語(yǔ)言是人類傳遞信息和表情達(dá)意的工具。為了在聽(tīng)話者和說(shuō)話者之間建立起一座更
順暢的交流的橋梁,為了建立良好的個(gè)人形象,為了避免交流中尷尬或沖突的出現(xiàn),人們要
使用禮貌用語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)中一些常見(jiàn)的單詞,如:thanks,hello,hi,sorry等,均屬于最簡(jiǎn)單
的禮貌用語(yǔ)。交談時(shí)對(duì)方因感冒而打噴嚏,對(duì)方會(huì)說(shuō):"Excuse me",而你會(huì)說(shuō):"God bles
s you!"。來(lái)到商店,售貨員會(huì)禮貌地問(wèn)一句:"Can I help you, please?"。這些都是語(yǔ)言
禮貌原則的體現(xiàn)。
人們表達(dá)禮貌的方式多種多樣,比如:1. I thought you were needing me, Mr.
Singer.(用過(guò)去時(shí)表示禮貌); 2. May I come in, please?(用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示禮貌);
3. Every piece of luggage has to be examined through.(用被動(dòng)式表示禮貌);等等。
本文主要談的內(nèi)容是關(guān)于英語(yǔ)中選擇合適的語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)禮貌的問(wèn)題。
如果談?wù)撘粋€(gè)坐輪椅的人(在漢語(yǔ)中我們說(shuō)殘疾人,而不是殘廢人),我們說(shuō)a
challenged person,而不是a disabled person。形容老年人用senior people, 不要
用old people。也就是說(shuō),在英語(yǔ)使用過(guò)程中,應(yīng)該盡量避免暗含性別、種族、身體、年齡
等偏見(jiàn)或歧視的語(yǔ)言。如:
例句一:Ms. Edward is a very large woman and moves around with difficulty but sh
e sparkles with intelligence and wit.。 在當(dāng)代,如果人們因?yàn)榉N族或宗教原因?qū)e人
表示不敬,就會(huì)被看作是“政治上的錯(cuò)誤(politically incorrect)”,但是對(duì)體態(tài)豐滿者
的不敬和偏見(jiàn)卻并不是這樣。上句話中的but一詞暗示了說(shuō)話者的偏見(jiàn),即:肥胖者通常是笨
拙和愚蠢的。這明顯是一種對(duì)他人的冒犯,所以這句話可以改為:Ms. Edward, a very lar
ge woman who moves around with difficulty, sparkles with intelligence and wit.。
例句二:Her study looks at some of the special challenges faced by deaf people w
ho are married to normal partners.。使用normal作為與殘疾人相對(duì)的詞來(lái)形容健全的人
,實(shí)際上暗示身有殘疾的人abnormal。我們雖然可以說(shuō)normal/abnormal hearing, vision
,body movement,etc.,但是normal和abnormal形容人則不甚合適。 這句話可以改為:He
r study looks at some of the special challenges faced by deaf people who are mar
ried to hearing partners.。
例句三:The islanders are a friendly and cheerful people, with a natural gift f
or music and dance that their Western visitors may well envy.。。每一個(gè)民族和文化
都傾向于給別的文化定型(如:parsimonious Dutch,hot-blooded Italians,dour Swiss
,conservative Canadians,等等),就算不考慮其中的偏見(jiàn)成分,這種定型沒(méi)有看到構(gòu)成
整體的每個(gè)個(gè)體的特點(diǎn)。friendly and cheerful 實(shí)際上走向了種族主義的對(duì)立極端---過(guò)
分的討好。natural gift則太強(qiáng)調(diào)先天因素,暗含對(duì)后天努力的否定,對(duì)個(gè)體具體表現(xiàn)的忽
視??梢愿臑椋篤isitors to the island are made to feel welcome, and are urged to
take in some of the many music and dance performances that are a strong part of
the local culture.。
例句四:The rowdiest of the patrons were hauled off in the paddy wagon, and the
rest soon dispersed.。現(xiàn)在我們肯定不會(huì)說(shuō)“That's awfully white of you”或者“Don
't try to jew me down”之類的暗含種族主義的言論,但是我們很少有人知道paddy在這里
暗含對(duì)愛(ài)爾蘭人的貶義。這類的例子還有:gyp(to swindle or cheat, from gypsy),I
ndian giver(to give only to take back),還有welsh或welch(break a promise or r
efuse to pay a debt)。英國(guó)人把梅毒叫作the French pox,而法國(guó)人則稱之為the Engli
sh pox。這句話可以改為:The rowdiest of the patrons were hauled off in the polic
e van, and the rest soon dispersed.。
還有一類禮貌涉及性別問(wèn)題,這也是本文將要特別談到的問(wèn)題。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言趨向于把
男性作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn):絕大部分詞根是男性(陽(yáng)性),而女性(陰性)則需要加詞綴具體說(shuō)明。對(duì)
于力圖避免這類歧視的人來(lái)說(shuō),英語(yǔ)中挑戰(zhàn)性的部分是人稱代詞。從傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法角度來(lái)講
,使用he或him來(lái)指代未明性別者是可以的,但是現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越多的人把這看作是性別歧視???BR> 是英語(yǔ)中本來(lái)是沒(méi)有一個(gè)代詞專指代男性和女性集合中的任何一個(gè)的(有人發(fā)明了“shim”
