四級考試中的虛擬語氣 - 四級語法

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??虛擬語氣是大學英語四級考試的重點和難點。筆者通過對歷年大學英語四級考試實考試題的分析研究,編寫了這份復習資料。"考點預測"中的試題,體現(xiàn)了有關虛擬語氣的測試要點。讀者不妨先動手做這部分試題,以便自己心中有數(shù)。"考點精析"則是對"考點預測"逐題加以解析,力圖使讀者能舉一反三,觸類旁通。
    ??【考點預測】
    ??1.Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she _____ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.
    ? A)has to get
    ? B)were to get
    ? C)had got
    ? D)could have got
    ??2. _____ for your help,we'd never have been able to get over the difficulties.
    ??A)Had it not
    ??B)If it were not
    ??C)Had it not been
    ??D)If we had not been
    ??3.Oh,what a nuisance!It _____?so easy for me to bring those photographs I wanted to show you,but I have left them on the table at home.
    ??A)would have been
    ??B)had been
    ??C)would be
    ??D)was
    ??4.If we had been more careful,we _____?much better results now.
    ??A)would be getting
    ??B)would have got
    ??C)got
    ??D)had got
    ??5.He suggested?_____ to tomorrow's exhibition together.
    ??A)us to go
    ??B)we went
    ??C)we shall go
    ??D)we go
    ??6.It is recommended that the project _____?until all the preparations have been made.
    ??A)is not started
    ??B)will not be started
    ??C)not be started
    ??D)is not to be started
    ??7.It's necessary _____?the dictionary immediately.
    ??A)that he will return
    ??B)that he returned
    ??C)that he return
    ??D)that he has to return
    ??8.It is of the utmost importance that you _____?here on time.
    ??A)be
    ??B)shall be
    ??C)are to be
    ??D)must be
    ??9.One of the requirements for a fire is that the material?_____ to its burning temperature.
    ??A)is heated
    ??B)will be heated
    ??C)be heated
    ??D)would be heated
    ??10.I wish I _____?longer this morning,but I had to get up and come to class.
    ??A)could have slept
    ??B)sleep
    ??C)might have slept
    ??D)have slept
    ??11.It's already 5o'clock now.Don't you think it's about time _____??
    ??A)we are going home
    ??B)we go home
    ??C)we went home
    ??D)we can go home
    ??12.The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____?himself.
    ??A)injure
    ??B)had injured
    ??C)injured
    ??D)would injure
    ??13.That tree looked as if it _____?for a long time.
    ??A)hasn't watered
    ??B)didn't water
    ??C)hadn't been watered
    ??D)wasn't watered
    ??14.I'd rather you _____?anything about it for the time being.
    ??A)don't do
    ??B)did
    ??C)didn't do
    ??D)would do
    ??15.Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I _____?your advice.
    ??A)follow
    ??B)had followed
    ??C)would follow
    ??D)have followed
    ??【考點精析】
    ??1?正確答案為選項B。
    ??本題測試與將來事實相反的虛擬條件句。全句可譯為:瓊不想馬上就工作,因為她覺得要是工作了,可能就不能經常見到朋友們了。由此可見,瓊目前沒有工作,近期內也不打算找工作,句中if從句所表示的是與將來事實相反的假設,因而選項B是正確答案。
    ??在與將來事實相反的虛擬條件句中,謂語動詞除了用were to +動詞原形外,還可以用一般過去時或should +動詞原形。例如:
    ??If it rained tomorrow we'd stay at home.
    ??如果明天下雨,我們將呆在家里。
    ??If you should/were to see Mary,what would you tell her?
    ??如果你見到瑪麗,你會告訴她什么呢?
    ??選項A是陳述語氣;選項C可以用于與過去事實相反的虛擬條件句,但不能表示與將來事實相反的假設;選項D不能用于虛擬語氣的條件從句。
    ??2?正確答案為選項C。
    ??本題測試虛擬條件句的倒裝。全句可譯為:要不是有你的幫助,我們是永遠都無法克服這些困難的。根據句意,句子前半部分應為"If it had not been for your help(=If you hadn't helped)"。當虛擬條件句中的謂語動詞含有were,had或should時,可以省略if,并將 were,had或should移至主語的前面。例如:
    ??Should green plants disappear some day,there would hardly be any life on the earth.
