C）that? D）whose
? 【簡析】此題逗號后為"復雜介詞out of ＋whose"引導的非限制性定語從句。之所以選用whose是由于它與形容詞open一起作定語，修飾mouth。
??2）The goals?_____?he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him．（CET-4，90．1）
?? A）after which? B）with which? C）for which? D）at which
??【簡析】本題要求選擇"prep．＋which"引導的定語從句中與which搭配的介詞。根據(jù)題意，該介詞與其前面的名詞有搭配關(guān)系，即for the goals。其它答案不符合習慣搭配。
??3）Living in the western part of the country has its problems， _____?obtaining fresh water is not the least．（CET-4，2000．1）?
??A）with which? B）for which? C）of which? D）which
??【簡析】經(jīng)分析可知，該空應(yīng)填入"介詞 ＋which"來引導非限制性定語從句，修飾 problems。因從句本身含形容詞級least，該處的"介詞＋which"應(yīng)表示比較范圍，又因 which代表復數(shù)名詞，故應(yīng)用of表示比較范圍。
??4）He came back late， _____?which time all the guests had already left．（CET-4， 99．6）?
??A）after? B）by? C）at? D）during
??【簡析】該題要求選用介詞，與which time搭配引導非限制性定語從句。介詞"by＋時間名詞"表示"到……為止"，與完成時謂語動詞連用，合題意。
??5）The course normally attracts 20 students per year， _____?up to half will be from overseas．（CET-4，98．6）??
??A）in which??B）for whom??C）with which??D）of whom
? 【簡析】此空應(yīng)填"介詞＋關(guān)系代詞"引導非限制性定語從句，其先行詞是students，故關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)為whom；根據(jù)句意，該"介詞＋關(guān)系代詞"應(yīng)表示"其中"之意，故介詞用of。
??6）We need a chairman _____? ．（CET-4，98．6）?
?? A）for whom everyone has confidence?
??B）in whom everyone has confidence?
??C）who everyone has confidence of?
??D）whom everyone has confidence on
??【簡析】本題選用"介詞＋關(guān)系代詞＋從句"結(jié)構(gòu)。通過對各選項進行分析，可知問題的焦點在"介詞"上，即要確定適當?shù)慕樵~。根據(jù)從句句型"have confidence in ．．．"可知，該介詞應(yīng)為與confidence搭配的"in"。
??3．由"名詞／代詞＋介詞＋關(guān)系代詞"引導的定語從句 "n．／pron．＋prep．＋which／whom／ whose"引導定語從句的例子屢見不鮮。在四級試題中往往測試考生對這一結(jié)構(gòu)的理解與運用能力。例如： 1）The residents， _____?had been damaged by the flood，were given help by the Red Cross．（CET-4，93．6）?
??A）all their homes? B）all of whose homes? C）all whose homes? D）all of their homes
??【簡析】"all of whose"引導定語從句，修飾residents。其它答案或無關(guān)系詞，或不合表達習慣。
??2）A survey was carried out on the death of new-born babies in that region， _____?were surprising．（CET-4，99．1）?
??A）the results of which? B）as results? C）the results of it? D）which results
? 【簡析】the results of which引導非限制 性定語從句，修飾survey。其它答案或無關(guān)系代詞，或結(jié)構(gòu)不對。
??3）There are nine planets in the solar system， _____?are larger than our earth．?
??A）some of whom?
??B）some of which?
??C）some of whose?
??D）some of them
? 【簡析】"some of which"引導定語從句，修飾planets。
??4．a(chǎn)s在固定結(jié)構(gòu)中引導的定語從句 在"the same ／such ．．．a(chǎn)s"固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，as用來引導定語從句，不能更換為其它關(guān)系詞或介詞等。在四級考試中，多測試考生正確識別這類定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)和正確運用關(guān)系代詞as的能力。例如：
??1）It wasn't such a good dinner?_____?she had promised us．（CET-4，90．1）?
