獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)淺析 - 四級語法

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??獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作為一個(gè)重要的語法項(xiàng)目,頻頻出現(xiàn)在近幾年的四級考題中。由于中學(xué)教材已不把它作為重點(diǎn),大學(xué)教材對它也缺乏系統(tǒng)的闡述,不少考生因此而難以在與之有關(guān)的試題上得分,更談不上在語言實(shí)踐中加以應(yīng)用。筆者試圖對該結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行較為全面的分析,以期對考生有所幫助。 ??
    I.獨(dú)立主格的結(jié)構(gòu)形式 ??
    獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上由兩部分組成。第一部分由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任,第二部分由分詞、動詞不定式、形容詞、副詞、名詞或介詞短語擔(dān)任,但在四級考試中以分詞擔(dān)任第二部分的居多,有時(shí)也會由不定式擔(dān)任。 ??
    1)名詞或主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 ??
    例1,______a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. ??
    A)Other things being equal ??B)Were other things equal ??C)To be equalto other things ??D)Other things to be equal ?
    (答案A Band 4,1997.6) ??
    例2 So many directors ______,the board meeting had to be put off. ??
    A)were absent??? B)been absent ?? C)had been absent? D)being absent ??
    (答案D Band 4,2001.1) ??
    當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格中的分詞所表示的動作先于句中謂語動詞所表示的動作時(shí),用分詞的完成形式。 ??
    例3 The speech______,a lively discussion started. ?A)being delivered? B)was delivered ?? C)be delivered???D)having been delivered ??
    (答案D Band 4,1995.1) ??
    當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或主格代詞是分詞表示的動作的承受者時(shí),用分詞的被動形式。 ??
    例4 All flights_____because of the snow-storm,many passengers could do nothing but take the train. ?? A)were canceled??? B)having been canceled ?? C)had been canceled? D)have been canceled ??
    (答案BBand 4,1999.1) ??
    2)名詞或主格代詞+過去分詞 ??
    例5 All things_____,the planed trip will have to be called off. ??
    A)be considered??B)considered ?? C)considering???D)having considered ??
    (答案BBand 4,1998.6) ??
    3)名詞或主格代詞+動詞不定式 ??
    例6 If the building project______by the end of this month is delayed,the construction company will be fined. ??
    A)to be complete?? B)is completed ?? C)being completed??D)complete ??
    (答案A Band 4,2001.6) ??
    形容詞、副詞、名詞和介詞短語擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)诙糠值那闆r在四級考試中雖不多見,但在書面語中卻是一種有效的表達(dá)手段,在此略舉幾例,供有興趣的同學(xué)參考。 ??
    4)名詞或主格代詞+形容詞 ??
    例7 Hands red with the cold,they were sweeping the snow outdoors.(他們在戶外掃雪,兩手凍得通紅。) ??
    5)名詞或主格代詞+介詞短語 ??
    例8 A book in hand,the teacher of English walked into the classroom.(手里拿著本書,英語老師走進(jìn)教室。) ??
    6)名詞或主格代詞+副詞
    例9 Class over,all students went to play on the playground.(下課了,學(xué)生們都到操場上去玩耍。) ??
    7)名詞或主格代詞+名詞 ??
    例10 His first shot failure,he fired again.(他第一槍沒擊中,又打了第二槍。) ??
    以上三種結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際上很接近主系表結(jié)構(gòu),如例8,原應(yīng)是A book being in hand...省略了being,就成了上述結(jié)構(gòu)。 ??
    8)介詞引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) ??
    上述各項(xiàng)結(jié)構(gòu)形式前面有時(shí)可以帶有某些介詞,從而構(gòu)成介詞引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。 ??
    這類介詞主要由with,without,like,on等,限于篇幅,本文僅列舉幾例,以供參考。 ??
    例11 The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience____on benches,chairs or boxes. ?? A)having seated?? B)seating ?? C)seated??????D)having been seated ??
    (答案C Band 4,2000.1)? ??
    例12 I can't write,with you looking over my shoulder.(因?yàn)槟闩吭谖壹缟峡矗晕覜]法寫。) ??
    例13 Without a word more spoken,they went away.(他們沒有再多說一句話,就走開了。) ??
    例14 I told him everything,and he stood and listened,like a figure cut in stone.(我把一切情況都告訴了他,他呆若木雞,站在那兒傾聽。) ??
    例15 On the news being announced,she got so excited that she cried in the public.(聽到那個(gè)消息,她激動得在大庭廣眾之下哭了起來。) ??
