第一章 定語(yǔ)從句
英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)有很大的不同。漢語(yǔ)中定語(yǔ)只能前置,而英語(yǔ)中定語(yǔ)既可前置也可后置。兩者的不同,不僅表現(xiàn)在結(jié)構(gòu)上,也表現(xiàn)在意義上。英語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)從原因、結(jié)果、目的或條件等方面對(duì)中心詞加以限定。因此,在對(duì)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)、上下文邏輯關(guān)系深刻理解的前提下,為了更明確地表明這種邏輯關(guān)系,可以將定語(yǔ)從句翻譯成相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句。同時(shí)值得注意的是,定語(yǔ)從句與中心詞之間常有分割成分,而該分割成分中與定語(yǔ)從句緊挨著的名詞,常常會(huì)被誤認(rèn)為定語(yǔ)從句的中心詞。因此,遇到這種結(jié)構(gòu),一定要根據(jù)上下文和常識(shí)進(jìn)行判斷。翻譯定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可采用提前譯、順序譯、分譯或轉(zhuǎn)譯等多種方法。
1. As far as the third factor is concerned, the history of science shows many instances in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistance to further investigation; in some cases centuries elapsed before this resistance was eventually broken down, as happened in cosmology, for example.
第一層： As far as the third factor is concerned , 狀語(yǔ)從句1 the history 主 of science 定 shows 謂 many 定 instances 賓 in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly power- 定語(yǔ)從句 ful resistance to further investigation ; in some cases 狀 centuries 主 elapsed 謂 before this resistance was eventually broken down, as 狀語(yǔ)從句2 happened in cosmology, for example.
第二層： (狀語(yǔ)從句1) As far as 引 the third factor 主語(yǔ) is 系 concerned 表語(yǔ)
(定語(yǔ)從句) in which 引 the force 主 of authority 定 has operated 謂 in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful re- 狀 sistance to further investigation
(狀語(yǔ)從句2) before 引 this resistance 主 was 系 eventually 狀 broken down, 表 as happened in cosmology,for example 定語(yǔ)從句
第三層： (定語(yǔ)從句) as 引 happened 謂 in cosmology, 狀 for example. 插入語(yǔ)
要點(diǎn) 本句由兩個(gè)分句構(gòu)成,以分號(hào)連接。第一個(gè)分句的主干為"the history of science shows many instances","in which"引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾"instances","such ...as ..."表結(jié)果,后接不定式；在第二個(gè)分句中,before 引出時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句："before this resistance was eventually broken down";代詞"as"在此是關(guān)系代詞,引出定語(yǔ)從句："as happened in cosmology"。resistance:抵抗(力)；阻力。cosmology:宇宙論,宇宙哲學(xué)。
譯文 至于第三個(gè)因素,科學(xué)史中有許多事例表明,權(quán)威的力量起到這樣一種作用：它給進(jìn)一步的研究設(shè)置了一道極其牢固的障礙；在許多情況下,要花上幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的時(shí)間才能最終打破這道障礙。例如,在宇宙學(xué)中就發(fā)生過這樣的事。
2. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
第一層： Behaviorists 主 suggest 謂 that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his 賓語(yǔ)從句 or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
第二層： (賓語(yǔ)從句) that 引 the child 主 who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity 定語(yǔ)從句
for appropriate responses will experience 謂 greater intellectual 定 development. 賓
第三層： (定語(yǔ)從句) who 引 is raised 謂 in an environment 狀 where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for ap- 定語(yǔ)從句
propriate responses
第四層： (定語(yǔ)從句) where 引 there 引 are 系 many 定 stimuli 主 which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses 定語(yǔ)從句
第五層： (定語(yǔ)從句) which 引 develop 謂 his or her 定 capacity 賓 for appropriate 定 responses
要點(diǎn) 根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系可以看出,本句中suggest的詞義不是propose,而是bring an idea into the mind, 所以翻譯為"…的看法是"。who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾child,根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系,翻譯成條件句；where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾environment,用合譯法譯出；which引導(dǎo)的從句修飾stimuli,用分譯法進(jìn)行翻譯。appropriate:適合的,相稱的。 譯文 行為主義者的看法是,如果一個(gè)兒童在有許多刺激因素的環(huán)境里長(zhǎng)大,而這些刺激因素能夠開發(fā)其相應(yīng)的反映能力,那么這個(gè)兒童將會(huì)有更好的智力發(fā)展。
3. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities - those of love and of reason - are the aims of all social arrangements.
要點(diǎn) 本句為含有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句。主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞suggest可接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。而賓語(yǔ)中的transform一詞常用在"transform sth. from ... into..."結(jié)構(gòu)中,譯為"把…從…轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤?。句中兩個(gè)in which分別修飾其先行詞industrialism,翻譯時(shí)宜采用前置法。兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間的those of love and of reason為potentialities一詞的同位語(yǔ)。
譯文 我建議把我們的社會(huì)制度從以限度的生產(chǎn)和限度的消費(fèi)為目的的官僚主義管理下的產(chǎn)業(yè)體制轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€(gè)充分發(fā)揮人的潛能--即愛和理智的潛能--為其全部社會(huì)工作之目的的人道主義產(chǎn)業(yè)體制。
4. President Kennedy wanted people who raised questions, who criticized, on whose judgment he could rely, who presented an intelligent point of view, regardless of their rank or viewpoint.
