四六級(jí)作文之正反闡釋題模板

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如果在每年報(bào)考大學(xué)四、六級(jí)(CET4& CET6)的數(shù)百萬(wàn)莘莘學(xué)子當(dāng)中做一項(xiàng)調(diào)查問(wèn)卷來(lái)找出歷年試題中令他們頭痛的部分,我相信絕大多數(shù)的考生都會(huì)毫不猶豫地在“寫(xiě)作”一項(xiàng)中涂上濃重的一筆。其實(shí),這是一種認(rèn)識(shí)上的誤區(qū)。眾所周知,四、六級(jí)作文的出題模式素來(lái)以“八股文”而著稱(chēng),這樣也就造就了其極強(qiáng)的可操作性,而它直接的體現(xiàn)就是不同體裁文章類(lèi)型的模板的衍生?,F(xiàn)在市場(chǎng)上充斥著海量的類(lèi)似輔導(dǎo)書(shū)籍,但其中具有系統(tǒng)性和科學(xué)性的精品可謂少之又少,魚(yú)目混珠和嘩眾取寵者倒是占據(jù)了大壁江山。為了使廣大飽受寫(xiě)作折磨之苦的蕓蕓眾生早日擺脫困擾,我仔細(xì)研讀了歷年四、六級(jí)考試的寫(xiě)作真題及相關(guān)的優(yōu)秀范文,經(jīng)過(guò)認(rèn)真的研究和揣摸,終于總結(jié)出了一套完整的作文模板。在這里,我愿針對(duì)在考試中出現(xiàn)比率高的也是典型的議論文題型——正反闡釋題做一個(gè)詳細(xì)的講解,希望一方面可以起到拋磚引玉的作用,并同時(shí)為四、六級(jí)寫(xiě)作部分教學(xué)的研發(fā)提供一些思路。
    四、六級(jí)寫(xiě)作中正反闡釋題的標(biāo)志極其明顯,現(xiàn)列舉幾道真題如下:
    2000年6月(四、六級(jí))
    Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic “Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?” The first sentence has already been written for you. You should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
    1.很多人認(rèn)為有必要舉行英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)考試,理由是……
    2.也有人持不同意見(jiàn),……
    3.我的看法和打算
    1999年6月(四、六級(jí))
    Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic “Reading Selectively or Extensively?” You should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
    1.有些人認(rèn)為讀書(shū)要有選擇
    2. 有些人認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)博覽群書(shū)
    3.我的看法
    1995年6月(六級(jí))
    Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic “Should Firecrackers Be Banned?” You should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
    1. 有人認(rèn)為放鞭炮是好事,為什么?
    2. 有人認(rèn)為放鞭炮是壞事,為什么?
    3.我的看法
    從上述三道真題我們不難看出:此等類(lèi)型寫(xiě)作題干部分皆由三點(diǎn)提綱組成:一部分為正方觀點(diǎn),另一部分為反方觀點(diǎn),后要求陳述考生個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)。據(jù)此,我們可以勾勒出這樣一個(gè)萬(wàn)能模板:
    Opening:
    There is no consensus of opinions among people as toX(爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn))。Some people are of the view that (觀點(diǎn)1),while others take an opposite stand, firmly believing that(觀點(diǎn)2)。
    Body text:
    A:Those people who maintain(觀點(diǎn)1)hold that(論據(jù)1)。They also claim that (論據(jù)2)。
    B:Nevertheless, the other people who contend(觀點(diǎn)2)argue that(論據(jù)1)。They also point out that(論據(jù)2)。
    Conclusion:
    A: one-sided——As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, (論據(jù)1)……For another,(論據(jù)2)……When all the factors are examined, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that……。
    B: Balanced——From the above discussion, I have to admit that there are merits to both sides of the issue. However, I would like to take a more neutral position. On the one hand, (針對(duì)觀點(diǎn)1立場(chǎng)或相關(guān)措施及建議)…; on the other hand,(針對(duì)觀點(diǎn)2立場(chǎng)或相關(guān)措施及建議)。
    這張模板完全是按照四、六級(jí)大綱對(duì)于寫(xiě)作的要求而量身定做的,內(nèi)里包含了一個(gè)高分作文所應(yīng)具有的所有元素,現(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)單分析如下:
    1. 先聲奪人:
    眾所周知,一篇寫(xiě)作開(kāi)頭的成功與否在很大程度上決定了這篇文章終的得分,因?yàn)樗强忌艚o閱卷考官的第一印象。如果這是一個(gè)積極的、正面的印象,那么它一旦形成,將很難再下來(lái);反之亦然。該模板的第一段要達(dá)到的就是這個(gè)目的。雖然它只有兩句話構(gòu)成,但里面含括了許多可以使考官感到震撼的因子:第一句話是一個(gè)相當(dāng)華麗且具有一定深度的議論文的經(jīng)典句式,一上來(lái)就可以給批卷者一種視覺(jué)上的沖擊和思想上的觸動(dòng),對(duì)考生的水平會(huì)在潛意識(shí)當(dāng)中形成相當(dāng)高的評(píng)價(jià)。第二句話由三個(gè)分句構(gòu)成,每一個(gè)分句都是一個(gè)亮點(diǎn):第一個(gè)包括了be of 的結(jié)構(gòu),第二個(gè)是由while引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句,第三個(gè)是由現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的伴隨狀語(yǔ),每一個(gè)都具有一定的復(fù)雜性。試想,這樣的兩句話讀下來(lái),考官可能已經(jīng)有要給你滿分的沖動(dòng)了。
