作者：呂桓林
2002年起，聽力成績將記入總分，這無疑給考生們提出了一個挑戰(zhàn)。如何才能真正提高聽力理解能力并在考試中取得好成績？
一．對考研聽力的題型心中有數(shù)
考研聽力占整個試卷的20%，要求考生不僅能聽懂生活中的通知、講話、一般性談話或討論等，還應(yīng)能聽懂所熟悉領(lǐng)域的廣播電視節(jié)目、講座、演講和論述等?？忌鷳?yīng)具備以下幾種能力：
1） 理解主旨要義；
2） 獲取事實(shí)性的具體信息；
3） 理解明確或隱含表達(dá)的概念性含義；
4） 進(jìn)行有關(guān)的判斷、推理和引申；
5） 理解說話者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。
聽力試題由A、B、C三個部分組成，共20小題，每小題1分，共20分。
Part A（5題）：主要測試考生理解特定或具體信息的能力。內(nèi)容為一段180~220詞的獨(dú)白或?qū)υ挘罂忌畛浔砀裰械目瞻?。錄音材料播放兩遍?BR> Part B（5題）：主要測試考生理解具體或總體信息的能力。內(nèi)容為一段280~320的獨(dú)白或?qū)υ?，要求考生補(bǔ)全所給句子或簡要回答給出的問題。錄音材料播放兩遍。
Part C（10題）：主要測試考生獲取特定信息，理解主旨要義，推測、判斷說話者意圖、觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度等能力。內(nèi)容為三段獨(dú)白或?qū)υ?，每?00~300詞，要求考生從每題所給的四個選項(xiàng)中選出佳答案。錄音材料只播放一遍。該部分試題的提問不在錄音中播放，而在試題冊上印出。
考試進(jìn)行時，考生先將答案寫在試題冊上，在錄音材料全部播放完畢后，有5分鐘的時間留給考生將全部答案整潔地謄寫或轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡1上。整個聽力部分所需時間約為30分鐘。
就每個題型而言，有特定的解題技巧。掌握這些技巧非常重要，能讓考生們對難題迎刃而解。下面具體分析每個題型的測試方法和解題技巧。
Part A
Part A的形式是填表格，主要考查對細(xì)節(jié)的把握能力?？忌鷳?yīng)在錄音材料播放direction時搶讀表格，對表格要求填寫的內(nèi)容要特別留意，做到有的放矢地去捕捉信息。請看下面的例子：
On March 25th, 1616, fifty-two-year-old Master William Shakespeare signed his will leaving the famous legacy of his “second best bed and furniture” to his wife and the greater part of his estate to his married daughter, Susanna Hall. It was the will of a comfortably off man, for the income from the estate probably amounted to about ￡200 a year, which was a lot of money over three hundred and sixty years ago. For historians, the most interesting part of the will was that signature, because it and other signatures are all we have left of the handwriting of the world’s literary genius. There is no country where Shakespeare’s work is not read with something very like awe because there is something fascinating about a man whose work so much better than that of anyone else. Yet in spite of the thousands of books that have been written about this amazing writer, almost every detail of his personal life is supposition rather than fact. Historically speaking, Shakespeare lived only yesterday but his activities, like those of nearly every playwright of his day, are so vague that he could have been born in Roman times.
Shakespeare’s birthplace, the little town of Stratford-upon-Avon, in Warwickshire, had made a thriving business out of its most famous citizen for a long time. It is a popular place for tourists from all over the world, even though many of them would have the greatest of difficulty in understanding Shakespeare’s Elizabethan English. However, he has such a fine reputation that it is well worth the journey just to be able to look at the swans that swim on his river, and gaze at the cottage where Anne, his wife, lived before their marriage, and then to see his plays at the Royal Shakespeare Theater.
