作者：lemon_peel 華楠整理
現(xiàn)在美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣，據(jù)說(shuō)通過(guò)工作辦綠卡的被拒的不少。這么說(shuō)吧，等你遞交I-485表的時(shí)候已經(jīng)是綠卡辦理的最后階段了，就是這個(gè)階段有些人還要等1年以上呢。F1之后一般都是先用為期一年的OPT工作，就目前來(lái)說(shuō)很多公司不愿意提供sponsorship，所以申請(qǐng)H1本身就不是很容易。如果你有幸找到公司愿意提供H1，要是加急辦理（額外加$1000手續(xù)費(fèi)），快的從幾天到幾個(gè)月的都有。從H1到最后辦理綠卡可能還需要2-3年時(shí)間，這還要公司愿意配合才行。有的公司可能只愿意提供工作簽證而不愿意幫助辦理綠卡，所以你在選擇公司的時(shí)候事先搞清楚。
除了通過(guò)工作的途徑辦理綠卡，還有其他不需要雇主自己申請(qǐng)的，比如杰出人才和國(guó)家利益豁免等。這些以前很快，現(xiàn)在辦的人多了，據(jù)說(shuō)也慢下來(lái)了而且被拒的比例也高了。這兩種方式顧名思義都是要在申請(qǐng)人能夠證明自己在所在領(lǐng)域很有成就或者對(duì)美國(guó)的國(guó)家利益有貢獻(xiàn)等等（而且要求起碼要有碩士學(xué)位），比如你發(fā)表的文章很多，申請(qǐng)過(guò)個(gè)人專利等等。
申請(qǐng)了綠卡就不能再保持學(xué)生簽證了。如果是問(wèn)學(xué)生簽證能否申請(qǐng)綠卡，答案是可以。不過(guò)和你在美國(guó)待多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒有關(guān)系。如果不通過(guò)雇主自己申請(qǐng)綠卡，那么就要像我上面寫的，通過(guò)國(guó)家利益豁免或者杰出人才。另外的途徑就是通過(guò)婚姻/親屬移民。
一般學(xué)生的途經(jīng)都是F1(學(xué)生)-->H1b(工作)-->綠卡申請(qǐng).
親屬移民和勞工移民的485排期不一樣。一般勞工移民是送到幾個(gè)service center的，而親屬移民則由local INS office排期決定?？傊瑥?85到綠卡等上幾年也不稀奇。
另外關(guān)于回國(guó)，遞交485的同時(shí)可以申請(qǐng)勞工卡(EAD卡)也可以申請(qǐng)回美證(advanced parole)，使用advanced parole可以回美，但回美的時(shí)候也可能被拒絕入境，所以沒有絕對(duì)的。有的地區(qū)可能在遞交485后很快就發(fā)EAD，也有的地方可能會(huì)先發(fā)放advanced parole。
據(jù)說(shuō)如果懷疑你在美國(guó)逗留期間身份曾經(jīng)黑過(guò)，那么有可能重新入境的時(shí)候被拒。這只是聽說(shuō)而已，不清楚幾率。
485是專門給在美國(guó)境內(nèi)調(diào)整身份的人使用的，所以一旦申請(qǐng)人離開美國(guó)（哪怕只是去加拿大），那么該人的申請(qǐng)就等于自動(dòng)放棄，所以遞交485后如果因?yàn)樘貏e原因一定要離開美國(guó)，那么一定要在申請(qǐng)到advanced parole之后，否則就不可能繼續(xù)用485等綠卡了。如果你的老公是綠卡申請(qǐng)的主申請(qǐng)人，那么可能取消的可能只是你自己的綠卡機(jī)會(huì)；如果你是主申請(qǐng)人就不清楚了。advanced parole本來(lái)只是給人用來(lái)應(yīng)急的，不過(guò)如果是在想回國(guó)就試試吧，否則熬過(guò)1年可能就等到綠卡了。
注：一旦遞交了485表，申請(qǐng)人的身份就是AOS(Adjustment of Status)，如果申請(qǐng)前是學(xué)生身份，那么485遞交后該學(xué)生身份就實(shí)效了。在485批準(zhǔn)前，申請(qǐng)者屬于AOS，如果申請(qǐng)被拒絕，那么也不可能恢復(fù)之前的非移民簽證身份了。持H1工作簽證有些例外，因?yàn)镠1雖然是非移民簽證但是準(zhǔn)許有移民傾向，而學(xué)生簽證是不允許的。
Travel While Adjustment of Status is Pending
During the Adjustment of Status process, applicants are considered to have abandoned an application if they leave the U.S.; however, two important exceptions apply.