要點(diǎn) 本句中"who...","who...","on whose...","who..."四個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句并列,共同修飾中心詞"people"。
譯文 肯尼迪總統(tǒng)需要提問題的人、能提批評(píng)意見的人、做出可靠判斷的人以及能提出明智看法的人,而不問他們的級(jí)別和觀點(diǎn)。
5. In the "soap war" between Proctor and Gamble and Unilever, tremendous use is made of statistics to measure the dynamic difference in market resulting from the proportional allocation to advertising, which constitutes such a large part of their production costs before selling, so that they regard their production costs as production plus advertising costs.
要點(diǎn) 此句結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,但主句很簡(jiǎn)單,主語(yǔ)為use,謂語(yǔ)為is made。主句正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)閠remendous use of statistics is made to..., to measure...作目的狀語(yǔ),resulting from...為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作difference的后置定語(yǔ)。which引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,修飾allocation to advertising。so that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。plus為介詞,意為"加上"。soap war 為"肥皂廣告大戰(zhàn)"。
譯文 在Proctor and Gamble和 Unilever兩家企業(yè)之間的"肥皂大戰(zhàn)"中,雙方就大量使用了統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)知識(shí)來(lái)測(cè)量由相應(yīng)的廣告投入所引起的市場(chǎng)上的動(dòng)態(tài)差異,這一項(xiàng)在售前的生產(chǎn)成本中占較大部分,所以他們把生產(chǎn)成本看作是生產(chǎn)費(fèi)用與廣告費(fèi)用之和。
6. Smart cards, which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional cards with a magnetic stripe, are already widely used in European countries where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis.
要點(diǎn) 本句為簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)合句。句架為Smart cards, which ..., are already widely used in European countries where...。which為關(guān)系代詞,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,修飾smart cards；where 為關(guān)系副詞,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾countries。nationwide:全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)的。roll out:本意為"展開(卷起之物)",此處為引申義,指展開工作。
譯文 智能卡載有的信息量是普通磁卡信息載量的80多倍,已經(jīng)在歐洲各國(guó)廣泛使用,因而使歐洲各國(guó)中央銀行得以在全國(guó)范圍展開新型的服務(wù)。
7. How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
要點(diǎn) 本句含有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句How well the prediction will be validated by later performance和一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句with which it is interpreted。定語(yǔ)從句中it 指代prediction,該定語(yǔ)從句修飾the skill and wisdom。在翻譯時(shí)主語(yǔ)從句用分譯法,定語(yǔ)從句用合譯法。validate:使有效；使有充分根據(jù)。
譯文 預(yù)測(cè)在多大程度上為后來(lái)的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí),這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性,還取決于用來(lái)解釋預(yù)測(cè)的技巧和智慧。
8. Thus, to rectify the positions taken previously, where we contented ourselves with condemnations, in my delegation's opinion, we must find an overall solution which would come to grips with both the substance as well as the superficial aspects which, after all, serve only to compel us to keep this problem constantly on the Security Council's agendas.
要點(diǎn) 本句含有三個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句"where...condemnations","which would come to grips ..."和"which, after all, serve only to compel..."。第二個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句譯成同位結(jié)構(gòu)；第三個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句同上下文有明顯的因果關(guān)系,譯成"因?yàn)椤?。overall:從頭到尾；總的,全面的。
譯文 因此,我們代表團(tuán)認(rèn)為,要糾正我們過去采取的只是滿足于進(jìn)行譴責(zé)的那種立場(chǎng),我們必須尋求一個(gè)全面的解決方法,既能解決本質(zhì)方面的問題,又能解決應(yīng)對(duì)表面的問題,因?yàn)閮H解決表面問題畢竟只能迫使我們一次又一次地把這個(gè)問題列入安理會(huì)的議程。
9. We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical change in matter as a result of which it is possible to form a new substance.
要點(diǎn) 本句中有兩個(gè)由which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句：第一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是science,而不是chemistry; 第二個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是chemical change,而不是result或matter。
譯文 我們可以說,化學(xué)是論述物質(zhì)化學(xué)變化的科學(xué),通過化學(xué)變化可能獲得新的物質(zhì)。
10. Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you can catch!
