考研英語歷年閱讀理解真題精析--1995年part4

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Part Four
    Personality is to a large extent inherent--A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
    One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school , which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner , dropped dead seconds after saying: ' Rejoice, we conquer! '
    By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable , but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
    Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B' s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child' s personality to his possible future employment . It is top management .
    If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.
    13. According to the passage , A-type individuals are usually__.
    (A)impatient (B)considerate (C)aggressive(D)agreeable
    14. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because__.
    (A)the pressure is too great on the students
    (B)some students are bound to fail
    (C)failure rates are too high
    (D)the results of examinations are doubtful
    15 . The selection of medical professionals are currently based on__.
    (A)candidates' sensitivity (C)competitive spirit
    (B)academic achievements (D)surer values
    16. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that__.
    (A)the personality of a child is well established at birth
    (B)family influence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics .
    (C)the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors
    (D)B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society
    Unit 2(1995) Part4
    重點詞匯:
    inherent(固有的;天生的)即in+her(e)+ent,in-在里面,here詞根“黏著”=stick,-ent形容詞后綴,“黏著在里面的”→固有的。同根詞:adhere(v.黏附;堅持)←ad(=to)+here; profound(深刻的;淵博的)即pro+found,pro-向前,found詞根“基底”(如foundation→found+ation→基礎),“向前直探到底的”→淵博的。
    soak up 吸收。
    marathon(馬拉松)用諧音記。
    rejoice(使欣喜)即re+joice,re-反復,joice=joy,“使反復高興”→使欣喜。
    disproportionate(不成比例的)即dis+proportion+ate,dis-否定前綴,proportion比例,-ate此處為形容詞后綴。preoccupation(全神貫注)即pre+occup(y)+ation,pre-在前,occupy占據,-ation名詞后綴,“在別的事物前占據注意力”→全神貫注。
    consideration(考慮;體諒;需考慮的事)←consider考慮+ation;considerate(考慮周到的;體諒的)←consider+ate。Labor is the superior of capital, and deserves much the higher consideration.勞動高于資本,理應得到多得多的報酬。A child that lives with sharing learns to be considerate.同意分享的孩子知道為人著想。
    難句解析:
    ①But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
    本句的主干是... the environment must also have a profound effect。后面的since引導一個原因狀語從句,而這個從句又是一個if引導的條件主從復合句。
    注意profound的詞義為“意義深遠的”。另外要看到最后一個逗號后面的it所指代的是competition。
    ②One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution.
    本句的主干是One place... is school,這個簡單句的主語和謂語都有一個定語從句修飾,前面的是限定性的,而后面的是非限定性的,并且在其里面還有一個插入成分by its very nature。
    可以先抓主干,然后再分析那兩個定語從句,另外注意soak up的意思是“吸收,攝取”,其實即使我們不是很清楚這個詞組的意思,只要我們抓住soak的基本意思“浸泡,浸濕,浸透”,詞組的意思也能猜出來。
    ③The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows.
    本句的主干是The current passion... produces a two-layer system,passion后面的介詞for的賓語比較復雜,是一個make sb. do sth.的結構,而主句的賓語a two-layer system后面有一個非限定性的定語從句。
    可以先抓主干,然后再分析其它成分,另外在理解的時候也要有一定的想象力,比如compete against the clock不能從字面上理解為“和鐘表競爭”,而應該理解成“與時間競爭/和時間賽跑”。
    ④The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
    本句由兩個子句構成,中間有一個but表示意思的轉折。
    要正確理解本句,重點在于抓住單詞的正確意思。questionable可疑的,值得疑問的;而后面的knowledge如果理解成“知識”那么這句話就怎么也看不懂了,在這里它的意思應該是“知道,知曉”,因此in the knowledge of應被理解為“在了解……的情況下”。
    ⑤Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.
