Passage 1 結(jié)論解釋型（少數(shù)民族企業(yè)）
(This passage was written in 1978.)
Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities—as well as new and significant risks.（判斷句——主題句） Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to*3C接觸不到 the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. 機(jī)會(huì)Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record*2B their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed（遞進(jìn)）, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals*2A*6B for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.
機(jī)會(huì)的結(jié)果Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977*2D*7E. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup*8C anticipated in the next decade. （出現(xiàn)若干個(gè)數(shù)字，可以暫時(shí)不看）
危險(xiǎn)Promising as it（轉(zhuǎn)折） is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First增長(zhǎng)過(guò)快, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially*2E*8E, since（小原因） most are small concerns and, unlike（強(qiáng)對(duì)比，作取非） large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling*4A造成重大傷害的 fixed expenses. The world情況，局勢(shì) of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.（取非）
A second假合資 risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in利用，鉆空子 on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course（讓步）, in many instances there are legitimate合理的，合法的 reasons for joint ventures; clearly（小原因）, White and minority enterprises can team up (team up: v.(使)結(jié)成一隊(duì), 合作, 協(xié)作) to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But（轉(zhuǎn)折） civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts*2C*8A前臺(tái)，傀儡，幌子 (a person, group, or thing used to mask the identity or true character or activity of the actual controlling agent)” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.
Third依賴(lài)性, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming—and remaining—dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden*5C their customer bases擴(kuò)大客戶庫(kù): when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor（比喻）, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to主題題
(A) present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies
(B) describe a situation（前兩段） and its potential drawbacks=dangers, risks（后三段）
(C) propose a temporary solution to a problem
(D) analyze a frequent source of disagreement（B）
(E) explore the implications of a finding
2. The passage supplies information that would answer which of the following questions?信息題（無(wú)定位）ABC無(wú)，D混
(A) What federal agencies have set percentage*2A 某些政府部門(mén)，沒(méi)有具體部門(mén)goals for the use of minority-owned businesses in public works contracts?
(B) To which government agencies must businesses awarded federal contracts report*2B 沒(méi)說(shuō)去哪個(gè)部門(mén) their efforts to find minority subcontractors?
(C) How widespread is the use of minority-owned concerns as “fronts”*2C沒(méi)講到底有多少人來(lái)投訴 by White backers seeking to obtain subcontracts?
(D) How many more minority-owned businesses were there in 1977 than in 1972*2D只有錢(qián)數(shù)，沒(méi)有企業(yè)數(shù)?（E）
(E) What is one set of conditions under which a small business might find itself financially overextended*2E第一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)：過(guò)分?jǐn)U張，增長(zhǎng)過(guò)快?
3. According to the passage, civil rights activists（第一段和第四段） maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor遭遇不利條件，為之苦惱 (to suffer from some disadvantage or distress “l(fā)abor under a delusion”) is that they have直接事實(shí)題
(A) been especially vulnerable to governmental mismanagement of the economy
(B) been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors
(C) not had sufficient*3C opportunity to secure business created by large corporations（第一段）
(D) not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers（C）
(E) not had adequate representation in the centers of government power
4. The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to強(qiáng)對(duì)比取非題
(A) experience frustration but not serious financial harm*4A
(B) face potentially crippling fixed expenses
(C) have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government
(D) increase its spending with minority subcontractors（A）
(E) revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts
5. The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should直接事實(shí)題
(A) avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding
(B) concentrate on securing even more business from that corporation
(C) try to expand*5C its customer base to avoid becoming dependent on the corporation（最后一段：依賴(lài)性）
(D) pass on some of the work to be done for the corporation to other minority-owned concerns（C）
(E) use its influence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority concerns
6. It can be inferred from the passage that, compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “some federal and local agencies” (lines 14-15) are直接事實(shí)題
(A) more popular with large corporations
(B) more specific*6B
(C) less controversial
(D) less expensive to enforce（B）
(E) easier to comply with
7. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s assertion that, in the 1970’s, corporate response to federal requirements (lines 18-19) was substantial邏輯題：反對(duì)題（看數(shù)字）
(A) Corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.
(B) Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 percent.
(C) The figures collected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses.
(D) The estimate of corporate spending with minority-owned businesses in 1980 is approximately $10 million too high.（E）
(E) The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 as did $77 million in 1972*7E.（釜底抽薪）
8. The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working（第二段） with minority subcontractors?信息題（有定位）ABDE無(wú)
(A) Annoyed by the proliferation of front*8A（第四段） organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.
(B) Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.（根本沒(méi)提到）
(C) The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained*8C and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.（第二段最后一句）
(D) Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible.（C）
(E) The enormous corporate response has all but eliminated the dangers of over-expansion*8E that used to plague small minority-owned businesses.（第三段）
(This passage was written in 1978.)
Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities—as well as new and significant risks.（判斷句——主題句） Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to*3C接觸不到 the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. 機(jī)會(huì)Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record*2B their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed（遞進(jìn)）, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals*2A*6B for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.
機(jī)會(huì)的結(jié)果Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977*2D*7E. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup*8C anticipated in the next decade. （出現(xiàn)若干個(gè)數(shù)字，可以暫時(shí)不看）
危險(xiǎn)Promising as it（轉(zhuǎn)折） is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First增長(zhǎng)過(guò)快, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially*2E*8E, since（小原因） most are small concerns and, unlike（強(qiáng)對(duì)比，作取非） large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling*4A造成重大傷害的 fixed expenses. The world情況，局勢(shì) of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.（取非）
A second假合資 risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in利用，鉆空子 on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course（讓步）, in many instances there are legitimate合理的，合法的 reasons for joint ventures; clearly（小原因）, White and minority enterprises can team up (team up: v.(使)結(jié)成一隊(duì), 合作, 協(xié)作) to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But（轉(zhuǎn)折） civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts*2C*8A前臺(tái)，傀儡，幌子 (a person, group, or thing used to mask the identity or true character or activity of the actual controlling agent)” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.
Third依賴(lài)性, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming—and remaining—dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden*5C their customer bases擴(kuò)大客戶庫(kù): when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor（比喻）, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to主題題
(A) present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies
(B) describe a situation（前兩段） and its potential drawbacks=dangers, risks（后三段）
(C) propose a temporary solution to a problem
(D) analyze a frequent source of disagreement（B）
(E) explore the implications of a finding
2. The passage supplies information that would answer which of the following questions?信息題（無(wú)定位）ABC無(wú)，D混
(A) What federal agencies have set percentage*2A 某些政府部門(mén)，沒(méi)有具體部門(mén)goals for the use of minority-owned businesses in public works contracts?
(B) To which government agencies must businesses awarded federal contracts report*2B 沒(méi)說(shuō)去哪個(gè)部門(mén) their efforts to find minority subcontractors?
(C) How widespread is the use of minority-owned concerns as “fronts”*2C沒(méi)講到底有多少人來(lái)投訴 by White backers seeking to obtain subcontracts?
(D) How many more minority-owned businesses were there in 1977 than in 1972*2D只有錢(qián)數(shù)，沒(méi)有企業(yè)數(shù)?（E）
(E) What is one set of conditions under which a small business might find itself financially overextended*2E第一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)：過(guò)分?jǐn)U張，增長(zhǎng)過(guò)快?
3. According to the passage, civil rights activists（第一段和第四段） maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor遭遇不利條件，為之苦惱 (to suffer from some disadvantage or distress “l(fā)abor under a delusion”) is that they have直接事實(shí)題
(A) been especially vulnerable to governmental mismanagement of the economy
(B) been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors
(C) not had sufficient*3C opportunity to secure business created by large corporations（第一段）
(D) not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers（C）
(E) not had adequate representation in the centers of government power
4. The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to強(qiáng)對(duì)比取非題
(A) experience frustration but not serious financial harm*4A
(B) face potentially crippling fixed expenses
(C) have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government
(D) increase its spending with minority subcontractors（A）
(E) revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts
5. The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should直接事實(shí)題
(A) avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding
(B) concentrate on securing even more business from that corporation
(C) try to expand*5C its customer base to avoid becoming dependent on the corporation（最后一段：依賴(lài)性）
(D) pass on some of the work to be done for the corporation to other minority-owned concerns（C）
(E) use its influence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority concerns
6. It can be inferred from the passage that, compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “some federal and local agencies” (lines 14-15) are直接事實(shí)題
(A) more popular with large corporations
(B) more specific*6B
(C) less controversial
(D) less expensive to enforce（B）
(E) easier to comply with
7. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s assertion that, in the 1970’s, corporate response to federal requirements (lines 18-19) was substantial邏輯題：反對(duì)題（看數(shù)字）
(A) Corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.
(B) Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 percent.
(C) The figures collected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses.
(D) The estimate of corporate spending with minority-owned businesses in 1980 is approximately $10 million too high.（E）
(E) The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 as did $77 million in 1972*7E.（釜底抽薪）
8. The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working（第二段） with minority subcontractors?信息題（有定位）ABDE無(wú)
(A) Annoyed by the proliferation of front*8A（第四段） organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.
(B) Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.（根本沒(méi)提到）
(C) The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained*8C and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.（第二段最后一句）
(D) Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible.（C）
(E) The enormous corporate response has all but eliminated the dangers of over-expansion*8E that used to plague small minority-owned businesses.（第三段）