要點(diǎn) 本句由一個(gè)主句(Time goes fast)、兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句(who...和you can catch)和一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句(when...)組成。you can catch前省略了that。按照先發(fā)生的事情先敘述以及條件在先結(jié)果在后的漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣,翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)采用逆序法。
譯文 對(duì)一個(gè)有美感,能以好奇心接收你所能抓到的任何東西的人來(lái)說,時(shí)間總是過得很快,比如當(dāng)戲水池里有幾個(gè)可愛的孩子,池邊還有一位如黛安娜似的年輕女子時(shí)。
第二章 倒裝句
英語(yǔ)句子通常有兩種語(yǔ)序,一種是自然語(yǔ)序(Natural Order),又稱正裝語(yǔ)序,另一種便是本章要介紹的倒裝語(yǔ)序(Inverted Order)。從形式上分,倒裝有兩種：全部倒裝(Full Inversion)和部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部位于主語(yǔ)之前的稱作全部倒裝,例如：In front of me stood a boy. (我面前站著一個(gè)男孩。)只將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一部分(通常是助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)放在主語(yǔ)之前的稱作部分倒裝,例如：Only in this way can we do it better. (只有這樣,我們才能做得更好一些。)從使用目的區(qū)分,倒裝也有兩種情況,即語(yǔ)法倒裝(Grammatical Inversion)和修辭倒裝(Rhetorical Inversion)。語(yǔ)法倒裝是由于語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的要求而必須進(jìn)行的倒裝,例如：Who called me just now?(剛才誰(shuí)打電話給我?)修辭倒裝是出于修辭的需要而把正常語(yǔ)序轉(zhuǎn)為倒裝語(yǔ)序,例如：Out rushed the children.(孩子們沖了出去。)H·Fowler歸納倒裝的原因有九種,即疑問、命令、驚嘆、假設(shè)、平衡、銜接、點(diǎn)題(signpost)、否定和韻律(metrical)。這并不完全,還應(yīng)加上強(qiáng)調(diào)和為使描寫更加生動(dòng)兩種。在英語(yǔ)中,倒裝句俯拾即是,用得非常普遍,但漢語(yǔ)卻很少用,所以在翻譯倒裝句時(shí),仍應(yīng)按原文詞序翻譯,并照顧漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣,以保持譯文句子結(jié)構(gòu)流暢、勻稱。本章只列舉在閱讀文章中常遇到的倒裝現(xiàn)象,以使考生熟悉英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)序上的差異。
1. Jack London poured into his writings all the pain of his life, the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him, and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.
第一層： Jack London 主 poured 謂 into his writings 狀 all the pain 賓 of his life, 定 the fierce hatred 賓 of the bourgeoisie 定 that it had produced in him , 定語(yǔ)從句1 and 連 the conviction 賓 it had brought to him 定語(yǔ)從句2 that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise 同位語(yǔ)從句 up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters .
第二層： (定語(yǔ)從句1) that 引 it 主 had produced 謂 in him 狀
(定語(yǔ)從句2) it 主 had brought to 謂 him 間賓
(同位語(yǔ)從句) that 引 the world 主 could be made 謂 a better place 賓 to live in 定 if the exploited would rise up and take the man- 狀語(yǔ)從句 agement of society out of the hands of the exploiters.
第三層： (狀語(yǔ)從句) if 引 the exploited 主 would rise up 謂 and 連 take 謂 the management 賓 of society 定 out of the hands of the exploiters 狀
要點(diǎn) 本句為倒裝句。如果賓語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)或賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,往往將賓語(yǔ)后置,采用倒裝語(yǔ)序,以使句子保持平衡。本句的賓語(yǔ)由三個(gè)并列的名詞構(gòu)成,且第二和第三個(gè)名詞后又帶有限定性定語(yǔ)從句,故采用倒裝語(yǔ)序,將動(dòng)詞"poured"的賓語(yǔ)放在狀語(yǔ)"into his writings"之后。"all the pain...","the fierce hatred..."和"the conviction..."是"poured"的三個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)；其中,第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾"hatred","it had brought to him"修飾"conviction",在該定語(yǔ)從句中其關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)而被省略；第二個(gè)that從句則是"conviction"的同位語(yǔ)從句。
譯文 杰克·倫敦在作品中傾注了他一生中所遭受過的一切痛苦,傾訴了這種痛苦在他心中產(chǎn)生的對(duì)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的刻骨仇恨以及由此產(chǎn)生的這樣的信念：如果被剝削者起來(lái)反抗,從剝削者手中奪回社會(huì)管理權(quán),那么世界就會(huì)變成一個(gè)人人有好日子過的地方。
2. Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century.
分 析： Along with them 狀 goes 謂 social 定 mobility, 主 ambition 主 to rise in the 定 urban world, a main factor 同位語(yǔ) in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century. 定
要點(diǎn) 這是一個(gè)完全倒裝句,主語(yǔ)是social mobility...century,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是goes。ambition to rise in the urban world 是對(duì) social mobility的進(jìn)一步說明。a main factor在意思上相當(dāng)于which is a main factor in...century,修飾 ambition to ...world。本句可按原文順序翻譯。
譯文 伴隨他們而來(lái)的是社會(huì)的流動(dòng)性, 人們強(qiáng)烈地希望在城市里發(fā)展,這是19世紀(jì)歐洲出生率下降的主要因素。
3. For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
要點(diǎn) 句中had he grown up ... 是虛擬條件中省略if的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。翻譯時(shí),要把if的含義譯出。主句為并列謂語(yǔ)"... compensate ... , and ... tell"結(jié)構(gòu)。句中how引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。虛擬條件句為賓語(yǔ)從句的狀語(yǔ)。根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,條件狀語(yǔ)常前置。
譯文 例如,它們并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公； 因此,它們說明不了一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人,如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng),會(huì)有多大的才干。
