在閱讀中，人們首先理解的是語(yǔ)言的字面意義。然而，語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容常常超過(guò)其字面意義。閱讀的目的不僅僅是只讀懂原文，還應(yīng)做到能從文章的字里行間"讀出"作者雖未說(shuō)明但意欲表達(dá)的意圖，這就是我們通常說(shuō)的言外之意。由于限于篇幅或其他原因，作者常常對(duì)某些問(wèn)題一帶而過(guò)，有的只給出一些暗示，這就要求讀者掌握邏輯判斷和推理的方法，動(dòng)用良好的綜合判斷能力以及語(yǔ)言本身的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，在理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上，作出符合作者原義的推斷。在閱讀中，這種推斷能力相當(dāng)重要。只有具備這種能力，才有可能理解文章中語(yǔ)言上沒(méi)有明確表達(dá)卻又隱含的意思。
判斷題要求考生根據(jù)短文中所給的信息，暗示抓住內(nèi)涵語(yǔ)義，進(jìn)行判斷、推理，從而得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。它與細(xì)節(jié)題的區(qū)別在于它是透過(guò)表面文字推斷出隱含的意思，它可以是推斷作者傾向，文章論調(diào)，文章來(lái)源，作者的寫(xiě)作思路；也可以是推斷特定細(xì)節(jié)，特定數(shù)字等。推斷題的題干中通常會(huì)出現(xiàn)：infer, imply, suggest, conclude, assume, appear, conclude, inference, conclusion, judgment等詞。
典型題干是：
1. It can be inferred from the passage that…
2. It can be concluded from the passage that…
3. What does the author imply by saying…
4. It is implied but not directly stated in the passage that…
5. The author implies/suggests/indicates that…
6. The author's attitude toward…… is
判斷推理題可分為3種：推斷題、結(jié)論題、觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。
解題技巧：
1. 推斷題。推斷題要求考生以已知事實(shí)為基礎(chǔ)作出正確的猜測(cè)。推斷題的答案超出了已知的事實(shí)，是對(duì)未知信息所作的陳述，是作者的言外之意或真正意圖。
2. 結(jié)論題。結(jié)論題要求考生根據(jù)文章中得已知事實(shí)得出正確結(jié)論。要得出正確結(jié)論主要采用歸納推理和演繹推理兩種方式。歸納推理作結(jié)論是由個(gè)別推出一般，由具體推出抽象得推理過(guò)程。在閱讀中，要求讀者針對(duì)材料中提供的局部事實(shí)，如某一句話，某兩句話，乃至整個(gè)段落的信息作歸納，以得出正確的結(jié)論。演繹推理是從一般到個(gè)別，從普遍到特殊的推理。演繹推理通常是由大前提，小前提和一個(gè)結(jié)論構(gòu)成的，所以也叫"三段論".大前提提出一般原則，小前提指出個(gè)別事物，結(jié)論表明推論的結(jié)果。解結(jié)論題時(shí)，一定要根據(jù)題目要求就短文的有關(guān)內(nèi)容范圍作出合乎邏輯的可靠的結(jié)論。既要以事實(shí)為依據(jù)，也要依據(jù)自己的邏輯常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)；既要重視文章主題，也要重視發(fā)展主題的細(xì)節(jié)；而尤為重要的是把握住作者的寫(xiě)作意圖。
3. 觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。態(tài)度就是作者在寫(xiě)作時(shí)對(duì)所敘述事件表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的個(gè)人的主觀感情。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，是作者對(duì)所述內(nèi)容是贊成、反對(duì)，還是猶豫不定；對(duì)記敘或描寫(xiě)的人、物或事件是稱贊、同情、冷漠，還是厭惡。通常，作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度往往會(huì)在文章的措詞、文體和結(jié)構(gòu)中反映出來(lái)。只要在閱讀時(shí)注意這幾個(gè)方面，透過(guò)字里行間察其端倪，作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度就不難把握。
做判斷推理題一定要"以事實(shí)為依據(jù)"，但又不能"就事論事"，判斷推理得出的結(jié)果又絕對(duì)不是事實(shí)本身。解答這類題目，切忌靠常識(shí)、專業(yè)知識(shí)和智力來(lái)臆斷正確答案。如果主觀臆測(cè)，必錯(cuò)無(wú)疑。 總之，做判斷推理題要牢記三點(diǎn)：理解事實(shí)；分析事實(shí)；作出決定。
例題 1
Mrs. Harris, an elderly patient in a nursing home, sat all day in a chair. She did nothing else. She required complete physical care, even feeding. No one seemed to realize that she was partially deaf and blind. One day, a young doctor observed cataracts （白內(nèi)障） in both her eyes. He discovered that if he spoke in her ear, she seemed to respond. One eye was operated on, and when it was first uncovered, the old woman cried with joy. Her recovery was quick, and she soon became quite independent. She started feeding herself and took to smiling and talking with others. The change in her attitude was amazing. Not only did she require less nursing care, but she was also able to help other patients' She was again able to see and with this, seemed to experience some hearing recovery.
1. The regular attendants of the nursing home were most probably ——.
A. overworked to the point of exhaustion
B. indifferent to the needs of the patients
C. unaware of Mrs. Harris' real problem
D. highly trained medical experts
2. It can be reasonably inferred from this paragraph that:
A. a person's state of health affects his outlook on life
B. nursing homes are staffed with unqualified attendants
C. an elderly person should be cared for by his family
D. state governments should supervise nursing homes closely
3. Evidence suggests that the young doctor was ——.
A. unusual B. alert C. independent D. casual
「答案解析」
1. 基于文中的第四句"No one seemed to realize that she was deaf and blind"，可以推出第 1題的正確答案為 C.