    本句的主干是... selection... could be made less by... and more by...。兩個逗號隔開的是對于caring professions的進一步具體說明。
    注意在閱讀的時候抓住less... and more...的結構,同時注意more后面的可能要更加重要一些。
    試題解析:
    13.【正確答案】 [C]
    意為:攻擊性的,好斗的。文章第一、二、三段都提到:A型性格的人在競爭的環(huán)境中成長,形成了他們的性格特征。第二段第三句直接用competitive(爭強好勝的,愛競爭的)一詞描述A型性格的人。
    A意為:缺乏耐心的、不耐心的。這也許是他們有時候所表現(xiàn)出的性格特征,但不是他們的一般性性格特征。B意為:體貼人的,為人著想的。這與事實形成鮮明的對比。D意為:和藹的,易相處的,使人愉快的。
    14.【正確答案】[B]
    意為:有些學生肯定不及格。be bound to意為:肯定、注定。問題中be opposed意為“反對”。第三段指出,學校中最糟糕的競爭方式(by far用于強調級形式)是極力強調考試(disproportionate意為:不相稱的,過分的),很少有學校讓學生集中精力做自己善于做的事情。通過考試來競爭有無益處(merits)是個值得探討的問題(questionable),但是,明知道自己會失敗還去競爭的做法肯定(對人的心理,如:自信心、自我認識等)是有害的。
    A意為:給學生造成的壓力過大。C意為:不及格率過高。[A]、[C]文中都末提到。D意為:考試成績(或結果)值得懷疑。這與原文表達的內容不一樣,原文并非是說考試成績是否真正反映學生的真實水平或能力值得懷疑,而是說考試這種形式作為—個教學環(huán)節(jié)是否合適值得進一步探討。
    15.【正確答案】[B]
    原文最后一段指出,如果學校不過多地注重于(preoccupation... with)學習結果,就可以花更多的時間教些更有價值的東西。選擇護理方面的人——尤其是醫(yī)療護理人員——也許應該看他們是否心細、是否有同情心,而不應看他們化學成績如何。只從A型性格的人中選擇醫(yī)生的做法是不可取的,B型性格的人也是社會所需要的,應該受到相應的鼓勵。在這段里.作者對現(xiàn)在人的培養(yǎng)及選擇標準進行了批評。B意為:學習成績(或學術成就)。問題中currently意為:目前,當前。
    A意為:申請者的敏感程度。指:他是否對他人的行為敏感,即是否細心。C意為:競爭精神。原文是說根據成績,即:看重的是結果。D意為:更可靠的價值。即:更可靠或可依賴或有價值(對社會有用)的東西。
    16.【正確答案】 [C]
    文章第一段指出,個性在很大程度上是先天形成的(inherent),但是,環(huán)境對它也有深刻影響,環(huán)境包括社會、學校與家庭。本文主要談論了學校教育對學生的性格形成的影響。C意為:個性的發(fā)展受多種(multiple)因素的影響。
    A意為:兒童的個性在出生時早已確立。B意為:家庭對兒童性格特征的形成起主導作用。[A]、[B]兩個選擇項都不正確,因為,這兩種說法都是片面的、極端的。兒童的個性發(fā)展受多種因素的影響。D意為:在高度競爭的社會中,B型性格的人是不需要的(或是找不到位置的)。這正是作者想要駁斥的觀點。作者指出:世界需要各種性格的人。另請參閱第15題題解。
    全文翻譯:
    性格在很大程度上是先天形成的——A型性格的父母會有A型性格的子女。但環(huán)境也一定對其有深刻的影響,因為如果競爭對父母來說很重要的話,那它也可能成為孩子生活中的一個重要因素。
    讓孩子吸收A型性格的一個地方是學校。學校,就其本質而言,是高度競爭的機構。很多學校采用“不惜一切代價獲取成功”的道德標準并通過炫耀成績來估量孩子們是否成功。目前熱衷于讓孩子與同學競爭或與時間賽跑造成了一種雙重體制,在這種體制中,競爭性的A型學生在某些方面似乎比B型的學生要好。過分地熱衷于獲勝會產生危險的后果:記住,第一位跑馬拉松的費迪皮迪茲在說完“歡呼吧,我們贏了”之后幾秒便倒地而死。
    學校里最糟糕的競爭形式就是不恰當?shù)膹娬{考試。很少有學校允許學生集中精力做他們能做好的事。以考試競爭這種做法的好處本身有點值得懷疑,而明知有人考試會通不過的情況下還要進行競爭,則肯定是有害的。
    顯然,要將所有A型孩子變成B型孩子既不現(xiàn)實也不可取。這個世界需要各種性格的人,一個重要職責是使孩子的性格適合將來可能從事的工作。這才是的管理理念。
    如果學校對學業(yè)的強調減少一些,也許就有更多的時間教孩子更重要的價值觀念。也許對護理職業(yè)——特別是醫(yī)療護理人員——的選擇應少注重化學成績而多關注他們是否敏感、是否有同情心。只從A型性格的人員中挑選醫(yī)生的確是個錯誤。B型性格的人非常重要,應該受到鼓勵。