4. So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.
要點(diǎn) 本句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是the children become so involved with their computers that...。因?yàn)榘裺o involved with their computers 放在了句首,所以句子必須倒裝。因?yàn)樵摼涞膭?dòng)詞是become,所以用do來(lái)幫助倒裝。翻譯時(shí)宜用正裝語(yǔ)序。
譯文 參加計(jì)算機(jī)夏令營(yíng)的孩子們對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)如此著迷,以至夏令營(yíng)的負(fù)責(zé)人常常不得不強(qiáng)迫他們停下來(lái)參加體育運(yùn)動(dòng)或做游戲。
5. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access - after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.
要點(diǎn) 破折號(hào)后面的部分是用來(lái)解釋句子主句的,在結(jié)構(gòu)上是部分倒裝句,屬"（從句）the＋比較級(jí)...,（主句） the ＋比較級(jí)"句型,這樣的句子一般主謂不倒裝。翻譯時(shí)可用正裝。universalize:使普遍化；使通用化。
譯文 隨著國(guó)際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)越來(lái)越商業(yè)化,普及上網(wǎng)會(huì)對(duì)商家有利, 因?yàn)樯暇W(wǎng)的人越多,潛在的顧客數(shù)量就越多。
6. Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of such programs has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.
要點(diǎn) only是加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的詞語(yǔ),位于句首時(shí),主謂語(yǔ)要倒裝。這樣的句子一般可按原文順序翻譯。has it been ...是主句,正裝應(yīng)是it has been...。
譯文 只有大量調(diào)研提供出證據(jù)表明此類節(jié)目產(chǎn)生不良影響后,電視節(jié)目審查政策才有可能改變。
7. Unpopular as red has been in the past at the moment it is a favorite hair style.
要點(diǎn) 這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句,主句是at the moment it is a favorite hair style。在讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,作為表語(yǔ)的unpopular 放在 as前面位于句首,構(gòu)成部分倒裝。形容詞＋as從句在意思上等于although...,一般翻譯成"雖然…"。注意這個(gè)形容詞不能放在動(dòng)詞后面,否則整個(gè)句子意思不同。
譯文 雖然過去紅色不受歡迎,眼下紅色染發(fā)劑卻備受青睞。
8. Lonely was seeing his daughter only twice a week since the divorce.
要點(diǎn) 這是一個(gè)完全倒裝句,主語(yǔ)是seeing his daughter...divorce。翻譯時(shí)可正裝。
譯文 他只是覺得離婚后每周只能看女兒兩次讓他感到孤獨(dú)。
9. So perilous was this one that he was the only security officer on the site.
要點(diǎn) 該句的原結(jié)構(gòu)是this one was so perilous that...,因?yàn)榘?so perilous 放在句首,所以句子要主謂倒裝。翻譯時(shí)可正裝。
譯文 做現(xiàn)場(chǎng)惟一的保安官員,這差使還真有點(diǎn)危險(xiǎn)。
10. In front of me stood the essential tools of the intelligence officer's trade - a desk, two telephones, one scrambled（改變頻率使不被竊聽） for outside calls, and to one side a large green metal safe with an oversized combination lock on the front.
要點(diǎn) 這是一個(gè)并列句,由and連接。第一個(gè)分句中破折號(hào)前面是一個(gè)完全倒裝句,主語(yǔ)是 the essential tools of the intelligence officer's trade。破折號(hào)后面的部分是用來(lái)解釋trade。One scrambled for outside calls 等于one of which was scrambled for outside calls。第二個(gè)分句也是一個(gè)完全倒裝句,只是在 to one side后面省去了動(dòng)詞stood。該句可按原文語(yǔ)序翻譯,第二個(gè)分句中省去的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)翻譯出來(lái)。
譯文 展現(xiàn)在我面前的是情報(bào)官員這一行的基本用具--一張寫字臺(tái)、兩部電話,其中一部是變頻加密外線電話,在我旁邊是一個(gè)大型的綠色金屬保險(xiǎn)柜,其正面有一把特大號(hào)復(fù)合密碼鎖。
第三章 分割結(jié)構(gòu)
分割結(jié)構(gòu)是一種修辭手段,在英語(yǔ)句子中,特別是在書面語(yǔ)中,比較常見。分割結(jié)構(gòu)就是指把英語(yǔ)句子中原來(lái)屬于一個(gè)整體的句子成分分割開,一部分留在句子的原來(lái)位置,另一部分遠(yuǎn)離原來(lái)位置。如：The best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, become our constant companions and comforters. 不難看出which become our constant companions and comforters原本是一個(gè)整體,被用作狀語(yǔ)的過去分詞remembered and cherished分割開。常見的分割結(jié)構(gòu)形式有同位語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的分割,定語(yǔ)或and定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的分割,主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的分割,謂語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)的分割。使用分割結(jié)構(gòu)的目的是使語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)平衡,避免頭重腳輕,或者為了使表達(dá)的主題思想更加突出醒目,讀起來(lái)更通順流暢。分割結(jié)構(gòu)的存在說明了英語(yǔ)在結(jié)構(gòu)形式和表達(dá)方法上的生動(dòng)性和靈活性,但也造成了句子結(jié)構(gòu)的錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜。對(duì)于分割結(jié)構(gòu),只有從結(jié)構(gòu)上和語(yǔ)意上弄清它才能避免理解上的錯(cuò)誤,英譯漢時(shí)要把原來(lái)屬于一個(gè)整體部分的意義譯出。
