Text 3
The Internet, like its network predecessors, has turned out to be far more social than television, and in this respect, the impact of the Internet may be more like that of the telephone than of TV. Our research has shown that interpersonal communication is the dominant use of the Internet at home.1)That people use the Internet mainly for interpersonal communication, however, does not imply that their social interactions and relationships on the Internet are the same as their traditional social interactions and relationships, or that their social uses of the Internet will have effects comparable to traditional social activity.
Whether social uses of the Internet have positive or negative effects may depend on how the Internet shapes the balance of strong and weak network ties that people maintain. Strong ties are relationships associated with frequent contact, deep feelings of affection and obligation, whereas weak ties are relationships with superficial and easily broken bonds, infrequent contact, and narrow focus. Strong and weak ties alike provide people with social support. Weak ties including weak online ties, are especially useful for linking people to information and social resources unavailable in peoples closest, local groups.2)Nonetheless, strong social ties are the relationships that generally buffer people from lifes stresses and that lead to better social and psychological outcomes. People receive most of their social support from people with whom they are in most frequent contact, and bigger favors come from those with stronger ties.
Generally, strong personal ties are supported by physical proximity. The Internet potentially reduces the importance of physical proximity in creating and maintaining networks of strong social ties. Unlike facetoface interaction or even the telephone, the Internet offers opportunities for social interactions that do not depend on the distance between parties. People often use the Internet to keep up with those with whom they have preexisting relationships. But they also develop new relationships online. Most of these new relationships are weak. MUDs, newsgroups, and chat rooms put people in contact with a pool of new groups, but these online “mixers” are typically organized around specific topics, or activities, and rarely revolve around local community and close family and friends.
3)Whether a typical relationship developed online becomes as strong as a typical traditional relationship and whether having online relationships changes the number or quality of a persons total social involvements are open questions. Empirical evidence about the impact of the Internet on relationships and social involvement is sparse. Many authors have debated whether the Internet will promote community or undercut it. Much of this discussion has been speculative and anecdotal, or is based on crosssectional data with small samples.
1 The text is mainly about
[A] the dominance of interpersonal communication.
[B] strong and weak personal ties over the Internet.
[C] the difference between old and modern relationships.
[D] an empirical research on the Internet and its impact.
2 It is implied in the text that
[A] the Internet interactions can rival traditional ones.
[B] television is inferior to telephone in social effect.
[C] strong links are far more valid than weak ones.
[D] the Internet features every home and community.
3 The word “buffer” (Para. 2) can probably be replaced by
[A] deviate.[B] alleviate.[C] shield.[D] distract.
4 According to the author, the Internet can
[A] eliminate the hindrance of the distance.
[B] weaken the intimate feelings among people.
[C] provide people with close physical contacts.
[D] enhance our ability to remove social stresses.
5 From the text we can infer that
[A] the evidence for the effect of the Internet seems abundant.
[B] the social impact of the Internet has been barely studied enough.
[C] some discussions are conclusive about the function of the Internet.
[D] random samples have witnessed the positive influence of the Internet.
難句突破
1. That people use the Internet mainly for interpersonal communication, however, does not imply that their social interactions and relationships on the Internet are the same as their traditional social interactions and relationships, or that their social uses of the Internet will have effects comparable to traditional social activity.
【解析】本句話的主干是“That people use the Internet mainly for interpersonal communication does not imply...”。第一個that引導的是主語從句;第二、三個that引導的是賓語從句，or引導的是一個并列句。social interaction應(yīng)譯成“社會交往”。
2. Nonetheless, strong social ties are the relationships that generally buffer people from life’s stresses and that lead to better social and psychological outcomes, people receive most of their social support from people with whom they are in most frequent contact, and bigger favors come from those with stronger ties.
