III. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
伊莉莎白一世（1558年-1603年）
Elizabeth's religious reform and her foreign policy
伊莉莎白的宗教改革和外交政策
Elizabeth's religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary's ties with Rome and restored her father's independent Church of England, i.e. keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control. He religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.
For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict. Through her marriage alliances which were never materialized, Elizabeth managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France. So England wad able to face the danger from Spain.
伊莉莎白的宗教改革是各種觀點的妥協(xié)。她中斷瑪麗與羅馬的關系，恢復父王獨立的英格蘭教會，也就是說保持天主教教條及習俗，但不受教皇控制。她的宗教和解既不被極端的新教徒（即清教徒）所接受，也不為虔誠的天主教徒所接受。
近30年的時間，伊莉莎白成功地令兩大天主教強國法國和西班牙互相斗殺，從而免于英國卷入任何主要的歐洲國的沖突。通過她從未具體化的聯(lián)姻，伊莉莎白設法與法國維持友好關系，因此英國能面對來自西班牙的危險。
IV. The English Renaissance
英國文藝復興
Distinctive features of the English Renaissance
英國文藝復興的特點
1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics;
2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe;
3) Owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating for foreign influences without being subjected by them;
4) English Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.
英國文藝復興的五個特點：1）英國文化的復興并不是直接通過古典作品，崦是通過受古典作品影響同時代的歐洲人實現(xiàn)的；2）英格蘭作為一個與大陸隔離的國家，其社會歷史進程很大程度上獨立于歐洲其它國家；3）由于14世紀偉大的天才詩人喬叟的出現(xiàn)，英國本國文學得以蓬勃發(fā)展，能夠在吸收外國文學影響的同時，并未處于從屬地位；4）英國文藝復興文學首先是藝術的，其次才是哲學的和學術的；5）文藝復興和英格蘭的宗教改革在時間上有所交叉。
VI. The Civil Wars and their consequences
Because of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war. The war began on August 22,1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death.
The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King, and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious ( Puritan) ideology while the Crown’s traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.
由于查爾斯的“君權神授”統(tǒng)治權，他與議會的對質(zhì)發(fā)展成了內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。戰(zhàn)爭開始于1642年8月22日，結(jié)束于1651年。最后查爾斯被處死。
英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)又稱為清教徒革命。這是議會和國王間的沖突，也是城市中產(chǎn)階級的經(jīng)濟利益與皇室傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟利益之間的沖突。城市中產(chǎn)階級經(jīng)濟利益剛好與他們的宗教（清教）思想吻合，相應地，皇室傳統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟利益則與圣公會教的宗教信仰相結(jié)合在一起。英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)不僅*了英國的封建制度，而且動搖了歐洲封建經(jīng)濟的基礎。英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)通常被看作是現(xiàn)代世界史的開端。