如： An unusual present was given to him for his birthday, a book on ethics.過生日的時(shí)候他得到了一件不尋常的禮物--一本關(guān)于倫理道德的書。(present 和a book被分隔)
再如： After Galileo's work the feeling grew that there were universal laws governing the motion of bodies and that these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as on earth.在伽利略著作之后,這樣的認(rèn)識(shí)加強(qiáng)了,即認(rèn)為存在著支配物體運(yùn)動(dòng)的普遍規(guī)律,這些規(guī)律不僅支配著地球上的也支配著天體上的物體的運(yùn)動(dòng)。(the feeling和 that從句被分隔)
此外,還有定語(yǔ)（或定語(yǔ)從句）與其中心詞被分隔,某些詞語(yǔ)與其所要求的介詞被分隔,動(dòng)詞與其賓語(yǔ)被分隔,介詞與其賓語(yǔ)被分隔等?？傊?英語(yǔ)的分隔應(yīng)遵循尾重原則（應(yīng)當(dāng)把長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的成分放在句末,從而使結(jié)構(gòu)平衡勻稱,以避免主語(yǔ)部分太長(zhǎng),謂語(yǔ)部分太短）和句尾信息焦點(diǎn)原則（把新信息,即語(yǔ)義重點(diǎn)放在句子末尾）。閱讀時(shí)要注意把原來(lái)屬于一個(gè)整體的各部分找出來(lái)。
1. Such a viewpoint, particularly prominent in the developing countries, is reinforced by the widely-held belief that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is endangering the survival of mankind.
第一層： Such a viewpoint, 主 particularly prominent in the developing 定 countries, is 系 reinforced 表 by the widely-held belief 狀 that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is end- 同位語(yǔ)從句 angering the survival of mankind.
第二層： (同位語(yǔ)從句) that 引 it 形主 is not 系 the peaceful application 強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ) of nuclear energy 定 that 引 is endangering 謂 the survival 賓 of mankind. 定
要點(diǎn) 本句主干為"Such a viewpoint... is reinforced by the widely-held belief"；形容詞短語(yǔ)"particularly prominent in the developing countries",作為插入語(yǔ)修飾"viewpoint",將主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)分隔開來(lái);介詞短語(yǔ)"by the widely-held belief"是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)"reinforced"的行為主體；"that it is...mankind"是"belief"的同位語(yǔ)從句,這里還含有一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式,即"it is not the peaceful application...that is endangering..."。
譯文 這種在發(fā)展中國(guó)家顯得尤為突出的觀點(diǎn)被一種廣泛持有的信念所加強(qiáng),即并非和平利用核能正危害著人類的生存。
2. No girl should marry a man whose last name has the same initial as hers, for, as the rhyme goes, "Change the name but not the letter, marry for worse instead of better."
第一層： No girl 主 should marry 謂 a man 賓 whose last name has the same initial as hers , 定語(yǔ)從句 for, as the rhyme goes, "Change 狀語(yǔ)從句 the name but not the letter, marry for worse instead of better."
第二層： (定語(yǔ)從句) whose 引 last name 主 has 謂 the same initial 賓 as hers 定
(狀語(yǔ)從句) for, 引 as the rhyme goes, 狀 "Change 謂 the name 賓 but 連 not the letter, 賓 marry 謂 for worse instead of better." 狀
要點(diǎn) 這是個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。for是連接詞,引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句。as the rhyme goes是插入語(yǔ),插在for和它引導(dǎo)的從句之間,造成for和它引導(dǎo)的從句的分離,翻譯時(shí),可譯成一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。
譯文 姑娘不該嫁給與自己的姓的首字母相同的人,因?yàn)檎缫皇淄{所說：改姓不改首字母,婚后必將受其苦。
3. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.
要點(diǎn) 否定詞nor放在句首時(shí),主謂倒裝。is放到了主語(yǔ)management前。同時(shí),if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句置于nor與句子的其他成分之間,造成了句子的割裂狀態(tài)。條件狀語(yǔ)從句中as desirable... as the writing...可視為同級(jí)比較結(jié)構(gòu)。句中who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞thinkers,可采用合譯的方法翻譯。be blamed for為固定短語(yǔ),意為"因…而受指責(zé)"。in favor of ...在句中做狀語(yǔ)。
譯文 假如像學(xué)術(shù)論文反映的那樣,科學(xué)家們期望看到與某種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式符合的規(guī)律性和一致性。那么,如果管理者們歧視研究者中的"怪杰",而喜歡善于合作的較常規(guī)思維的人,這也是無(wú)可指責(zé)的。
4. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into "downshifting" brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.