【解析】本句話是一個并列句，其主干是“strong social ties are the relationships... people receive their social support”。第一、二個that引導的定語從句修飾relationships;with whom引導的定語從句修飾people;with stronger ties修飾those，指的是people。buffer from應(yīng)譯成“使……免于……”;lead to應(yīng)譯成“產(chǎn)生”;strong應(yīng)譯成“牢固的”。
3.Whether a typical relationship developed online becomes as strong as a typical traditional relationship and whether having online relationships changes the number or quality of a person’s total social involvements are open questions.
【解析】本句話的主干是“Whether... and whether... are open questions...”。whether... and whether...引導的是主語從句。open應(yīng)譯成“有待討論的”。
試題解析
1 本文主要是關(guān)于
[A] 人際交往的主導地位。
[B]網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的牢固與不牢固人際關(guān)系。
[C] 古老與現(xiàn)代關(guān)系的差異。
[D]對網(wǎng)絡(luò)及其影響的、依據(jù)經(jīng)驗的研究?！綝】
【解析】主旨題。文章前面的段落介紹了有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)的社交性使用可能產(chǎn)生的影響的研究，最后一段指出，網(wǎng)絡(luò)產(chǎn)生的影響是有待解決的問題，依據(jù)經(jīng)驗得到的、有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)對關(guān)系與社會交往產(chǎn)生的影響的證據(jù)很少，有關(guān)這個問題的許多討論都是猜測性的、軼事性的。這說明，本文主要是根據(jù)經(jīng)驗介紹有關(guān)網(wǎng)絡(luò)產(chǎn)生的影響的研究。D與此意符合，可以表達本文的主題，為正確答案。A和C屬于無中生有;B是在介紹網(wǎng)絡(luò)產(chǎn)生的影響時涉及的內(nèi)容，不能表達本文的主題。
2 文中暗示，
[A] 因特網(wǎng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)交往可以與傳統(tǒng)交往相提并論。
[B]在社會影響方面，電視不如電話。
[C] 牢固的關(guān)系比不牢固的關(guān)系有效得多。
[D]網(wǎng)絡(luò)是每個家庭和社會的特色?！綛】
【解析】推論題。第一段提到，據(jù)證實，與電視相比，因特網(wǎng)的社會性強得多，因此，因特網(wǎng)的影響可能更像電話的影響，而不是電視的影響。由此可知，電視的社會影響沒有電話大。B與此意符合，為正確答案。A是針對第一段最后一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符合;C是針對第二段設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符合;D屬于無中生有。
3 單詞“buffer”(第二段)可能被替換。
[A] 背離[B] 緩解[C] 保護[D] 使分心【C】
【解析】詞義題。第二段首先解釋了牢固的關(guān)系和不牢固的關(guān)系，隨后提到了該詞所在的句子——牢固的關(guān)系是那些通常使人們免受生活壓力的關(guān)系，是那些產(chǎn)生更好的社會和心理效果的關(guān)系。根據(jù)“l(fā)ead to better social and psychological outcomes”以及該詞的賓語“l(fā)ife’s stresses”可知，該詞可能的意思是“使……免于……”。C是對該詞的同義替換，為正確答案。A和D是誤解了該詞的意思，B不準確，因為aleviate不與from搭配使用。
4 根據(jù)作者的觀點，因特網(wǎng)可以
[A] 消除距離障礙。
[B] 削弱人們的親密感情。
[C] 使人們有親密的身體接觸。
[D]提高人們消除社會壓力的能力?！続】
【解析】細節(jié)題。第三段介紹了因特網(wǎng)在創(chuàng)建并維持牢固的社會關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)方面產(chǎn)生的影響——可能降低了身體接觸的重要性，提供社會交往的機會，這些交往不依賴于雙方之間的距離。這說明，因特網(wǎng)不依賴于雙方之間的距離。A與此意符合，為正確答案。C與此意相反;B是針對第三段第一、二句話設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符合;D是針對第二段最后一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，那是在介紹牢固的關(guān)系，與題目的要求不符。
5 根據(jù)本文，我們可以推知
[A] 有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)影響的證據(jù)似乎很充分。
[B]有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)的社會影響的研究不夠。
[C] 某些對因特網(wǎng)作用的討論是決定性的。
[D]隨便的例子都可證明因特網(wǎng)的積極影響?！綛】