    2. 論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證充分:
    這是議論、說(shuō)明性文體的靈魂所在。在主體段落中,每句話的開(kāi)頭都是該段的主題句和中心思想,其后皆從兩個(gè)不同角度進(jìn)行論證,充分詮釋了“起、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合” 的意念。結(jié)尾段也是首先亮出自己的觀點(diǎn),其后再?gòu)牧硗鈨蓚€(gè)或者三個(gè)不同角度去論證,這樣一來(lái)作者的觀點(diǎn)便有“證”可查,有“據(jù)”可依了。
    3. 詞匯、句型具有多變性:
    這是衡量一篇作文能否獲取高分的一個(gè)相當(dāng)重要的衡量標(biāo)尺。在該模板中多次出現(xiàn)了“認(rèn)為”的字眼,但每詞匯都不同:believe, maintain, hold, claim, contend, argue, point out.為了追求句式多變的特點(diǎn),還有意使用了be of the view的結(jié)構(gòu)。
    4. 思維連貫,邏輯縝密。
    這是通過(guò)模板中的關(guān)聯(lián)詞和銜接手段所實(shí)現(xiàn)的。由于漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言上的差異,絕大多數(shù)的中國(guó)考生都不善于使用表達(dá)各種含義——如轉(zhuǎn)折、并列、遞進(jìn)、對(duì)比—— 的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ),而這正是導(dǎo)致他們大量丟分的一個(gè)致命的原因。銜接手段的缺乏也使思維形成了斷層,無(wú)法將通篇文章整和為一個(gè)具有緊密邏輯性的有機(jī)體。這篇模板的架構(gòu)從根本上杜絕了這種問(wèn)題的產(chǎn)生。
    5. 靈活選擇
    在談?wù)摰絺€(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的時(shí)候,我們會(huì)有兩種選擇:一種是走向折衷,一種是倒向一邊。根據(jù)這樣兩種不同的可能性,我設(shè)計(jì)出了不同的結(jié)論段的模式,這樣也使得使用者有了更大選擇的空間和自由度。
    6. 操作簡(jiǎn)便。
    這一點(diǎn)無(wú)疑是實(shí)用的。通篇模板只需考生自己寫(xiě)出6-7句話:即正方觀點(diǎn)2句話、反方觀點(diǎn)2句話及結(jié)尾本人觀點(diǎn)的2至三句話。由于模板本身具有相當(dāng)?shù)膹?fù)雜性,考生再不必處心積慮地去想高深的用詞、玄妙的句型和句式,只要用簡(jiǎn)單、凝煉的句子將自己的基本思想表達(dá)出來(lái)就可以了,這樣也在大的程度上避免了犯一些語(yǔ)法上的錯(cuò)誤。
    下面以一道模擬試題為例,具體演示一下它的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。
    Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic “Study abroad or in China?” You should write at least 150 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
    1.很多人認(rèn)為有志向的學(xué)生應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)胶M饬魧W(xué),理由是…
    2.也有人持不同意見(jiàn)…
    3. 我的看法
    Study Abroad or in China?
    There is no consensus of opinions among people as to whether students should study abroad or not. Some people are of the view that the youths should go overseas for further study if possible, while others take an opposite stand, firmly believing that it is of no necessity for students to study in a foreign country.
    Those people who maintain that it is good for students to go abroad for further study argue that diverse culture background can broaden students' horizon. They also claim that overseas study can shape students' personality because they are forced to deal with all kinds of difficulties by themselves.
    Nevertheless, the other people who contend that domestic education is good enough for students argue that our educational quality has been greatly improved during the past decade. They also point out that domestic education is convenient and economical. As far as I am concerned, the former opinion holds more weight. For one thing, it can strengthen the learners' abilities to understand and communicate with people from other cultures. For another, the developed countries still have a lot advanced knowledge which is worth our study. When all the factors are examined, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that studying abroad is advisable.
    既然是萬(wàn)能模板,就說(shuō)明只要屬于該類(lèi)題型都可以依此操作。由于篇幅所限,這里僅舉上例作為說(shuō)明。對(duì)于四、六級(jí)作文中其它幾種議論文體及應(yīng)用文體模板的具體運(yùn)用我會(huì)在今后的文章當(dāng)中同大家進(jìn)行共同的分享和探討。