Information about Shakespeare
the year when Shakespeare signed the will 1
the most interesting part of the will
2
the income from the estate
3
people attracted by Shakespeare’s birthplace
4
the kind of English Shakespeare used in his works
5
第一題中出現(xiàn)了“the year”，我們可以知道這是考查時間，因此在聽的時候?qū)Τ霈F(xiàn)的時間要非常敏感，短文的第一句話就出現(xiàn)了答案。由此可見，從一開始就必須得集中精力專心聽。第二題的關(guān)鍵是要抓住“the most interesting part”，然后仔細(xì)捕捉看是否聽到了類似的句子，從“the most interesting part of the will was that signature”這句話，我們可以知道答案是“signature”。第三題是考查數(shù)字，“for the income from the estate probably amounted to about £200”這句話一般同學(xué)均能夠聽到。第四題在短文中沒有特別直接的答案，需要考生在理解的基礎(chǔ)上決定哪句話和題目相關(guān)，材料中出現(xiàn)“It is a popular place for tourists from all over the world”，當(dāng)然是旅行者們被吸引到莎士比亞的家鄉(xiāng)參觀游覽，因此答案應(yīng)是“tourist”。同理，后一題的答案應(yīng)從“many of them would have the greatest of difficulty in understanding Shakespeare’s Elizabethan English”中去尋找，沙翁用與寫作的英語即是伊麗莎白時代的英語。
Part B
Part B需要填五個空，題型是補(bǔ)全句子或回答問題。做這部分題有一個關(guān)鍵，即在搶讀選項(xiàng)時應(yīng)抓住題目中的關(guān)鍵詞或短語，或者是謂語動詞，或者是較長的一個時間，或者是地點(diǎn)等，這些都是在聽音的過程中比較容易捕捉的信息，答案就會在關(guān)鍵詞或短語的前后。例如：
At the University of Kansas art museum, investigators tested the effects of different colored walls on two groups of visitors to an exhibit of paintings. For the first group the room was painted white; for the second, dark brown. Movement of each group was followed by an electrical system under the carpet. The experiment revealed that those who entered the dark brown room walked more quickly, covered more area, and spent less time in the room than the people in the white environment. Dark brown stimulated more activity, but the activity ended sooner. Not only the choice of colors but also the general appearance of a room communicates and influences those inside. Another experiment presented subjects with photographs of faces that were to be rated in terms of energy and well-being. Three groups of subjects were used; each was shown the same photos, but each group was in a different kind of room. One group was in an “ugly” room that resembled a messy storeroom. Another group was in an average room – a nice office. The third group was in a tastefully designed living room with carpeting and drapes. Results showed that the subjects in the beautiful room tended to give higher ratings to the faces than did those in the ugly room. Other studies suggest that students fo better on tests taken in comfortable, attractive rooms than in ordinary-looking or ugly rooms.
Movement of the two groups in the 1
first experiment was followed by
What can be stimulated by dark brown? 2
What are shown to the subjects in the 3
second experiment?
The ugly room looked like a 4
In what kind of rooms do students do better 5
on tests?
現(xiàn)在請大家自己想一想每個題目的關(guān)鍵詞是什么？
第一題：movement, followed
第二題：dark brown, stimulate
第三題：shown, subjects （注意，這道題的關(guān)鍵詞雖然沒有在原文中出現(xiàn)，但show 與原文中的present為同義詞?？忌鷳?yīng)記住在這類考題中經(jīng)常會有同義詞互換的情況。）
第四題：ugly room, look like （這里的look like 與原文中resembled 又是同義互換。）
第五題：better, tests
考生只要抓住這些關(guān)鍵的詞和短語，再留心和原文中同義互換的情況，那么，這部分題也就難不了大家。
Part C
Part C 有三篇短文或?qū)υ?，共有十個選擇題，和四、六級考試略為不同的是，選項(xiàng)的問題都已在試卷上印出。這部分不光考查考生掌握細(xì)節(jié)和大意的能力，還考查推斷、引申的能力。要做好這種類型的題目，首先要學(xué)會帶著問題去聽，然后要學(xué)會正確搶讀選項(xiàng)。例如：
How many newspapers does the woman usually read?
