一、真題文章（1999年）
While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians， modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place， each generation of historians determines a new what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered； it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian' s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process .
Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy， the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. During this transfer ， traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians， especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tunnel method ， " frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy. " Also common in the natural sciences ， the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources， and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
二、譯文
盡管幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對(duì)史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代歷史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐符合一個(gè)定義，即認(rèn)為歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過(guò)去的重大史實(shí)并對(duì)其作出解釋。由于受到自己所處時(shí)代和地域的限制，每一代歷史學(xué)家都要重新確定過(guò)去對(duì)他們而言的重要?dú)v史。而在尋找的過(guò)程中，他們所發(fā)現(xiàn)的證據(jù)往往是不完整且分散的，通常還帶有偏見(jiàn)或門派意識(shí)。歷史學(xué)家的工作具有某種諷刺意義，這是因?yàn)樗麄冎雷约旱呐χ徊贿^(guò)是為一項(xiàng)永無(wú)止境的工作做出一點(diǎn)兒貢獻(xiàn)而已。
人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見(jiàn)不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問(wèn)。當(dāng)歷史學(xué)重視其與文學(xué)和哲學(xué)的密切關(guān)系時(shí)，不斷發(fā)展的社會(huì)科學(xué)對(duì)了解過(guò)去似乎可以提供更多的機(jī)會(huì)，提出新問(wèn)題并且提供有價(jià)值的研究方法，因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)學(xué)方法論必須適應(yīng)主要受史料制約的學(xué)科，而不是受當(dāng)代世界法則制約的學(xué)科。在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中，歷史學(xué)家研究歷史時(shí)，那些解釋史料的新方法充實(shí)了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。
在歷史學(xué)界，方法論這個(gè)詞一直具有模糊的特性。所謂方法論是指一般歷史研究的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個(gè)分支適用的研究手段，人們對(duì)此意見(jiàn)不一。歷史學(xué)家，特別是那些被自己的研究興趣所蒙蔽的人被指責(zé)為"目光短淺"，他們常成為"技術(shù)主義謬誤"的犧牲品。這種情況在自然科學(xué)領(lǐng)域也常見(jiàn)，技術(shù)主義謬誤錯(cuò)誤的把整個(gè)學(xué)科和該學(xué)科技術(shù)實(shí)施的某個(gè)部分混為一談。這種謬誤同樣涉及到傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家和社會(huì)科學(xué)歷史學(xué)家：前者認(rèn)為歷史僅僅是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對(duì)各種史料來(lái)源的批評(píng)，后者則認(rèn)為其研究活動(dòng)是具體方法的研究。
三、考研核心詞匯
attempt / E5tempt / n. 1努力， 嘗試2企圖 vt. 1嘗試2企圖
[例] She made an attempt to cook the dinner.
她試著做這頓飯。
[同義] endeavor ，make an effort， try
partial / 5pB：FEl / adj. 1部分的， 局部的2偏袒的， 偏愛(ài)的 n. 泛音
[例] The research project was only a partial success.
那個(gè)研究課題只取得部分成功。
[同義] fractional， fragmentary， limited， partly
[反義] total / 5tEutl / n. 總數(shù)， 合計(jì) adj. 總的， 全部的， 整個(gè)的 v. 合計(jì)， 總數(shù)達(dá)， 達(dá)到
[派生] partially / 5pB：FElI / adv. 部分地
partisan / pB：tI5zAn / n. 1游擊隊(duì)2黨人；黨徒；幫伙
[例] partisan politics 黨的派性政治
affinity / E5finiti / n. 1密切關(guān)系， 吸引力2姻親關(guān)系；親合力
[例] She feels a strong affinity for him. 她對(duì)他很有吸引力。
[派生] affinal / E5fainEl / adj. 同源的， 姻親的 n. 姻親
methodology / meWE5dRlEdVI / n. 方法學(xué)， 方法論
[例] the methodology of genetic studies 遺傳學(xué)研究的方法
[派生] method / 5meWEd / n. 方法
augment / C： ^5ment / v. 增加， 增大 n. 增加
[例] augment one's income by hard working 靠努力工作增加收入
[同義] broaden， enlarge ，expand ，extend， increase， magnify ， raise
[反義] abate / E5beit / vt. 使（數(shù)量、程度等）減少， 減輕， 除去， 緩和， 打折扣 vi. （數(shù)量、程度等）減少， 減輕， 失效， 緩和， （法令等）被廢除
[派生] augmentation / 7C：^men5teiFEn / n. 增加
peculiar / pi5kju：ljE / adj. 奇特的， 罕見(jiàn)的， 特殊的 n. 特有財(cái)產(chǎn)；特權(quán)
[例] Language is peculiar to mankind. 語(yǔ)言是人類特有的。
[同義] bizarre， characteristic， curious ，distinctive ，eccentric， odd， queer
[反義] common / 5kCmEn / adj. 1共同的， 公共的， 公有的， 普通的2庸俗的， 偽劣的 n. [復(fù)][總]平民， 公有， 普通， 共通
[派生] peculiarity / pi7kju：li5Ariti / n. 特性；怪癖
victim / 5viktim / n. 受害人， 犧牲者， 犧牲品
[例] She was the victim of a road accident. 她是一場(chǎng)交通事故的受害者。
[同義] dupe ， loser， prey ， sufferer ， underdog
[派生] victimize / 5viktimaiz / v. 犧牲
[固定搭配] become the victim of （=fall a victim to） 成為……的犧牲品
fallacy / 5fAlEsi / n. 謬誤， 謬論
[例] The fallacy has been exposed in its naked absurdity.
