四級考試中的V-ing 形式 - 四級語法

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??本文收集了1989~2001年大學(xué)英語四級考試試卷中V-ing用法的考題共20題,對V-ing的語法作用進(jìn)行歸類性分析。V-ing形式包括傳統(tǒng)語法所指"現(xiàn)在分詞"和"動名詞"兩種結(jié)構(gòu),在句中可用作主語、狀語、定語、賓語和補(bǔ)足語等成分。文章著重分析了現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、后置定語以及取代從句的用法,并對動名詞的用法也作了分析。
    ??V-ing形式包括傳統(tǒng)語法所指"現(xiàn)在分詞"和"動名詞"兩種結(jié)構(gòu)。V-ing現(xiàn)在分詞由動詞原形+ing構(gòu)成,有完成體和被動態(tài),但不體現(xiàn)動作或過程的時(shí)間關(guān)系,它的時(shí)間關(guān)系要借助于主句動詞的"時(shí)"的形式來表示,除去動詞be和have以外,其他助動詞(包括所有情態(tài)助動詞)都沒有V-ing分詞形式。主動詞,不論是及物動詞還是不及物動詞,動態(tài)動詞還是狀態(tài)動詞,都能構(gòu)成V-ing形式。
    ??一、V-ing用作現(xiàn)在分詞
    ??1、V-ing分詞短語不僅可以用作形容詞,對名詞提供更多的情況,而且還可以用來進(jìn)一步說明動詞的動作或整個(gè)句子所表達(dá)的概念。這樣使用時(shí),它們與副詞相似。
    ??The computer works fast _____ data at the speed of light.(1993.1/43)
    ??A)have handled
    ??B)handling
    ??C)handled
    ??D)handles
    ??答案B)。計(jì)算機(jī)工作速度快,以光的速度處理數(shù)據(jù)。
    ??2、正常情況下,V-ing分詞短語的主語和主句的主語是一致的。當(dāng)V-ing分詞短語作狀語時(shí),其邏輯主語通常是主句的主語。
    ??This program will examine the writer's books in detail, _____ an introduction to her?life.(1994.1/45)
    ??A)following
    ??B)being followed
    ??C)having followed
    ??D)to be followed
    ??答案A)。
    ??3、有時(shí)V-ing分詞短語可以帶有連詞。帶連詞的V-ing分詞短語的邏輯主語通常是主句的主語,也可以從上下文判定。分詞短語可以用在after,before,since,when,while, whether,once,until,on和as等詞的后面。
    Having no money but _____?to know,he simply said he would go without dinner.(1993. 6/47)
    ??A)not want anyone
    ??B)not wanting anyone
    ??C)wanted no one
    ??D)to want no one
    ??答案B)。他沒有錢而又不愿意讓人知道,所以干脆說不想吃晚飯就走了。
    ??While?_____ the sun,the satellite has sent more than four billion bits of information back to earth.(1994.1/58)
    ??A)having orbited
    ??B)being orbited
    ??C)having been orbited
    ??D)orbiting
    ??答案D)。當(dāng)這顆衛(wèi)星沿軌道繞太陽運(yùn)行時(shí),向地球發(fā)回了40多億條信息。
    ??4、V-ing分詞短語用作賓語補(bǔ)足語:
    ??分詞和分詞短語可以用在表示感覺的動詞(像see,hear,feel,watch,notice,smell)以及其他某些動詞(例如find,get,have)的賓語后面,起到"賓語補(bǔ)足語"的作用。
    ??His remarks left me _____?about his real purpose.(1999.6/45)
    ??A)wondered
    ??B)wonder
    ??C)to wonder
    ??D)wondering
    ??答案D)。他的一番話使我一直在琢磨他真正的意圖。
    ??5、V-ing分詞可以取代從句:
    ??現(xiàn)在分詞可以代替as,since,because +主語+動詞,即可用它來幫助解釋后繼的行為。
    _____ the earth to be flat,many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.(1996.6/22)
    ??A)Having believed
    ??B)Believing
    ??C)Believed
    ??D)Being believed
    ??答案B)。許多人認(rèn)為地球是平的,所以擔(dān)心哥倫布會從地球的邊緣掉下去。
    ??6、在另一些情況下,V-ing分詞短語可能有自己的主語:
    ??Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper?_____ it closely.(1989.1/54)
    ??A)followed
    ??B)following
    ??C)to follow
    ??D)being followed
    ??答案B)。銀是的導(dǎo)電體,其次是銅。
    ??So many directors?_____ ,the board meeting had to be put off.(2001.1/58)
    ??A)were absent
    ??B)been absent
    ??C)had been absent
    ??D)being absent
    ??答案D)。許多董事沒有到場,所以董事會不得不延期舉行。
    _____ ,a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.(1997.6/56)
    ??A)Other things being equal
    ??B)Were other things equal be
    ??C)To be equal to other things
    ??D)Other things to be equal