,不過(guò)似乎沒(méi)有得到大眾的認(rèn)可),所以為了避免性別歧視,人們只好寫作he/she,s/he或
把they用作一個(gè)單數(shù)代詞。he/she或s/he寫起來(lái)或聽(tīng)起來(lái)很不順,而they作單數(shù)又不符合語(yǔ)
法,人們這么寫或這么說(shuō)只是為了顯示自己不會(huì)使用陽(yáng)性代詞來(lái)指代所有的人(包括女性)
。當(dāng)然在口語(yǔ)中,象"Someone left this fan letter for you, but they didn't sign it
"這樣的句子聽(tīng)起來(lái)是很自然的,也不會(huì)產(chǎn)生歧義,但是在書面語(yǔ)中語(yǔ)法規(guī)則要嚴(yán)格得多,所
以they一般只指第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)。如下面一句話就很不合適,并容易產(chǎn)生歧義:
Response to the new version of the program has been favorable; one custome
r, for example, said that they doubled their productivity within the first three
weeks.。
另外,不定代詞each,every,anybody等本身是單數(shù),所以按語(yǔ)法規(guī)定不能于they結(jié)
合,所以下面兩句話都是語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤的:
Each student must hand in their own lab report.
Every guest was given a name tag when they arrived.
同時(shí),我們也可以用he or she(him or her;his or hers),不過(guò)要注意一點(diǎn):盡
量避免在一句話中重復(fù)使用he or she,否則就會(huì)顯得很邋遢。
當(dāng)談話涉及到的對(duì)象不止是一個(gè)人時(shí),用復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞指代就顯得更加簡(jiǎn)潔準(zhǔn)確。比
如:
We asked each participant to speak openly about his feelings.
We asked all participants to speak openly about their feelings.(更好)
某些情況下,我們還可以用one來(lái)代替he(one有時(shí)也可以用來(lái)代替第一、二人稱)。
使用one時(shí),通常說(shuō)話者和聽(tīng)話者屬于相同的集團(tuán),或者有著相同的特點(diǎn),共同的利益。因此
,從某種意義上說(shuō),one傳達(dá)了“you or I”的意思。比如:As a writer, one could work
it into a book addressing other writers.( Is one making oneself clear?)。再比如
在一篇以phisicians為對(duì)象的文章中,與其說(shuō):Clinical judgment involves the phisici
an making use of his experience, as well as his knowledge of the particular pati
ent.,不如說(shuō):Clinical judgment involves making use of one's experience, as well
as one's knowledge of the particular patient。不過(guò)要注意一點(diǎn):one也不可以過(guò)度使
用,否則顯得“stuffy”。
在某些可以和讀者進(jìn)行直接交流的文體中,比如在手冊(cè)、說(shuō)明書中,我們可以使用yo
u來(lái)代替第三人稱。如:
The reader should familiarize himself with these terms before proceeding.
Familiarize yourself with these terms before proceeding.(更好)
為了完全避免性別歧視,我們可以使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。比如與其說(shuō):The advantage to m
aking surgeon responsible for acquiring the research data is that he often acqui
res it in any case for clinical purposes.,不如說(shuō):The advantage to making surge
on responsible for acquiring the research data is that this information is often
required in any case for clinical purposes.。但是有時(shí)使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)會(huì)使句子顯得笨
拙,或產(chǎn)生歧義,所以被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)要慎重使用。
最后,我們還可以在主動(dòng)句中避免使用代詞,一般情況下,這也是最簡(jiǎn)便的方式。比
如:
A psychiatrist may ethically obtain research data from his patients, but h
is main objective must remain that of attending to their needs.
A psychiatrist may ethically obtain research data from patients, but must n
ot lose sight of the main objective of attending to their needs.(更好)
The bashful writer is reluctant to come right out and state his position f
irmly.
The bashful writer is reluctant to come right out and state a firm positio
n.(更好)
有時(shí)不用代詞很難準(zhǔn)確的表情達(dá)意,這時(shí)應(yīng)該優(yōu)先考慮表意的準(zhǔn)確性。
英語(yǔ)禮貌用語(yǔ)表達(dá)涉及到人們?nèi)粘I畹姆椒矫婷?,是一個(gè)龐大復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng),本文只
就其中的一兩點(diǎn)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了比較膚淺的探討。為了更加深入的了解英語(yǔ)禮貌用語(yǔ)表達(dá),我們
必須深入的了解整個(gè)的英語(yǔ)文化,它的歷史,并在具體的語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐中去認(rèn)識(shí)和掌握它。