    萬一有一天綠色植物消失了,地球上幾乎就不會有生命了。
    ??3?正確答案為選項A。
    ??本題測試含蓄虛擬條件句。全句可譯為:哎,真惱人!我本來可以輕而易舉地把要給你們看的那些照片帶來,可我卻把它們忘在家里的桌子上了。句中"I have left them on the table at home"相當于"If I hadn't left them on the table at home",因而前面主句中的謂語動詞形式應為選項A。
    ??本句中的含蓄虛擬條件是通過并列分句來表達的,此外,還可以使用其他許多形式來表達。例如:
    ??Without your help,I couldn't have doneit.
    ??沒有你的幫助,我是不會做成這件事的。(介詞短語)
    ? (=If you hadn't helped,I couldn't have done it.)
    ??I would have written the paper before,but I have been ill.
    ??我本來早就會寫好這篇論文的,但我一直生博?(連詞)
    ??(=If I weren't ill,I would have written the paper before.)
    ??It would be unwise for you to marry him.
    ??要是你跟他結婚那將是不明智的。(動詞不定式短語)
    ??(=It would be unwise if you were to marry him.)
    ??The same thing,happening in wartime, would amount to disaster.
    ??同樣的事,要是發(fā)生在戰(zhàn)爭年代,就會釀成大禍。(分詞短語)
    ??(=The same thing,if it happened in wartime,would amount to disaster.)
    ??A close observer would have noticed it.
    ??要是細心的觀察者,早就注意到了。(名詞詞組)
    ??(=If you had been a close observer,you would have noticed it.)
    ??A nation which stopped working would be dead in a fortnight.
    ??一個國家要是停止工作,不出兩周就會滅亡。(定語從句)
    ??(=If a nation stopped working,it would be dead in a fortnight.)
    ?
    ??4?正確答案為選項A。
    ?? 本題測試錯綜時間虛擬條件句。全句可譯為:如果我們更細心的話,現(xiàn)在就可以取得更好的結果。言下之意,以前我們不細心,因而現(xiàn)在取得的結果不太好。從句與過去事實相反,主句與現(xiàn)在的情況相反。在主句和從句所指時間各不相同的情況下,主句和從句中謂語動詞的虛擬語氣要作相應的調整。本題主句中would后加不定式的進行式,可以使動作更加生動形象。又如:
    ??If he knew this,it would have had to be by accident.
    ??假如他已知道此事,那一定是偶然得知的。(從句指現(xiàn)在,主句指過去時間)
    ??5?正確答案為選項D。
    ??本題測試用于賓語從句的虛擬語氣。全句可譯為:他建議我們一起去參觀明天的展覽。suggest表示"建議"時,其賓語從句中的謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣:動詞原形(常見于美國英語)或"should +動詞原形"(常見于英國英語)。
    ??有些動詞在表示"愿望、建議、命令"或"請求"等意思時,和suggest一樣,其賓語從句須用虛擬語氣。如order,demand,propose, command,request,desire,insist,advise,ask,beg, prefer,recommend,require,urge,vote,move等。例如:
    ??I propose that the matter be put to the vote at once.我提議將此問題立即付諸表決。
    ??6?正確答案為選項C。
    ??本題測試主語從句的虛擬語氣。全句可譯為:有人建議在一切準備工作就緒后再開始這一項目。在"It is recommended that..."結構中,that引出的主語從句謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣,其形式與動詞recommend后接的賓語從句謂語動詞一致。
    ??這類結構中的過去分詞,都是從表示建議、要求、命令等含義的動詞變化而來的。除 recommended以外,還有suggested,requested, desired,ordered,decided,arranged等。例如:
    It is ordered that you should be present at the meeting.命令你出席這次會議。
    ??7?正確答案為選項C。
    ??本題測試主語從句的虛擬語氣。全句可譯為:他必須馬上歸還這本詞典。在"It is necessary that..."這樣的結構中,如果有表示必要性、重要性等含義的形容詞,that引導的主語從句中,謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣,其形式與有表示建議、命令、要求等含義的過去分詞結構中的主語從句謂語動詞相同。
    ??這類形容詞還有advisable,essential,important,urgent,imperative等。例如:
    ??It is important that we(should)speak politely.我們說話要有禮貌,這是很重要的。
    ??8?正確答案為選項A。
    ??本題測試主語從句的虛擬語氣。全句可譯為:你要按時到這里,這一點非常重要。句中"It is of the utmost importance that"相當于"It is very important that",that引導的主語從句中要用虛擬語氣,即用動詞原形或"should +動詞原形",所以選項A為正確答案。(參見第7題)
    ??9?正確答案為選項C。
    ??本題測試表語從句的虛擬語氣。全句可譯為:燃燒的條件之一是物質被加熱到其燃點的程度。表示建議、要求、命令等含義動詞的同源名詞,如suggestion,idea,order,desire, plan,command,proposal,advice,recommendation,requirement等之后的表語從句或同位語從句中,謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣,即動詞原形或"should +動詞原形"。例如:
    My suggestion is that we(should)start out at once.