這謬論的荒誕性已被充分揭露。
equate / i5kweit / vt. 使相等， [數(shù)]視為平等 vi. 等同
[例] You can't equate his poems with his plays.
你不能把他的詩(shī)跟劇本相提并論。
[派生] equation / i5kweiFEn / n. 相等， 平衡， 方程式， 等式
四、強(qiáng)化練習(xí)
1. Different countries have adopted a range of approaches to discourage the use of plastic bags in an _______ to cut down on the number of bags finding their way into the environment.
A. expertise B. expand C. exploit D. attempt
2. Please let us know when you will pay or at least start by making _______payments.
A. partial B. express C. gorgeous D. grand
3. Terry Mc Auliffe， Democratic National Committee chairman， said Bush "lied to the citizens of Nevada and he did it for ________political gain."
A. grease B. hypothesis C. partisan D. impression
4. Friends often _________ their recipe collection by passing around their favorites written on cards.
A. incline B. augment C. impress D. mean
5. There are， no doubt， kids who dream of becoming chief executive of GE or of Unilever， but their schoolmates regard them as deeply __________.
A. mere B. misery C. peculiar D. monster
答案： DACBC
While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians， modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place， each generation of historians determines a new what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered； it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian' s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process .
Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy， the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. During this transfer ， traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians， especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tunnel method ， " frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy. " Also common in the natural sciences ， the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources， and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
二、譯文
盡管幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對(duì)史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代歷史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐符合一個(gè)定義，即認(rèn)為歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過(guò)去的重大史實(shí)并對(duì)其作出解釋。由于受到自己所處時(shí)代和地域的限制，每一代歷史學(xué)家都要重新確定過(guò)去對(duì)他們而言的重要?dú)v史。而在尋找的過(guò)程中，他們所發(fā)現(xiàn)的證據(jù)往往是不完整且分散的，通常還帶有偏見(jiàn)或門派意識(shí)。歷史學(xué)家的工作具有某種諷刺意義，這是因?yàn)樗麄冎雷约旱呐χ徊贿^(guò)是為一項(xiàng)永無(wú)止境的工作做出一點(diǎn)兒貢獻(xiàn)而已。
人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見(jiàn)不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問(wèn)。當(dāng)歷史學(xué)重視其與文學(xué)和哲學(xué)的密切關(guān)系時(shí)，不斷發(fā)展的社會(huì)科學(xué)對(duì)了解過(guò)去似乎可以提供更多的機(jī)會(huì)，提出新問(wèn)題并且提供有價(jià)值的研究方法，因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)學(xué)方法論必須適應(yīng)主要受史料制約的學(xué)科，而不是受當(dāng)代世界法則制約的學(xué)科。在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中，歷史學(xué)家研究歷史時(shí)，那些解釋史料的新方法充實(shí)了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。
在歷史學(xué)界，方法論這個(gè)詞一直具有模糊的特性。所謂方法論是指一般歷史研究的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個(gè)分支適用的研究手段，人們對(duì)此意見(jiàn)不一。歷史學(xué)家，特別是那些被自己的研究興趣所蒙蔽的人被指責(zé)為"目光短淺"，他們常成為"技術(shù)主義謬誤"的犧牲品。這種情況在自然科學(xué)領(lǐng)域也常見(jiàn)，技術(shù)主義謬誤錯(cuò)誤的把整個(gè)學(xué)科和該學(xué)科技術(shù)實(shí)施的某個(gè)部分混為一談。這種謬誤同樣涉及到傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家和社會(huì)科學(xué)歷史學(xué)家：前者認(rèn)為歷史僅僅是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對(duì)各種史料來(lái)源的批評(píng)，后者則認(rèn)為其研究活動(dòng)是具體方法的研究。
三、考研核心詞匯
attempt / E5tempt / n. 1努力， 嘗試2企圖 vt. 1嘗試2企圖
[例] She made an attempt to cook the dinner.