??A）that? B）which? C）as? D）what
??【簡析】在"such ＋n"后應(yīng)用as引導定語從句。
??2）Melted iron is poured into the mixer much?_____?tea is poured into a cup from a teapot．（CET-4，96．6）?
??A）in the same way like?
??B）in the same way which?
??C）in the same way?
??D）in the same way as
? 【簡析】在"the same ＋n"后應(yīng)用as與之搭配，as引導定語從句。
??5．which ／as引導的特種定語從句 which／as可引導修飾整個主句或主句的一部分的定語從句，我們稱這類定語從句為特種定語從句。在四級考試中，常測試考生正確選用這類定語從句的引導詞的能力。 要提高解這類題的能力，考生應(yīng)掌握 which與as的下列異同點。
? （1）它們均可用于為主系表或主謂句型的定語從句中作主語。如：He married her，as／which was natural．
? （2）它們均可用于為主系表句型的定語從句中作表語。如：He seemed a foreigner，as／which in fact he was．
? （3）它們均可用于為主謂賓句型的定語從句中作賓語。如：I was very useful to him，which ／as he realized．
? （4）在為主謂賓句型的定語從句中作主語時，通常用which而不用as。如：He saw the girl，which ／as de- lighted him．
? （5）as引導此類定語從句時，常表示"正如……?之意。因而，定語從句在意義上不可與主句相悖，且常為肯定句，而which則不受此限。如：She was married again， which ／as was unexpected．
? （6）as引導的定語從句位置比較靈活，可位于句首，句中或句末。which引導的定語從句位置比較固定，一般位于句末。如：
??As ／Which he realized，I was very helpful to him．請觀察下列各題：
??1）Prisons in some countries are short of staff， _____?means each prison officer is overworked and underpaid．（CET-4，Sample）?
??A）which? B）this? C）what? D）it
? 【簡析】which用來引導修飾整個主句的定語從句，在從句中作主語。此時應(yīng)避免選用 this或it。
? 2）Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others， _____?of course，made the other jealous．（CET-4，93，6）?
? A）who? B）that? C）what? D）which
? 【簡析】同上。
??3）The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things， _____?is often the case in other countries．（CET-4，98．6）?
? A）as??B）what??C）so??D）that
? 【簡析】as引導定語從句，修飾整個主句，相當于which的用法，同時表示兩種相同情況的比較。 4） _____?might be expected，the response to the question was very mixed．（CET-4，96．6）??
? A）As??B）That??C）It??D）What
? 【簡析】as作關(guān)系代詞，引導修飾整個主句的定語從句，位于句首。
????????????????? 河北農(nóng)業(yè)大學/趙庭弟
??1．由單個關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導的定語從句
??定語從句可由單個的關(guān)系代詞that， which，who，whom，whose和單個的關(guān)系副詞 when，where，why來引導。在四級考試中，往往測試考生正確選用這類定語從句的關(guān)系詞的能力，有時也測試考生對整個定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)的認識或運用能力。例如：
??1）All _____?is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life．（CET-4，90．1）?