要點(diǎn) 本句中as perhaps Kelsey will...引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句放到了主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞discovered與that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句之間,從而造成動(dòng)賓之間的分割。as引導(dǎo)的從句中省略了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞discover,是為了避免重復(fù)。賓語(yǔ)從句中主語(yǔ)為"abandoning...and making..."并列的動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)；謂語(yǔ)為"bring sth with sth"結(jié)構(gòu),只是因賓語(yǔ)過長(zhǎng),而把with短語(yǔ)提前了。
譯文 我發(fā)覺,放棄那種"日夜操勞的生活"信念而選擇"放慢生活的節(jié)奏"會(huì)帶來(lái)比金錢和社會(huì)地位更大的回報(bào)。凱爾西在長(zhǎng)期經(jīng)受巨大壓力后,從惹人注目的《女性》雜志編輯部退出之后,恐怕她也將與我有同樣的感覺。
5. Such an outcome, if it happens, could cause a political controversy; or it could lead to more power being transferred to the EU in the worst possible circumstances, namely when the Union is deeply unpopular.
要點(diǎn) 這是個(gè)復(fù)合句。條件從句因?yàn)樘?置于主句的主謂之間,造成句子割裂,翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)將從句提到句首。namely when the...unpopular是一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句,用來(lái)解釋the worst possible circumstances。the EU: the European Union,歐盟。
譯文 這種結(jié)果一旦產(chǎn)生,就可能引起政治上的爭(zhēng)吵；在最糟糕的情況下,即在歐盟很不得人心的時(shí)候,也可能使更多的權(quán)利落到歐盟手中。
6. That fact, let alone the current division between the 11 euro countries and the four, led by Britain, that have not joined, is likely to mean that the Union should become a multi-system entity, with some countries signing up to everything and others choosing only some things.
要點(diǎn) 句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是That fact... is likely to mean that...。with some countries signing up to everything and others choosing only some things是"with +復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)"形式,表示伴隨狀態(tài)。短語(yǔ)let alone...not joined置于主謂之間,造成句子割裂,翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)將其還原,放在最后。分詞短語(yǔ)led by Britain和定語(yǔ)從句that have not joined都修飾the four。euro:歐元。multi-:前綴,表示"多…的",如mutilateral,多邊的：multiple,多個(gè)的。
譯文 這一事實(shí)可能意味著歐盟將成為一個(gè)多體系的實(shí)體,其中一些國(guó)家對(duì)每一件事都表示贊同,而另一些則不盡然；更不用說以英國(guó)為首的尚未加入歐洲統(tǒng)一貨幣體系的四國(guó)和已經(jīng) 加入這一體系的十一個(gè)歐元國(guó)家之間目前已存在的分歧了。
7. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
要點(diǎn) 該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是This trend began during the Second World War, when...。when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾the Second World War。that the specific...detail是conclusion的同位語(yǔ)從句,在該從句中,主語(yǔ)是 the specific demands of its scientific establishment,that a government wants to make是 demands的定語(yǔ)從句。該定語(yǔ)從句放在其先行詞 demands和 of介詞短語(yǔ)之間,造成句子的割裂。翻譯時(shí),可把被割裂的部分還原。
譯文 這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府得出這樣的結(jié)論：政府要向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無(wú)法詳盡預(yù)見的。