她試著做這頓飯。
[同義] endeavor ，make an effort， try
partial / 5pB：FEl / adj. 1部分的， 局部的2偏袒的， 偏愛(ài)的 n. 泛音
[例] The research project was only a partial success.
那個(gè)研究課題只取得部分成功。
[同義] fractional， fragmentary， limited， partly
[反義] total / 5tEutl / n. 總數(shù)， 合計(jì) adj. 總的， 全部的， 整個(gè)的 v. 合計(jì)， 總數(shù)達(dá)， 達(dá)到
[派生] partially / 5pB：FElI / adv. 部分地
partisan / pB：tI5zAn / n. 1游擊隊(duì)2黨人；黨徒；幫伙
[例] partisan politics 黨的派性政治
affinity / E5finiti / n. 1密切關(guān)系， 吸引力2姻親關(guān)系；親合力
[例] She feels a strong affinity for him. 她對(duì)他很有吸引力。
[派生] affinal / E5fainEl / adj. 同源的， 姻親的 n. 姻親
methodology / meWE5dRlEdVI / n. 方法學(xué)， 方法論
[例] the methodology of genetic studies 遺傳學(xué)研究的方法
[派生] method / 5meWEd / n. 方法
augment / C： ^5ment / v. 增加， 增大 n. 增加
[例] augment one's income by hard working 靠努力工作增加收入
[同義] broaden， enlarge ，expand ，extend， increase， magnify ， raise
[反義] abate / E5beit / vt. 使（數(shù)量、程度等）減少， 減輕， 除去， 緩和， 打折扣 vi. （數(shù)量、程度等）減少， 減輕， 失效， 緩和， （法令等）被廢除
[派生] augmentation / 7C：^men5teiFEn / n. 增加
peculiar / pi5kju：ljE / adj. 奇特的， 罕見(jiàn)的， 特殊的 n. 特有財(cái)產(chǎn)；特權(quán)
[例] Language is peculiar to mankind. 語(yǔ)言是人類特有的。
[同義] bizarre， characteristic， curious ，distinctive ，eccentric， odd， queer
[反義] common / 5kCmEn / adj. 1共同的， 公共的， 公有的， 普通的2庸俗的， 偽劣的 n. [復(fù)][總]平民， 公有， 普通， 共通
[派生] peculiarity / pi7kju：li5Ariti / n. 特性；怪癖
victim / 5viktim / n. 受害人， 犧牲者， 犧牲品
[例] She was the victim of a road accident. 她是一場(chǎng)交通事故的受害者。
[同義] dupe ， loser， prey ， sufferer ， underdog
[派生] victimize / 5viktimaiz / v. 犧牲
[固定搭配] become the victim of （=fall a victim to） 成為……的犧牲品
fallacy / 5fAlEsi / n. 謬誤， 謬論
[例] The fallacy has been exposed in its naked absurdity.
這謬論的荒誕性已被充分揭露。
equate / i5kweit / vt. 使相等， [數(shù)]視為平等 vi. 等同
[例] You can't equate his poems with his plays.
你不能把他的詩(shī)跟劇本相提并論。
[派生] equation / i5kweiFEn / n. 相等， 平衡， 方程式， 等式
四、強(qiáng)化練習(xí)
1. Different countries have adopted a range of approaches to discourage the use of plastic bags in an _______ to cut down on the number of bags finding their way into the environment.
A. expertise B. expand C. exploit D. attempt
2. Please let us know when you will pay or at least start by making _______payments.
A. partial B. express C. gorgeous D. grand
3. Terry Mc Auliffe， Democratic National Committee chairman， said Bush "lied to the citizens of Nevada and he did it for ________political gain."
A. grease B. hypothesis C. partisan D. impression
4. Friends often _________ their recipe collection by passing around their favorites written on cards.
A. incline B. augment C. impress D. mean
5. There are， no doubt， kids who dream of becoming chief executive of GE or of Unilever， but their schoolmates regard them as deeply __________.
A. mere B. misery C. peculiar D. monster
答案： DACBC