2. 動(dòng)完眼手術(shù)后，Mrs.．Harris "soon became quite independent…and took to smiling and talking with others．The change In her attitude was amazing"，由此可以得出第 2題的正確答案為 A.
3. 因?yàn)槲闹刑岬?a young doctor observed cataracts in both her eyes．He discovered that if he spoke in her ear，5. she seemed to respond"所以第 3題的正確答案為B.
判斷題要求考生根據(jù)短文中所給的信息，暗示抓住內(nèi)涵語(yǔ)義，進(jìn)行判斷、推理，從而得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。它與細(xì)節(jié)題的區(qū)別在于它是透過(guò)表面文字推斷出隱含的意思，它可以是推斷作者傾向，文章論調(diào)，文章來(lái)源，作者的寫(xiě)作思路；也可以是推斷特定細(xì)節(jié)，特定數(shù)字等。推斷題的題干中通常會(huì)出現(xiàn)：infer, imply, suggest, conclude, assume, appear, conclude, inference, conclusion, judgment等詞。
典型題干是：
1. It can be inferred from the passage that…
2. It can be concluded from the passage that…
3. What does the author imply by saying…
4. It is implied but not directly stated in the passage that…
5. The author implies/suggests/indicates that…
6. The author's attitude toward…… is
判斷推理題可分為3種：推斷題、結(jié)論題、觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。
解題技巧：
1. 推斷題。推斷題要求考生以已知事實(shí)為基礎(chǔ)作出正確的猜測(cè)。推斷題的答案超出了已知的事實(shí)，是對(duì)未知信息所作的陳述，是作者的言外之意或真正意圖。
2. 結(jié)論題。結(jié)論題要求考生根據(jù)文章中得已知事實(shí)得出正確結(jié)論。要得出正確結(jié)論主要采用歸納推理和演繹推理兩種方式。歸納推理作結(jié)論是由個(gè)別推出一般，由具體推出抽象得推理過(guò)程。在閱讀中，要求讀者針對(duì)材料中提供的局部事實(shí)，如某一句話，某兩句話，乃至整個(gè)段落的信息作歸納，以得出正確的結(jié)論。演繹推理是從一般到個(gè)別，從普遍到特殊的推理。演繹推理通常是由大前提，小前提和一個(gè)結(jié)論構(gòu)成的，所以也叫"三段論".大前提提出一般原則，小前提指出個(gè)別事物，結(jié)論表明推論的結(jié)果。解結(jié)論題時(shí)，一定要根據(jù)題目要求就短文的有關(guān)內(nèi)容范圍作出合乎邏輯的可靠的結(jié)論。既要以事實(shí)為依據(jù)，也要依據(jù)自己的邏輯常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)；既要重視文章主題，也要重視發(fā)展主題的細(xì)節(jié)；而尤為重要的是把握住作者的寫(xiě)作意圖。
3. 觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。態(tài)度就是作者在寫(xiě)作時(shí)對(duì)所敘述事件表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的個(gè)人的主觀感情。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，是作者對(duì)所述內(nèi)容是贊成、反對(duì)，還是猶豫不定；對(duì)記敘或描寫(xiě)的人、物或事件是稱贊、同情、冷漠，還是厭惡。通常，作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度往往會(huì)在文章的措詞、文體和結(jié)構(gòu)中反映出來(lái)。只要在閱讀時(shí)注意這幾個(gè)方面，透過(guò)字里行間察其端倪，作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度就不難把握。
做判斷推理題一定要"以事實(shí)為依據(jù)"，但又不能"就事論事"，判斷推理得出的結(jié)果又絕對(duì)不是事實(shí)本身。解答這類題目，切忌靠常識(shí)、專業(yè)知識(shí)和智力來(lái)臆斷正確答案。如果主觀臆測(cè)，必錯(cuò)無(wú)疑。 總之，做判斷推理題要牢記三點(diǎn)：理解事實(shí)；分析事實(shí)；作出決定。
例題 1
Mrs. Harris, an elderly patient in a nursing home, sat all day in a chair. She did nothing else. She required complete physical care, even feeding. No one seemed to realize that she was partially deaf and blind. One day, a young doctor observed cataracts （白內(nèi)障） in both her eyes. He discovered that if he spoke in her ear, she seemed to respond. One eye was operated on, and when it was first uncovered, the old woman cried with joy. Her recovery was quick, and she soon became quite independent. She started feeding herself and took to smiling and talking with others. The change in her attitude was amazing. Not only did she require less nursing care, but she was also able to help other patients' She was again able to see and with this, seemed to experience some hearing recovery.
1. The regular attendants of the nursing home were most probably ——.
A. overworked to the point of exhaustion
B. indifferent to the needs of the patients
C. unaware of Mrs. Harris' real problem
D. highly trained medical experts
2. It can be reasonably inferred from this paragraph that:
A. a person's state of health affects his outlook on life
B. nursing homes are staffed with unqualified attendants
C. an elderly person should be cared for by his family
D. state governments should supervise nursing homes closely
3. Evidence suggests that the young doctor was ——.
A. unusual B. alert C. independent D. casual
「答案解析」
1. 基于文中的第四句"No one seemed to realize that she was deaf and blind"，可以推出第 1題的正確答案為 C.
2. 動(dòng)完眼手術(shù)后，Mrs.．Harris "soon became quite independent…and took to smiling and talking with others．The change In her attitude was amazing"，由此可以得出第 2題的正確答案為 A.
3. 因?yàn)槲闹刑岬?a young doctor observed cataracts in both her eyes．He discovered that if he spoke in her ear，5. she seemed to respond"所以第 3題的正確答案為B.