8. Observations were made of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade.
要點(diǎn) 整個(gè)of短語(yǔ)作observations的定語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于Observations of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade were made。因?yàn)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)太長(zhǎng),所以將其置于動(dòng)詞之后,以避免句子頭重腳輕。這樣就造成了句子的割裂,翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)將被割裂的部分還原。preschool:學(xué)前的。
譯文 人們對(duì)孩子們?cè)趯W(xué)前班和小學(xué)一年級(jí)開始時(shí)和結(jié)束時(shí)的情況都曾進(jìn)行過觀察。
9. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
要點(diǎn) 這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。Whether to...situation是本句的主語(yǔ),depends是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,兩個(gè)"upon"后面是賓語(yǔ)。availability在句中是指"測(cè)試和信息容易得到或找到"。therefore是副詞,插在depends 和upon...之間,造成它們?cè)诮Y(jié)構(gòu)上的割裂。翻譯時(shí),可把therefore提到句首。
譯文 因此,究竟是采用測(cè)試還是其他種類的信息,或是在某一特定情況下兩者并用,須憑從有關(guān)相對(duì)效度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)中得出的證據(jù)而定,也取決于諸如費(fèi)用和有無(wú)采用的可能性等因素。
10. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of "having it all", preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
要點(diǎn) 該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of "having it all"...into a woman...。preached by...magazine是過去分詞短語(yǔ),作the philosophy of "having it all"的定語(yǔ),插在from...into之中,造成了句子的割裂。翻譯時(shí),可把分詞短語(yǔ)譯成一個(gè)分句,其他照原文順序翻譯。
譯文 我從一個(gè)"全力以赴"的生活哲學(xué)--在過去七年里林達(dá)·凱爾西一直在《女性》雜志鼓吹這種生活方式--的積極倡導(dǎo)者,一改而成為隨遇而安的女人。
第四章 省略
英國(guó)大文豪莎士比亞在他的名著《哈姆雷特》里寫過這么一句名言：Brevity is the soul of wit.(言以簡(jiǎn)潔為貴。)寫文章也好,說話也好,都要求生動(dòng)活潑,簡(jiǎn)單明了,因此,"簡(jiǎn)潔"乃是一篇好文章的基本要求之一。文章要做到簡(jiǎn)潔,省略法(Ellipsis)是必用的。
英語(yǔ)句子中的某些成分因上下文已提供了充分明確的信息而不必出現(xiàn),或前面已出現(xiàn)的某些成分,為了避免不必要的重復(fù),可以不再出現(xiàn)而不致引起誤解或歧義,這種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象就叫作省略。例如：Glad to see you. 這是個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,主語(yǔ)I和謂語(yǔ)am可以省略。再如：London is on the Themes, and Paris on the Seine. 這是一個(gè)并列復(fù)合句,后半句省略了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞is,因?yàn)榍懊嬉呀?jīng)出現(xiàn)過,后面不必重復(fù)。英譯漢時(shí),為了使譯文明確達(dá)意,符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣,要在正確理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)原文中省略的部分或保留或補(bǔ)全,或?qū)ζ溥M(jìn)行靈活處理。
有人將英語(yǔ)句子中的省略現(xiàn)象歸納為21種,本章只涉及在英語(yǔ)閱讀中常遇到的比較復(fù)雜的省略現(xiàn)象。
1. The transcription needs a certain amount of editing, as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right, it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.
第一層： The transcription 主 needs 謂 a certain amount of 定 editing, 賓 as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar 狀語(yǔ)從句
sounds such as write and right, it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.
第二層： (狀語(yǔ)從句) as 引 even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right , 狀語(yǔ)從句1 it 主 is 系 still not yet 狀 able 表 to do the work 賓 as well as an inte- lligent secretary . 狀語(yǔ)從句2
第三層： (狀語(yǔ)從句1) even if 引 the computer 主 can tell 謂 the difference 賓 between words of similar sounds 定 such as write and right 同位語(yǔ)
(狀語(yǔ)從句2) as well as 引 an intelligent secretary 主
要點(diǎn) 本句中as引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句,其中該句還帶有一個(gè)由"even if"引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句；介詞短語(yǔ)"between words of similar sounds"修飾"difference","such as write and right"修飾"words","as well as..."為同等比較狀語(yǔ)從句,其中省略了與主句相同的部分。intelligent:有才智的；理解力強(qiáng)的。
譯文 譯稿需要一定量的編輯工作,因?yàn)?即使計(jì)算機(jī)能夠區(qū)別同音異義詞,如 write和right,它仍不可能把這項(xiàng)工作做得像有思維能力的秘書那樣好。
2. If a needle is thrown at random on a sheet of paper ruled with lines whose distance apart is exactly equal to the length of the needle, how often can it be expected to fall on a line and how often into a blank space?
第一層： If a needle is thrown at random on a sheet of paper ruled with lines whose distance apart is exactly equal to the len- 狀語(yǔ)從句 gth of the needle , how often 狀 can 謂 it 主 be expected 謂 to fall on a line 賓 and 連 how often 狀 into a blank space? 狀
第二層： (狀語(yǔ)從句) If 引 a needle 主 is 系 thrown 表 at random 狀 on a sheet of paper 狀 ruled with lines 定 whose distance apart is exactly equal to the length of the needle 定語(yǔ)從句
第三層： (定語(yǔ)從句) whose 引 distance apart 主 is 系 exactly 狀 equal 表 to the length of the needle 賓
要點(diǎn) 這是復(fù)合句。在if引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中,ruled with lines 是過去分詞,作paper 的定語(yǔ),whose...needle 是 lines 的定語(yǔ)從句,whose distance apart 的意思是"它們之間的間隔"。主句中and 后面是個(gè)省略句,省去了 can it be expected to fall。翻譯時(shí)可將英文的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)譯成漢語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。length:長(zhǎng)度。rule paper with lines:在紙上劃平行線。
譯文 如果把一根針隨機(jī)地投到一張紙上,紙上畫了許多平行線,它們之間的間隔等于針的長(zhǎng)度,那么針落在線上的幾率是多少？落在空白處的幾率又是多少？
3. All that a man has to say or do that can possibly concern mankind, is in some shape or other to tell the story of his love - to sing, and if he is fortunate and keeps alive, he will be forever in love.