A) Three
B) Two
C) One
D) More than four
一看這個題目就知道是考查對數(shù)字細(xì)節(jié)的捕捉能力，因此，在聽的時候就要留意短文里談
到了幾種報(bào)紙。再比如：
A. She was not a productive poet.
B. She saw many of her poems published.
C. She was not a sociable person.
D. She communicated only with seven poets.
讀選項(xiàng)時，應(yīng)快速地瀏覽關(guān)鍵詞，以獲取更多的信息。如上面的四個選項(xiàng)，主語部分相同，在讀的時候，眼睛應(yīng)縱向掃描，略去雷同部分，捕捉重點(diǎn)信息，即“productive, publish, sociable, seven”。在聽的過程中，若有與選項(xiàng)相似的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)，應(yīng)在旁邊做上記號。總之，經(jīng)過訓(xùn)練，要能達(dá)到耳、眼和手的同步與和諧，這樣才能考出好成績。請看下面的錄音材料：
Good morning. Let me welcome all the new members of the ski patrol. My name is Brenda Peters and I’ve been a ski patroller for nearly three years. After working in offices and restaurants I find this hob very satisfying. After all, if you love the outdoors, it’s a great job. You won't get rich but you’ll get in great shape and you will be able to help people everyday. And for me, the best part of the job is giving ski lessons. I’ve made a lot of friends that way. Of course, your main responsibilities will involve ensuring the safety of everyone who skis here. All trails have to be checked daily to make sure they are groomed properly. You also will have to be watching out constantly for people who aren't skiing safely, of who may think they are better skiers than they really are. And to help those who are injured, you’ll have to know basic first aid. Tomorrow you will begin training in a first aid system that skiers specifically to the outdoors. We pride ourselves in our ability to get people off the mountain quickly and safely. LK, so you are free to explore the slopes for the rest of the day. All in all, I think that being a ski patroller is a great job. I hope you will all feel the same way.
1) What does the speaker mainly discuss?
(A) The duties of a ski patroller
(B) The health benefits of the outdoor job.
(C) What a ski patroller teach skiers.
(D) The importance of first-aid techniques in a ski patrol.
2) According to the speaker, what is one advantage of working on a ski patrol?
(A) High salary.
(B) Job security
(C) Job satisfaction
(D) Employee health insurance
3) What does the speaker say she likes most about giving ski lessons?
(A) It provides an extra source of income.
(B) It improves her own skiing techniques.
(C) It gives her the opportunity to meet people.
(D) It helps her stay in shape.
4) According to the speaker, what is one of the main responsibilities of a ski patroller?
(A) To predict weather patterns.
(B) To maintain safe skiing conditions.
(C) To help skiers to improve the physical condition.
(D) To compete in ski competitions and races.