【解析】推論題。前面的段落介紹了有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)產(chǎn)生的影響的一些觀點，最后一段指出，依據(jù)經(jīng)驗得到的、有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)對關(guān)系與社會交往產(chǎn)生的影響的證據(jù)很少，有關(guān)這個問題的許多討論都是猜測性的、軼事性的，或者是基于有很少例子的有代表性數(shù)據(jù)。由此可知，有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)產(chǎn)生的社會影響的研究太少。B與此意符合，為正確答案。A與此意相反;C是針對最后一段最后一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符合;D是針對最后一段第一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符合。
全文譯文
據(jù)證實，就像以前的網(wǎng)絡(luò)一樣，與電視相比，因特網(wǎng)的社會性強得多，因此，因特網(wǎng)的影響可能更像電話的影響，而不是電視的影響。我們的研究顯示，人際交流是因特網(wǎng)在家庭的主要用途。
1)不過，人們使用因特網(wǎng)主要是為了人際交流，這并不意味著他們在因特網(wǎng)上的社會交往和關(guān)系類似于他們的傳統(tǒng)社會交往和關(guān)系，或者他們在社交中使用因特網(wǎng)會產(chǎn)生類似于傳統(tǒng)社會活動的影響。
因特網(wǎng)的社交性使用會產(chǎn)生積極影響還是消極影響，可能依賴于因特網(wǎng)如何保持人們維持的穩(wěn)固和不牢固網(wǎng)絡(luò)關(guān)系的平衡。牢固的關(guān)系是與頻繁的接觸、深厚的友愛感以及堅定的責任感有關(guān)的關(guān)系，而不牢固的關(guān)系是與表面上的、容易破裂的聯(lián)系、不經(jīng)常的接觸以及有限的共同點有關(guān)的關(guān)系。穩(wěn)固和不牢固的關(guān)系以同樣的方式為人們提供社會支持。對于讓人們接觸其最接近的地方群體難以獲得的信息和社會資源，不牢固的關(guān)系，包括不牢固的網(wǎng)絡(luò)關(guān)系，尤其有用。2)但是，牢固的關(guān)系是那些通常使人們免受生活壓力的關(guān)系，是那些產(chǎn)生更好的社會和心理效果的關(guān)系，人們從他們接觸最頻繁的那些人那里得到大多數(shù)社會支持，更大的支持來自于那些有更牢固關(guān)系的人們。
通常情況下，牢固的個人關(guān)系受到身體接觸的維持。在創(chuàng)建并維持牢固的社會關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)時，因特網(wǎng)可能降低了身體接觸的重要性。不像面對面的交往，或者電話交流，因特網(wǎng)提供社會交往的機會，這些交往不依賴于雙方之間的距離。人們通常利用因特網(wǎng)與那些以前就有關(guān)系的人保持聯(lián)系。但是，他們也在網(wǎng)上發(fā)展新關(guān)系。大多數(shù)這樣的新關(guān)系都不牢固。多用戶網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲、網(wǎng)絡(luò)新聞組以及聊天室使得人們接觸大量的新群體，但是，這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)“混合群體”通常是因為特別話題或活動組織起來的，很少在地方群體和親屬、朋友中循環(huán)出現(xiàn)。
3)在網(wǎng)上發(fā)展的典型關(guān)系是否會像典型的傳統(tǒng)關(guān)系一樣牢固，發(fā)展網(wǎng)絡(luò)關(guān)系是否改變了個人總體社會交往的數(shù)量與質(zhì)量，這些是有待討論的問題。依據(jù)經(jīng)驗得到的、有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)對關(guān)系與社會交往產(chǎn)生的影響的證據(jù)很少。許多作者對于因特網(wǎng)是會促進社會發(fā)展還是會破壞社會發(fā)展有爭議。有關(guān)這個問題的許多討論都是猜測性的、軼事性的，或者是基于有很少例子的有代表性數(shù)據(jù)。
The Internet, like its network predecessors, has turned out to be far more social than television, and in this respect, the impact of the Internet may be more like that of the telephone than of TV. Our research has shown that interpersonal communication is the dominant use of the Internet at home.1)That people use the Internet mainly for interpersonal communication, however, does not imply that their social interactions and relationships on the Internet are the same as their traditional social interactions and relationships, or that their social uses of the Internet will have effects comparable to traditional social activity.