要點(diǎn) 本句是由and連接在一起的并列句。前一個(gè)分句的主干是All...is...to tell the story... - to sing. all后面有兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,第一個(gè)that從句修飾all,第二個(gè)that指代其前的that從句,翻譯時(shí)可表?xiàng)l件。to sing放在破折號(hào)之后,用以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,其后可視為省略了賓語(yǔ)the story of his love, to tell和to sing是并列關(guān)系。
譯文 一個(gè)人應(yīng)該說的或做的,只要關(guān)系到人類,那么都是以這樣或那樣的形式來(lái)講述乃至謳歌自己的愛的故事；而且,如果他是幸運(yùn)的、有活力的,他將永遠(yuǎn)是充滿愛的。
4. As families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
要點(diǎn) 本句位并列句,前一個(gè)分句帶一個(gè)As引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句, 狀語(yǔ)從句中 move away from 后為并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)their ...,their..., their... 在and后的分句中, the confidence 省略了 "is cut off", it指的是信息被切斷的情況。
譯文 隨著家庭成員與他們穩(wěn)定的社區(qū)、多年的老友和大家庭的親屬關(guān)系相分離,非正式的信息渠道被切斷了,而那種在需要時(shí)就能得到真實(shí)可靠信息的信心也丟失了。
5. And by the help of further reasoning, which if drawn out would have been exhibited in two or three other syllogism, you arrive at your final determination, I will not have that apple.
要點(diǎn) 這是復(fù)合句。主句是you arrive at your final determination。by the help of ... 是介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾reasoning。if drawn out 是省略句,用作表示條件的狀語(yǔ)從句,完整的句子是if the reasoning can be drawn out。翻譯時(shí)采用順序法,定語(yǔ)從句采用分句法。syllogism:三段論；演繹推理。
譯文 借助于進(jìn)一步的推理,這種推理如果加以引申,還可表現(xiàn)為其他兩三種演繹推理,你便會(huì)做出最終決定："我不吃那個(gè)蘋果了。"
6. It is quite unnerving not to be able to see or to establish contact with the other person, even though we have learnt to have conversations with people we cannot see, as on the telephone.
要點(diǎn) 這是復(fù)合句。主句中 it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是不定式短語(yǔ)not to be able to see or to establish contact with the other person。在狀語(yǔ)從句中as是連詞,意思是"正如…一樣",as 后面省去了we have conversations。翻譯時(shí)采用逆序法,把even though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句放到句首。unnerving:使人不知所措；使人失去自信。
譯文 即使我們適應(yīng)了像打電話一樣在互相看不見的情況下談話,這種看不見或接觸不到對(duì)方的談話也會(huì)使人感到很不自在。
7. Actually we know of no type of astronomical body in which the conditions can be favorable to life except planets like our own revolving round a sun.
要點(diǎn) 這是復(fù)合句。in which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾astronomical body。介詞except引起的短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。在介詞短語(yǔ)like our own后面省略了planet。revolving為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),修飾our own planet。翻譯時(shí)根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣,將狀語(yǔ)提前譯出。
譯文 事實(shí)上,除了像地球這樣圍繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)的行星以外,我們不知道是否在其他類型的天體上也有適合生命存在的條件。
8. The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers.
要點(diǎn) 這是主從復(fù)合句。其主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是had less to do with... than...,意為"主要與…有關(guān),而不是與…有關(guān)",因?yàn)榫渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)比較清晰,省略了句子的并列部分,如在had less to do with the mechanization of housework and (with) an increase in leisure time省略了with；在...than it did with their own economic necessity and ( it did ) with high marriage rates省略了it did。句中that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾high marriage rates。翻譯時(shí)采用融合法,把重要的部分放在句首。
譯文 20世紀(jì)已婚女性走出家門參加工作人數(shù)的增加主要是因?yàn)樗齻冏约旱慕?jīng)濟(jì)需要,還與高結(jié)婚率使可參加工作的單身女工人數(shù)減少有關(guān),而與家務(wù)機(jī)械化、婦女空閑時(shí)間增多關(guān)系不大。
9. The European Union is an imperfect creature, with some of its actions based on fine principles of political economy and some on poor ones.
要點(diǎn) 這是簡(jiǎn)單句。句中with some of its actions based on fine principles是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),作狀語(yǔ)。因?yàn)榕c前一部分結(jié)構(gòu)相同,句子后一部分省略了（with）some （of its actions based）on poor ones括號(hào)中的詞。翻譯時(shí)采用順序法,對(duì)省略部分也要進(jìn)行相應(yīng)省略,以使句子表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)潔。
譯文 歐盟是不完善的機(jī)構(gòu),它的一些舉措是基于正確的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)原則之上的,而另一些卻遠(yuǎn)非如此。
10. To Americans, being on one's own suggests that one is a fully independent and functioning part of the whole capable and willing to make choices.
要點(diǎn) 這是復(fù)合句,that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,其中capable and willing to make choices可以被看作賓語(yǔ)從句中的并列表語(yǔ)(其前省略了is)。翻譯時(shí)采用順序法。
譯文 對(duì)美國(guó)人而言,依靠自己的力量就是指這個(gè)人作為整體的一部分是完全獨(dú)立并能起作用的,他有能力也愿意做出選擇。