    ??我的建議是我們立即出發(fā)。(表語從句)
    Mother rejected my suggestion that she meet my teacher the next week.
    母親拒絕了我所提出的她下周見我老師的建議。(同位語從句)
    ??10?正確答案為選項A。
    ??本題測試動詞wish后賓語從句中的虛擬語氣。全句可譯為:我真希望今天早上能多睡一會兒,但我不得不起床來上課。wish表示主觀上的愿望,因而后接的賓語從句謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣。本句的時間狀語this morning以及句子后半部分的had to都表明,句子前半部分所要表達的是一個與過去時間相反的愿望:"今天早上我能多睡一會兒就好了。"
    ??wish后面的賓語從句中,謂語動詞分別用過去時、過去完成時、過去將來時等形式表示現(xiàn)在、過去或將來的主觀愿望。例如:
    ??I wish I were ten years younger.但愿我能年輕10歲。
    ??She wishes that she were coming with us.她希望和我們一起來。
    ??11?正確答案為選項C。
    ??本題測試"It is time that..."結構中的虛擬語氣。全句可譯為:現(xiàn)在已經五點了,你不認為我們該回家了嗎?這一結構表示"該到……的時候了",從句中謂語動詞用過去時。例如:
    ??It's(high)time he were(or was)taught a lesson.現(xiàn)在是該教訓他的時候了。
    ??It's about time he learnt to look after himself.現(xiàn)在已是他該學會照顧自己的時候了。
    ??12?正確答案為選項A。
    ??本題測試由lest引導的狀語從句中的虛擬語氣。全句可譯為:這個瘋子被關進一間用軟墊防護的小屋內,以防他弄傷自己。虛擬語氣可用于"lest","for fear that","in case"引導的狀語從句中表示"以防"、"以免"之意。其形式為"should +動詞原形"。例如:
    ??I always speak slowly lest I should be misunderstood.
    ??我總是慢慢說話,以免被別人誤解。
    ??值得注意的是,以"lest","for fear that"引導的狀語從句中的should可以省去,而"in case"引導的狀語從句中也可以不用虛擬語氣,而用陳述語氣。例如:
    ??Take your raincoat in case it rains.
    ?
    ??13?正確答案為選項C。
    ??本題測試as if從句中的虛擬語氣。全句可譯為:那棵樹看起來好像很久沒有澆水了。一般來說,如果as if從句所表達的內容完全與實際情況相反或者純粹是一種假設時,通常使用虛擬語氣。例如:
    ??I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.
    ??此外,如果主句謂語動詞是look,seem,taste,smell等詞時,從句中也可用陳述語氣。例如:
    ??It looks as if she is in love again.看上去好像她又墜入情網了。
    ??14?正確答案為選項C。
    ??本題測試would rather后接賓語從句中的虛擬語氣。全句可譯為:我寧愿你目前對此事按兵不動。would rather可看作是一個及物動詞,表示愿望,后接的賓語從句謂語動詞用虛擬語氣:表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的愿望時,用過去時;表示與過去事實相反的愿望時用過去完成時。例如:
    ??I'd rather you told me the truth.我寧愿你對我說實話。
    ??15?正確答案為選項B。
    ??本題測試If only引起的感嘆句的虛擬語氣。全句可譯為:看我現(xiàn)在的處境多糟糕!要是當初我聽從了你的勸告就好了。If only引起的感嘆句,相當于"how I wish +賓語從句"。其謂語動詞形式與wish后的賓語從句形式相同(參見第10題)。例如:
    ??If only Paul were /was here now.要是保羅現(xiàn)在在這兒就好了。