Whether social uses of the Internet have positive or negative effects may depend on how the Internet shapes the balance of strong and weak network ties that people maintain. Strong ties are relationships associated with frequent contact, deep feelings of affection and obligation, whereas weak ties are relationships with superficial and easily broken bonds, infrequent contact, and narrow focus. Strong and weak ties alike provide people with social support. Weak ties including weak online ties, are especially useful for linking people to information and social resources unavailable in peoples closest, local groups.2)Nonetheless, strong social ties are the relationships that generally buffer people from lifes stresses and that lead to better social and psychological outcomes. People receive most of their social support from people with whom they are in most frequent contact, and bigger favors come from those with stronger ties.
Generally, strong personal ties are supported by physical proximity. The Internet potentially reduces the importance of physical proximity in creating and maintaining networks of strong social ties. Unlike facetoface interaction or even the telephone, the Internet offers opportunities for social interactions that do not depend on the distance between parties. People often use the Internet to keep up with those with whom they have preexisting relationships. But they also develop new relationships online. Most of these new relationships are weak. MUDs, newsgroups, and chat rooms put people in contact with a pool of new groups, but these online “mixers” are typically organized around specific topics, or activities, and rarely revolve around local community and close family and friends.
3)Whether a typical relationship developed online becomes as strong as a typical traditional relationship and whether having online relationships changes the number or quality of a persons total social involvements are open questions. Empirical evidence about the impact of the Internet on relationships and social involvement is sparse. Many authors have debated whether the Internet will promote community or undercut it. Much of this discussion has been speculative and anecdotal, or is based on crosssectional data with small samples.
1 The text is mainly about
[A] the dominance of interpersonal communication.
[B] strong and weak personal ties over the Internet.
[C] the difference between old and modern relationships.
[D] an empirical research on the Internet and its impact.
2 It is implied in the text that
[A] the Internet interactions can rival traditional ones.
[B] television is inferior to telephone in social effect.
[C] strong links are far more valid than weak ones.
[D] the Internet features every home and community.
3 The word “buffer” (Para. 2) can probably be replaced by
[A] deviate.[B] alleviate.[C] shield.[D] distract.
4 According to the author, the Internet can
[A] eliminate the hindrance of the distance.
[B] weaken the intimate feelings among people.
[C] provide people with close physical contacts.
[D] enhance our ability to remove social stresses.
5 From the text we can infer that
[A] the evidence for the effect of the Internet seems abundant.
[B] the social impact of the Internet has been barely studied enough.
[C] some discussions are conclusive about the function of the Internet.
[D] random samples have witnessed the positive influence of the Internet.
難句突破
1. That people use the Internet mainly for interpersonal communication, however, does not imply that their social interactions and relationships on the Internet are the same as their traditional social interactions and relationships, or that their social uses of the Internet will have effects comparable to traditional social activity.
【解析】本句話的主干是“That people use the Internet mainly for interpersonal communication does not imply...”。第一個that引導的是主語從句;第二、三個that引導的是賓語從句，or引導的是一個并列句。social interaction應(yīng)譯成“社會交往”。
2. Nonetheless, strong social ties are the relationships that generally buffer people from life’s stresses and that lead to better social and psychological outcomes, people receive most of their social support from people with whom they are in most frequent contact, and bigger favors come from those with stronger ties.
【解析】本句話是一個并列句，其主干是“strong social ties are the relationships... people receive their social support”。第一、二個that引導的定語從句修飾relationships;with whom引導的定語從句修飾people;with stronger ties修飾those，指的是people。buffer from應(yīng)譯成“使……免于……”;lead to應(yīng)譯成“產(chǎn)生”;strong應(yīng)譯成“牢固的”。
3.Whether a typical relationship developed online becomes as strong as a typical traditional relationship and whether having online relationships changes the number or quality of a person’s total social involvements are open questions.