??A）what is needed
??B）for our needs
??C）the thing needed
??D）that is needed
? 【簡析】修飾all或其它指物的不定代詞（如：anything，something，nothing等）的定語從句宜用that引導。
??2）Jack is the most intelligent man _____? I've ever met．
??A）that? B）what? C）whom? D）who
??【簡析】當先行詞被形容詞級或序數(shù)詞所修飾時，定語從句用that引導。
??3）Alva found a place in the cellar _____? he usedas his first laboratory．
??A）which? B）where? C）such? D）the same
? 【簡析】which引導定語從句，修飾place，為從句的賓語，故不選用where。
??4）Edward is the boy?_____?I think scored the winning points for the basketball team．
??A）whom? B）which? C）that? D）who
?【簡析】who引導一個嵌入式定語從句： who scored ．．．for the basketball team．該從句既修飾先行詞（the boy），同時又嵌入在另一主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（I think）之中作賓語。由于關(guān)系詞指人，又在從句中起主語作用，故應(yīng)選用who。
??5）There will come a day?_____?all the people in the world will live a happy life under the sun of socialism．
?? A）when??B）where??C）why??D）the moment
??【簡析】when引導定語從句，修飾時間名詞。
??6）Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers， _____?overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women．（CET-4，2000．6）
??A）whose
??B）which
? C）that
??D）what
? 【簡析】whose引導非限制性定語從句，在從句中作定語修飾overall consumption。整個定語從句修飾male drinkers。
??2．由"介詞＋關(guān)系代詞"引導的定語從句 "prep．＋which ／whom ／whose?引導的定語從句是英語中的普通現(xiàn)象，十分常見。四級考試往往測試學生正確選用這類定語從句中與關(guān)系詞搭配的介詞的能力，同時也測試學生正確選用這類定語從句中關(guān)系詞的能力。介詞的選用與上下文有密切關(guān)系，或與其前面的名詞詞組的搭配有關(guān)，或與其后面的動 詞或形容詞的搭配有關(guān)。關(guān)系詞的選用與它代表的先行詞和它在從句中的語法功能有關(guān)。在解答這類選擇題時，應(yīng)注意到上述關(guān)系。例如：
??1）There was a teapot fashioned like a China duck，out of?_____?open mouth the tea was supposed to come．（CET-4，Sample）?
? A）which? B）its? C）that? D）whose
? 【簡析】此題逗號后為"復雜介詞out of ＋whose"引導的非限制性定語從句。之所以選用whose是由于它與形容詞open一起作定語，修飾mouth。
??2）The goals?_____?he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him．（CET-4，90．1）
?? A）after which? B）with which? C）for which? D）at which
??【簡析】本題要求選擇"prep．＋which"引導的定語從句中與which搭配的介詞。根據(jù)題意，該介詞與其前面的名詞有搭配關(guān)系，即for the goals。其它答案不符合習慣搭配。
??3）Living in the western part of the country has its problems， _____?obtaining fresh water is not the least．（CET-4，2000．1）?
??A）with which? B）for which? C）of which? D）which
??【簡析】經(jīng)分析可知，該空應(yīng)填入"介詞 ＋which"來引導非限制性定語從句，修飾 problems。因從句本身含形容詞級least，該處的"介詞＋which"應(yīng)表示比較范圍，又因 which代表復數(shù)名詞，故應(yīng)用of表示比較范圍。
??4）He came back late， _____?which time all the guests had already left．（CET-4， 99．6）?
??A）after? B）by? C）at? D）during
??【簡析】該題要求選用介詞，與which time搭配引導非限制性定語從句。介詞"by＋時間名詞"表示"到……為止"，與完成時謂語動詞連用，合題意。
??5）The course normally attracts 20 students per year， _____?up to half will be from overseas．（CET-4，98．6）??
??A）in which??B）for whom??C）with which??D）of whom
? 【簡析】此空應(yīng)填"介詞＋關(guān)系代詞"引導非限制性定語從句，其先行詞是students，故關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)為whom；根據(jù)句意，該"介詞＋關(guān)系代詞"應(yīng)表示"其中"之意，故介詞用of。
??6）We need a chairman _____? ．（CET-4，98．6）?
?? A）for whom everyone has confidence?
??B）in whom everyone has confidence?
??C）who everyone has confidence of?
??D）whom everyone has confidence on
??【簡析】本題選用"介詞＋關(guān)系代詞＋從句"結(jié)構(gòu)。通過對各選項進行分析，可知問題的焦點在"介詞"上，即要確定適當?shù)慕樵~。根據(jù)從句句型"have confidence in ．．．"可知，該介詞應(yīng)為與confidence搭配的"in"。
??3．由"名詞／代詞＋介詞＋關(guān)系代詞"引導的定語從句 "n．／pron．＋prep．＋which／whom／ whose"引導定語從句的例子屢見不鮮。在四級試題中往往測試考生對這一結(jié)構(gòu)的理解與運用能力。例如： 1）The residents， _____?had been damaged by the flood，were given help by the Red Cross．（CET-4，93．6）?