第一題是考這篇談話的主旨，需要進(jìn)行大意的歸納和整理。材料中出現(xiàn)了“your main responsibilities will involve ensuring the safety of everyone who skis here”以及“You also will have to be watching out constantly for people who aren't skiing safely, of who may think they are better skiers than they really are”的句子，我們可以推斷出正確答案應(yīng)該是A。
第二題實(shí)際上是問說話者對她的工作看法，她提到了“It’s a great job”， “you’ll get in great shape and you will be able to help people everyday”，還有“I’ve made a lot of friends that way”。從這些話我們可以得出結(jié)論，說話者非常熱愛她的工作，因此答案為C。
第三題比較簡單，從“And for me, the best part of the job is giving ski lessons. I’ve made a lot of friends that way”這句話就可以知道正確答案為C。
第四題關(guān)鍵要抓住“main responsibility”，材料中出現(xiàn)了“your main responsibilities will involve ensuring the safety of everyone who skis here”，不言而喻，答案是B。
二．堅(jiān)持進(jìn)行自我訓(xùn)練
我們知道，聽力理解能力的提高不可能一蹴而就，需要考生們平時堅(jiān)持進(jìn)行自我訓(xùn)練。自己練習(xí)聽力一定要掌握科學(xué)、正確的方法，才能在短時間內(nèi)取得較大提高，否則，就會像有的考生抱怨的那樣，幾乎每天都在聽，可是卻感覺進(jìn)步太慢。好的方法能讓考生事半功倍，體會到聽力能力飛躍時的欣喜。
1． 精聽
精聽練習(xí)能幫助考生在較短時間內(nèi)取得較大的提高。如何做精聽練習(xí)呢？考生應(yīng)找個安靜的地方，坐在書桌旁，準(zhǔn)備好紙筆，聽一句，寫一句，就象做聽寫一樣。遇到?jīng)]聽清的句子和詞，可以反復(fù)地聽，盡量將整篇短文記下來。或者可以聽一句，再口頭重復(fù)一句，這樣聽和說可以同步進(jìn)步。這個練習(xí)考生一定要做，一段時間后，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的聽力能力獲得了質(zhì)的飛躍。
2． 泛聽
顧名思義，泛聽即泛泛地聽，通常在休息或臨睡前進(jìn)行。泛聽的內(nèi)容可以廣一些，使自
己能多涉獵各式內(nèi)容的材料，可以是對話、短文，可以是影視錄音，電臺的英文節(jié)目，包括VOA、BBC的新聞節(jié)目都是不錯的選擇。
3． 注意事項(xiàng)
許多考生感到不是聽不懂，就是聽完后對所聽內(nèi)容記不住。那么，在進(jìn)行自我訓(xùn)練時，
該有哪些方面需要注意呢？
1） 聽自己感興趣的東西
培養(yǎng)興趣對外語的學(xué)習(xí)非常重要，尤其是在開始階段，有了興趣才會有動力，也才能
增強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)的信心。喜歡看電影的考生不妨多聽聽影視錄音，體會里面的對白是如何表達(dá)人
物的思想感情的；喜歡音樂的考生可以多聽聽國際廣播電臺的英語節(jié)目，甚至在聽英文歌
曲時，試著仔細(xì)聽歌詞，看自己能記下多少；VOA的Special English 對聽力水平稍弱的
考生是個不錯的選擇；而對水平較好的考生，則可以聽VOA的新聞及BBC的一些訪談節(jié)
目等。
2）聽時切記要專心
考生們在聽英文時，還無法做到象聽母語那樣，可以邊吃冰激凌邊聽新聞。如果不專心的話，就會感到一只耳朵進(jìn)，一只耳朵出，似乎什么也沒抓住。因此，在訓(xùn)練時，一定要做到專心致志，效率遠(yuǎn)比所花的時間長短更為重要。
3）不要見樹不見林
很多考生將自己聽力欠佳的原因歸咎于詞匯量少，一聽到自己不熟悉的詞就會卡殼，老去琢磨那個詞是什么意思，反而影響了對整個語篇的理解，這就是所謂見樹不見林。在聽的時候，不要擔(dān)心個別單詞的意思，即使有個別詞沒聽懂也沒有關(guān)系，重要的是要掌握整個語篇的大意。
4）配合原文三聽法
很多考生買了這樣或那樣的聽力訓(xùn)練教材，這些教材一般都附有聽力材料原文。怎樣才能讓文字材料更好地促進(jìn)聽力能力呢？考生可以采取至少聽三遍的方法。第一遍是專心聽，不要看原文，看看自己到底能聽懂多少內(nèi)容，第二遍時可以邊聽邊默讀原文，理順第一遍時沒有聽懂的地方，聽第三遍時不要看原文，看自己能否將整個語篇聽懂。
5）不要忘記記筆記
記筆記能讓考生更多地掌握所聽的內(nèi)容，養(yǎng)成隨手記筆記的習(xí)慣能使聽力快速進(jìn)步。首先應(yīng)判斷所聽語篇的主題是什么，再聽語篇就這個主題提出了什么樣的論點(diǎn)，以提綱的形式記下來，（筆記應(yīng)只要集中在動詞和名詞上），對于自己覺得重要的細(xì)節(jié)也應(yīng)盡量記下來。
三．全面提高聽力能力
要想在任何聽力考試中取得好成績，光是應(yīng)試技巧不能根本解決考生的問題，關(guān)鍵是要全面提高聽力能力。只有能力得到了真正的提高，才能以不變應(yīng)萬變。這也是我們對考生進(jìn)行輔導(dǎo)時宗旨和目標(biāo)。考生應(yīng)學(xué)到并掌握的技能有：
1。語音
語音對聽力理解起著至關(guān)重要的作用，掌握正確的語音是進(jìn)行聽力理解的基礎(chǔ)。同時，語音面貌的改善對考研復(fù)試時的口試大有裨益。
2．培養(yǎng)預(yù)測能力
聽一個語篇時，實(shí)際上我們都在潛意識地進(jìn)行著預(yù)測。預(yù)測能力的提高會有助于考生對整個篇章的總體把握，同時能大幅度提高聽力理解的能力。
3． 學(xué)會記筆記
這是抓住語篇主干和細(xì)節(jié)的關(guān)鍵，也是考研聽力測試需要掌握的技能。
以上技能老師都將在輔導(dǎo)班上對考生進(jìn)行針對性的訓(xùn)練。只有掌握了方法，才能獲得進(jìn)步和提高。語言的學(xué)習(xí)其實(shí)會是一件有趣的事，下一點(diǎn)功夫，相信考生們能夠取得好成績。