【解析】本句話的主干是“Whether... and whether... are open questions...”。whether... and whether...引導的是主語從句。open應(yīng)譯成“有待討論的”。
試題解析
1 本文主要是關(guān)于
[A] 人際交往的主導地位。
[B]網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的牢固與不牢固人際關(guān)系。
[C] 古老與現(xiàn)代關(guān)系的差異。
[D]對網(wǎng)絡(luò)及其影響的、依據(jù)經(jīng)驗的研究?！綝】
【解析】主旨題。文章前面的段落介紹了有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)的社交性使用可能產(chǎn)生的影響的研究，最后一段指出，網(wǎng)絡(luò)產(chǎn)生的影響是有待解決的問題，依據(jù)經(jīng)驗得到的、有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)對關(guān)系與社會交往產(chǎn)生的影響的證據(jù)很少，有關(guān)這個問題的許多討論都是猜測性的、軼事性的。這說明，本文主要是根據(jù)經(jīng)驗介紹有關(guān)網(wǎng)絡(luò)產(chǎn)生的影響的研究。D與此意符合，可以表達本文的主題，為正確答案。A和C屬于無中生有;B是在介紹網(wǎng)絡(luò)產(chǎn)生的影響時涉及的內(nèi)容，不能表達本文的主題。
2 文中暗示，
[A] 因特網(wǎng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)交往可以與傳統(tǒng)交往相提并論。
[B]在社會影響方面，電視不如電話。
[C] 牢固的關(guān)系比不牢固的關(guān)系有效得多。
[D]網(wǎng)絡(luò)是每個家庭和社會的特色?！綛】
【解析】推論題。第一段提到，據(jù)證實，與電視相比，因特網(wǎng)的社會性強得多，因此，因特網(wǎng)的影響可能更像電話的影響，而不是電視的影響。由此可知，電視的社會影響沒有電話大。B與此意符合，為正確答案。A是針對第一段最后一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符合;C是針對第二段設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符合;D屬于無中生有。
3 單詞“buffer”(第二段)可能被替換。
[A] 背離[B] 緩解[C] 保護[D] 使分心【C】
【解析】詞義題。第二段首先解釋了牢固的關(guān)系和不牢固的關(guān)系，隨后提到了該詞所在的句子——牢固的關(guān)系是那些通常使人們免受生活壓力的關(guān)系，是那些產(chǎn)生更好的社會和心理效果的關(guān)系。根據(jù)“l(fā)ead to better social and psychological outcomes”以及該詞的賓語“l(fā)ife’s stresses”可知，該詞可能的意思是“使……免于……”。C是對該詞的同義替換，為正確答案。A和D是誤解了該詞的意思，B不準確，因為aleviate不與from搭配使用。
4 根據(jù)作者的觀點，因特網(wǎng)可以
[A] 消除距離障礙。
[B] 削弱人們的親密感情。
[C] 使人們有親密的身體接觸。
[D]提高人們消除社會壓力的能力?！続】
【解析】細節(jié)題。第三段介紹了因特網(wǎng)在創(chuàng)建并維持牢固的社會關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)方面產(chǎn)生的影響——可能降低了身體接觸的重要性，提供社會交往的機會，這些交往不依賴于雙方之間的距離。這說明，因特網(wǎng)不依賴于雙方之間的距離。A與此意符合，為正確答案。C與此意相反;B是針對第三段第一、二句話設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符合;D是針對第二段最后一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，那是在介紹牢固的關(guān)系，與題目的要求不符。
5 根據(jù)本文，我們可以推知
[A] 有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)影響的證據(jù)似乎很充分。
[B]有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)的社會影響的研究不夠。