An application for adjustment is not considered abandoned if the applicant receives advance permission to travel outside of the U.S., otherwise known as "Advance Parole." Advance Parole may be granted for any bona fide personal or business reason, although often the purpose for the trip must be documented and submitted along with the request. Please note that an Advance Parole does not guarantee that the alien would be allowed to re-enter the United States. Therefore, advice of Counsel should always be sought before the alien leaves the U.S.
The second important exception to potential abandonment applies to a valid H or L category status applicants who may travel outside the U.S. during Adjustment proceedings without seeking Advance Parole, provided:
1) the applicant intends to resume employment with the same employer for whom the original H or L visa was originally issued;
2) the applicant is in possession of a valid H or L visa and;
3) the applicant is in possession of the original I-797 receipt which acts as evidence of the filing of an Adjustment of Status application.
Dependents and spouses in lawful H or L status may also travel with the principal applicant as well, provided their dependent status remains valid per its terms.
Although the use of Advanced Parole by the holder of an H or L visa can prevent the abandonment of Adjustment proceedings, it may cause the cancellation of the H or L status of the holder.
值得注意的是：“an Advance Parole does not guarantee that the alien would be allowed to re-enter the United States.”所以即便有advanced parole不表明持有者肯定可以入境。
再有就是通過(guò)工作（H1）申請(qǐng)綠卡的，如果使用了advanced parole回美國(guó)，那么申請(qǐng)人原來(lái)的H1簽證就作廢了，所以一般律師都建議在遞交485后仍然保持H1身份，也就是不用以調(diào)整身份為由而申請(qǐng)的EAD工作，也不使用advanced parole,這樣萬(wàn)一你的綠卡申請(qǐng)被拒絕，還可以繼續(xù)合法的H1工作簽證。
使用advanced parole的危險(xiǎn)性：
While advanced parole is a convenience for those who qualify, it is not always a harmless process. There are some dangers inherent to those applicants who get advanced parole. If the applicant was unlawfully in the United States for 180 days or more before filing the adjustment of status application, the applicant will be subject to the three (3) year bar upon returning to the U.S. If the applicant was unlawfully in the United States for 1 year before filing the adjustment of status application, the applicant will be subject to the ten (10) year bar upon his or her return. This means that the applicant will not be allowed to enter the United States for a period of either three or ten years (depending on the length of unlawful presence) if he or she leaves the U.S. before the adjustment of status application is approved. This is true even if the applicant obtained advance parole before leaving the U.S. There is another danger for an applicant who obtains advanced parole.
advanced parole FAQ
1. What is Advance Parole?
Advance Parole is a document for certain aliens, who do not have a valid immigrant visa or non-immigrant visa, to re-enter the United States after traveling abroad. Such aliens must be approved for Advance Parole before leaving the United States. If they have not obtained Advance Parole prior to traveling abroad, they will not be permitted to re-enter the United States upon their return.
2. Who needs an Advance Parole?
Aliens in the United States who have:
i)an application for adjustment of status pending;
ii)been admitted as a refugee or have been granted asylum;
iii)been granted benefits under the Family Unity Program;
vi)an urgent personal or bona fide reason to travel temporarily abroad.
3. What are the purposes of Advance Parole?
There are two purposes for advance parole:
i) It enables an alien to come back to the U.S. after traveling abroad without the necessity of obtaining a visa to the U.S.
ii) It preserves whatever the application pending at the INS. The alien is paroled outside of the U.S. and their application, such as the application for adjustment of status continues to be effective.
4. How does one obtain Advance Parole?
To apply for Advance Parole, please submit PDF Document - INS Form I-131 (4 pages):
5. Does an Advance Parole guarantee the admission into the United States?
No, Advance Parole, like a visa to the U.S., does not guarantee admission into the United States. Aliens who have obtained Advance Parole are still subject to the INS inspection process at the port of entry.
6. Can travel abroad have severe consequences for aliens if they have not obtained Advance Parole?
Yes, due to changes to U.S. immigration law, travel outside of the United States may have severe consequences for certain aliens who are in the process of adjusting their status or changing their nonimmigrant status. Such aliens may be found inadmissible to the United States upon return and/or their applications for adjustment or change of status may be denied.
7. How long does it take to get an Advance Parole?
It usually takes about two months for the INS to process an Advance Parole.
8. What is the valid duration of an Advance Parole?
One year. An alien may make multiple entries into the U.S. by using an Advanced Parole.
9. What is the difference between an Advanced Parole and a Re-entry Permit?
An Advanced Parole is issued to an alien who does not have permanent resident status. A Re-entry Permit is issued to a permanent resident of the U.S. On the appearance, an Advanced Parole is a piece of paper with the alien's photo whereas a Re-entry Permit looks like a passport. An Advanced Parole functions like a visa to the U.S. while a Re-entry Permit functions sometimes like a passport. In another word, an alien with an Advanced Parole still needs a foreign passport to enter into the U.S. while a permanent resident with a Re-entry Permit does not need a foreign passport to enter into the U.S.