    ??答案A)。在其他相同的各種條件下,一個(gè)善于表達(dá)自己的人要比一個(gè)不善言談的人較快地獲得成功。
    ??7.V-ing分詞短語位于名詞或代詞之后,作后置定語。
    ??As early as 1647,Ohio made decision that free,tax-supported schools must be established in every town?_____ 50 household or more.(1998,1/36)
    ??A)having
    ??B)to have
    ??C)to have had
    ??D)having had
    ??答案A)。早在1647年Ohio就做出決定,在每個(gè)有50戶以上居民的城鎮(zhèn)中必須建立免費(fèi)的、由財(cái)政支持的學(xué)校。
    ??If I correct someone,I will do it with as much as good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one?_____ .(1996.6/28)
    ??A)to correct
    ??B)correcting
    ??C)having corrected
    ??D)being corrected
    ??答案D)。批評、糾正別人時(shí),我會采取禮貌克制的態(tài)度,就像被批評的人是自己一樣。
    ??This crop has similar qualities to the previous one _____?both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil.(1999.6/57)
    ??A)being
    ??B)been
    ??C)to be
    ??D)having been
    ??答案A)。這種作物與前一種都有相似的特性,具有抗風(fēng)吹和適應(yīng)同類土壤的特性。
    ??8、V-ing分詞短語的完成式強(qiáng)調(diào)其行為動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動作之前。
    _____ in a seemingly endless war,the general was forced to evaluate the situation again.(1993.1/59)
    ??A)Since the loss of 50,000soldiers
    ??B)Because of 50,000soldiers having lost
    ??C)Having lost over 50,000soldiers
    ??D)50,000soldiers were lost
    ??答案C)。在一場看不到盡頭的戰(zhàn)爭中喪失了50,000名士兵后,這位將軍不得不重新估計(jì)形勢。
    ??All flights?_____ because of the snowstorm,many passengers could do nothing but take the train.(1999.1/51)
    ??A)had been canceled
    ??B)have been canceled
    ??C)were canceled
    ??D)having been canceled
    ??答案D)。由于暴風(fēng)雪,所有的航班都被取消,許多乘客別無選擇只好乘火車。
    ??二、V-ing用作動名詞
    ??1、V-ing動名詞位于某些特定的動詞之后,例如:admit,suggest,enjoy,anticipate,ap- preciate,excuse,avoid,deny,dislike,dread等。
    ??My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate?_____ hear from you sometime.(1993.1/66)
    ??A)being
    ??B)been
    ??C)to be
    ??D)having been
    ??答案D)。我的妻子在信中說:她很樂于在什么時(shí)候收到你的信。
    ??2、V-ing動名詞位于動詞appreciate之后,要求在V-ing之前帶上一個(gè)物主形容詞。
    I would appreciate?_____ it a secret.(2001.1/45)
    ??A)your keeping
    ??B)you to keep
    ??C)that you keep
    ??D)that you will keep
    ??答案A)。要是你能保守秘密,我將十分感謝。
    ??3、V-ing動名詞位于動詞deny之后常選用完成式。
    ??That young man still denies?_____ the fire behind the store.(2001.1/45)
    ??A)start
    ??B)to start
    ??C)having started
    ??D)to having started
    ??答案C)。那位年輕人仍然否認(rèn)他在商店后面縱火。
    ??4、V-ing動名詞位于某些謂語動詞+介詞/副詞的組合之后。
    ??The man in the corner confessed to?_____ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6/ 58)
    ??A)have told
    ??B)be told
    ??C)being told
    ??D)having told
    ??答案D)。角落里的那個(gè)人承認(rèn)自己對公司經(jīng)理撒了謊。
    ??I have no objection?_____ your story again.(2000.6/27)
    ??A)to hear
    ??B)to hearing
    ??C)to having
    ??D)to have heard
    ??答案B)。我不反對再聽一遍你的故事。
    ??5、V-ing動名詞用在當(dāng)forget用否定式時(shí),常常用在will never forget之后。
    ??I will never forget?_____ you for the first time.(2001.1/43)
    ??A)to meet
    ??B)meeting
    ??C)to have meet
    ??D)having to be met
    ??答案B)。我將永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我們的初次見面。