    II.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能 ??
    1.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中主要用作狀語,可表示條件,如例5、例6;表示原因,如例2、例4、例10、例12、例15;表示時(shí)間,如例3、例9;表示伴隨動作或狀況,如例1、例7、例8、例11、例13、例14。 ??
    當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作條件、原因、時(shí)間狀語時(shí),實(shí)際上相當(dāng)于相應(yīng)的狀語從句。試比較: ??
    1)All things considered,the planed trip will have to be called off.(例5) ??
    If all things are considered,the planed trip will have to be called off. ?
    2)All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm,many passengers could do nothing but take the train.(例4) ??
    Because all flights had been canceled because of the snowstorm,many passengers could do nothing but take the train. ?
    3)Class over,all students went to play on the playground.(例9) ??
    When class was over,all students went to play on the playground. ??
    當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示伴隨動作或狀態(tài)時(shí),其功能相當(dāng)于并列句中的一個(gè)分句。試比較: ??
    1)Hands red with cold,they were sweeping the snow outdoors.(例7) ??
    Their hands were red with cold,and they were sweeping the snow outdoors. ??
    2)A book in hand,the teacher of English walked into the classroom.(例8) ??
    The teacher of English walked into the classroom, and a book was in his right/left hand. ?? ???????
    2.有時(shí)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)也能用作定語和主語,但在四級范圍內(nèi)尚屬罕見,在此略作介紹。 ??
    獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作定語,要放在它所修飾的名詞后面,其功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。例如: ??
    例16 Close to the bank I saw deep pools,the water blue like the sky.(靠近岸時(shí),我看見幾個(gè)深池塘,池水碧如藍(lán)天。) ??
    Close to the bank I saw deep pools,the water of which was blue like the sky. ??
    獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作主語,在意義上相當(dāng)于復(fù)合句中的主語從句。例如: ??
    例17 The people in trouble is the ample reason for our Party members staying there.(人民有困難,正是我們的黨員留在那兒的充分理由。) ??
    That the people are in trouble is the ample reason for our party members staying there. ??
    III.分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語與分詞短語作狀語及狀語從句的比較 ??
    分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作為句子中的一個(gè)語言單位,其名詞或主格代詞只作分詞的邏輯主語而與句中其他成分沒有關(guān)系,與句子的主語并不一致。試分析: ??
    例18 He sat there silently,his head bending.(他坐在那里一言不發(fā),低著頭。) ??
    例19 All people compared,he is the person fit to go there.(所有人比較一下,他適合去那兒。) ??
    例20 With him gone,I can work better.(他走了,我能更好地工作。) ??
    顯然,以上三例中,句子主語與分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語各不相同。但分詞短語在句中的邏輯主語必須和句子的主語一致,換言之,分詞短語的邏輯主語就是句中謂語動詞的主語。試看: ??例21 Driving along an almost deserted country road,they run out of gas.(驅(qū)車行駛在幾近荒涼的鄉(xiāng)村道路上,他們的汽油耗盡了。) ??
    例22 Given more practice,the students could have made still greater progress.(假以更多的實(shí)踐,這些學(xué)生取得的進(jìn)步會更大。) ??
    以上兩例中,分詞短語的邏輯主語實(shí)際上就是句子的主語。 ??分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)和狀語從句的區(qū)別在于:1)前者在句法結(jié)構(gòu)上作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的語言單位而存在,后者必須依附于主句而不能獨(dú)立存在;2)前者有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯主語,后者的邏輯主語通常為句子的主語;3)前者與分句間不需用從屬連詞,后者必須用從屬連詞。試對比: ? ??
    例23 a.The letter having been written,he took it to the post.(他寫完了信,就把它送到郵局去了。) ??b.When he had written the letter,he took it to the post. ??
    例24 a.No one being against it, we will adopt the proposal.(既然沒人反對,這項(xiàng)議案我們就通過了。) ??b.Since no one is against it,we will adopt the proposal. ??
    總而言之,要準(zhǔn)確而全面地把握獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),既要明確其結(jié)構(gòu)特征,又需掌握其句法功能,還要了解該結(jié)構(gòu)中某些形式與其他一些語法結(jié)構(gòu)的異同。而這有賴于在大量語言實(shí)踐中的探索和應(yīng)用,因?yàn)檎Z法規(guī)律本就來源于語言實(shí)踐,更指導(dǎo)著語言實(shí)踐。 ????????????????? 海軍航空工程學(xué)院?楊安良 煙臺二中?王濱清