[C] 某些對因特網(wǎng)作用的討論是決定性的。
[D]隨便的例子都可證明因特網(wǎng)的積極影響?！綛】
【解析】推論題。前面的段落介紹了有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)產(chǎn)生的影響的一些觀點，最后一段指出，依據(jù)經(jīng)驗得到的、有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)對關(guān)系與社會交往產(chǎn)生的影響的證據(jù)很少，有關(guān)這個問題的許多討論都是猜測性的、軼事性的，或者是基于有很少例子的有代表性數(shù)據(jù)。由此可知，有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)產(chǎn)生的社會影響的研究太少。B與此意符合，為正確答案。A與此意相反;C是針對最后一段最后一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符合;D是針對最后一段第一句話設(shè)置的干擾項，與文意不符合。
全文譯文
據(jù)證實，就像以前的網(wǎng)絡(luò)一樣，與電視相比，因特網(wǎng)的社會性強得多，因此，因特網(wǎng)的影響可能更像電話的影響，而不是電視的影響。我們的研究顯示，人際交流是因特網(wǎng)在家庭的主要用途。
1)不過，人們使用因特網(wǎng)主要是為了人際交流，這并不意味著他們在因特網(wǎng)上的社會交往和關(guān)系類似于他們的傳統(tǒng)社會交往和關(guān)系，或者他們在社交中使用因特網(wǎng)會產(chǎn)生類似于傳統(tǒng)社會活動的影響。
因特網(wǎng)的社交性使用會產(chǎn)生積極影響還是消極影響，可能依賴于因特網(wǎng)如何保持人們維持的穩(wěn)固和不牢固網(wǎng)絡(luò)關(guān)系的平衡。牢固的關(guān)系是與頻繁的接觸、深厚的友愛感以及堅定的責任感有關(guān)的關(guān)系，而不牢固的關(guān)系是與表面上的、容易破裂的聯(lián)系、不經(jīng)常的接觸以及有限的共同點有關(guān)的關(guān)系。穩(wěn)固和不牢固的關(guān)系以同樣的方式為人們提供社會支持。對于讓人們接觸其最接近的地方群體難以獲得的信息和社會資源，不牢固的關(guān)系，包括不牢固的網(wǎng)絡(luò)關(guān)系，尤其有用。2)但是，牢固的關(guān)系是那些通常使人們免受生活壓力的關(guān)系，是那些產(chǎn)生更好的社會和心理效果的關(guān)系，人們從他們接觸最頻繁的那些人那里得到大多數(shù)社會支持，更大的支持來自于那些有更牢固關(guān)系的人們。
通常情況下，牢固的個人關(guān)系受到身體接觸的維持。在創(chuàng)建并維持牢固的社會關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)時，因特網(wǎng)可能降低了身體接觸的重要性。不像面對面的交往，或者電話交流，因特網(wǎng)提供社會交往的機會，這些交往不依賴于雙方之間的距離。人們通常利用因特網(wǎng)與那些以前就有關(guān)系的人保持聯(lián)系。但是，他們也在網(wǎng)上發(fā)展新關(guān)系。大多數(shù)這樣的新關(guān)系都不牢固。多用戶網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲、網(wǎng)絡(luò)新聞組以及聊天室使得人們接觸大量的新群體，但是，這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)“混合群體”通常是因為特別話題或活動組織起來的，很少在地方群體和親屬、朋友中循環(huán)出現(xiàn)。
3)在網(wǎng)上發(fā)展的典型關(guān)系是否會像典型的傳統(tǒng)關(guān)系一樣牢固，發(fā)展網(wǎng)絡(luò)關(guān)系是否改變了個人總體社會交往的數(shù)量與質(zhì)量，這些是有待討論的問題。依據(jù)經(jīng)驗得到的、有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)對關(guān)系與社會交往產(chǎn)生的影響的證據(jù)很少。許多作者對于因特網(wǎng)是會促進社會發(fā)展還是會破壞社會發(fā)展有爭議。有關(guān)這個問題的許多討論都是猜測性的、軼事性的，或者是基于有很少例子的有代表性數(shù)據(jù)。