??A）all their homes? B）all of whose homes? C）all whose homes? D）all of their homes
??【簡析】"all of whose"引導定語從句，修飾residents。其它答案或無關(guān)系詞，或不合表達習慣。
??2）A survey was carried out on the death of new-born babies in that region， _____?were surprising．（CET-4，99．1）?
??A）the results of which? B）as results? C）the results of it? D）which results
? 【簡析】the results of which引導非限制 性定語從句，修飾survey。其它答案或無關(guān)系代詞，或結(jié)構(gòu)不對。
??3）There are nine planets in the solar system， _____?are larger than our earth．?
??A）some of whom?
??B）some of which?
??C）some of whose?
??D）some of them
? 【簡析】"some of which"引導定語從句，修飾planets。
??4．a(chǎn)s在固定結(jié)構(gòu)中引導的定語從句 在"the same ／such ．．．a(chǎn)s"固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，as用來引導定語從句，不能更換為其它關(guān)系詞或介詞等。在四級考試中，多測試考生正確識別這類定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)和正確運用關(guān)系代詞as的能力。例如：
??1）It wasn't such a good dinner?_____?she had promised us．（CET-4，90．1）?
??A）that? B）which? C）as? D）what
??【簡析】在"such ＋n"后應(yīng)用as引導定語從句。
??2）Melted iron is poured into the mixer much?_____?tea is poured into a cup from a teapot．（CET-4，96．6）?
??A）in the same way like?
??B）in the same way which?
??C）in the same way?
??D）in the same way as
? 【簡析】在"the same ＋n"后應(yīng)用as與之搭配，as引導定語從句。
??5．which ／as引導的特種定語從句 which／as可引導修飾整個主句或主句的一部分的定語從句，我們稱這類定語從句為特種定語從句。在四級考試中，常測試考生正確選用這類定語從句的引導詞的能力。 要提高解這類題的能力，考生應(yīng)掌握 which與as的下列異同點。
? （1）它們均可用于為主系表或主謂句型的定語從句中作主語。如：He married her，as／which was natural．
? （2）它們均可用于為主系表句型的定語從句中作表語。如：He seemed a foreigner，as／which in fact he was．
? （3）它們均可用于為主謂賓句型的定語從句中作賓語。如：I was very useful to him，which ／as he realized．
? （4）在為主謂賓句型的定語從句中作主語時，通常用which而不用as。如：He saw the girl，which ／as de- lighted him．
? （5）as引導此類定語從句時，常表示"正如……?之意。因而，定語從句在意義上不可與主句相悖，且常為肯定句，而which則不受此限。如：She was married again， which ／as was unexpected．
? （6）as引導的定語從句位置比較靈活，可位于句首，句中或句末。which引導的定語從句位置比較固定，一般位于句末。如：
??As ／Which he realized，I was very helpful to him．請觀察下列各題：
??1）Prisons in some countries are short of staff， _____?means each prison officer is overworked and underpaid．（CET-4，Sample）?
??A）which? B）this? C）what? D）it
? 【簡析】which用來引導修飾整個主句的定語從句，在從句中作主語。此時應(yīng)避免選用 this或it。
? 2）Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others， _____?of course，made the other jealous．（CET-4，93，6）?
? A）who? B）that? C）what? D）which
? 【簡析】同上。
??3）The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things， _____?is often the case in other countries．（CET-4，98．6）?
? A）as??B）what??C）so??D）that
? 【簡析】as引導定語從句，修飾整個主句，相當于which的用法，同時表示兩種相同情況的比較。 4） _____?might be expected，the response to the question was very mixed．（CET-4，96．6）??
? A）As??B）That??C）It??D）What
? 【簡析】as作關(guān)系代詞，引導修飾整個主句的定語從句，位于句首。
????????????????? 河北農(nóng)業(yè)大學/趙庭弟