Text A learned words and popular words
本課主要單詞
1.learned adj. 有學問的，博學的；學術(shù)上的
這個單詞做形容詞用時有兩種讀音，一是 ，另一個是 或 .讀 時，意思是“有學問的，博學的；學術(shù)上的”；讀 或 時，意思是“經(jīng)過訓練學到的”。
a learned man （學者） a learned discussion （學術(shù)討論）
a learned doctor （醫(yī)道高明的醫(yī)生） a learned journal （學術(shù)刊物）
a learned response 后天的反應(yīng)（指非天生的）
He was learned in the ways of the words. （他深通人情世故。）
2.cultivated adj. 耕種的；栽培的；有修養(yǎng)的
cultivate v. 耕種；種植；培養(yǎng)；陶冶；建立；教化
cultivation n 耕種；栽培；培養(yǎng)；修養(yǎng)。
1）The farmer was busy cultivating the land when I found him. （我找到那位農(nóng)民時，他正忙著耕地。）
2）His father cultivated a farm of 80 acres. （他父親耕種一個80英畝地的農(nóng)場。）
3）Extensive reading can cultivate your mind. （廣泛閱讀能陶冶你的心性。）
4）He tried hard to cultivate good relations with his colleagues. （他努力與同事們建立良好關(guān)系。）
5）He is a very cultivated young man. （他是一個非常有教養(yǎng)的年輕人。）
6）Her cultivated voice was pleasing to the audience. （她文雅的說話嗓音很悅耳。）
7）He just can't understand why they allowed the land to go out of cultivation.（他就是不理解他們?yōu)槭裁慈瓮恋鼗氖?。?BR> 8）The cultivation of good manners will be very helpful to his future.（禮貌習慣的養(yǎng)成對他的未來將有很大的幫助。）
9）He is a man of charm and cultivation. （他既有魅力又有教養(yǎng)。）
3.concern n. 關(guān)心；關(guān)系；關(guān)聯(lián) v.涉及，有關(guān)于；使關(guān)心，使掛念
1）This matter is no concern of yours. （這件事跟你毫無關(guān)系。）
2）I don't think it is my concern， go and ask the manager， please. （這事跟我沒關(guān)系，請去問經(jīng)理。）
3）We felt concern for （或over） your health. （我們?yōu)槟愕慕】祿?。?BR> 4）He is said to have been concerned in the crime. （據(jù)說他與這起犯罪事件有關(guān)。）
5）The energy problem concerns us all. （能源問題關(guān)系到我們每個人。）
6）The baby's poor health concerned his parents. （孩子身體不好使父母擔憂。）
concern oneself in sth…… 關(guān)心
concern oneself with （about， over， in） 忙于
concern oneself about （for） 擔憂
have no concern with 與…無關(guān)
to whom it may concern （用作正式信件的開頭）敬啟者
concerned adj. 擔憂的，不安的；有關(guān)聯(lián)的；關(guān)心的
1）We are concerned about （at， over） world peace. （我們關(guān)心世界和平。）
2）He spoke to the people concerned. （他對有關(guān)的人講了話。）
3）We are not concerned with who is right or wrong. （我們對誰是誰非不感興趣。）
4）As far as ability is concerned， he is the best candidate. （就能力而言，他是佳人選。）
concerning prep. 關(guān)于
1）This is a proposal concerning child health. （這是一項關(guān)于兒童健康的建議。）
2）Please inform me concerning this matter. （請把關(guān)于這件事的情況告訴我。）
4.possession n. 所有，擁有
possess v. 擁有；具有；掌握；耐住（性子）
1）The possession of a degree does not guarantee you a job. （有學位不一定保證能找到工作。）
2）When his father died， he came into possession of a large ranch. （他父親去世后，他繼承了一個大牧場。）
3）He was a poor man with few possessions. （他是個沒有什么財產(chǎn)的窮人。）
4）The old house is now in his possession. （這所老房子現(xiàn)在歸他所有。）
5）The old lady is in possession of some gold coins. （那位老太太擁有一些金幣。）
6）How much money does he possess？ （他有多少錢？）
7） He told us that he possessed a little French. （他對我們說他懂一點法語。）
8） He possessed his temper despite the insult. （盡管受到了侮辱，他還是按捺住怒氣。）
5.occasion n. 時刻；場合；時機
occasional adj. 偶爾的，偶然的
occasionally adv. 偶然地
1）We've met each other on more than one occasion. （我們已經(jīng)不止地見過。）
2）He wanted to give people a good impression on this special occasion.（他想在這個特別的場合給人們留下好印象。）
3）The weather was good except for an occasional shower. （除了偶爾有陣雨外，天氣很好。）
4）They go into town occasionally. （他們偶爾進城。）
6.acquaintance n. 相識；了解；熟人
acquaint v. 使認識；了解
1）I had some acquaintance with this subject. （對這一課題我曾有所了解。）
2）He has many acquaintances. （他交游甚廣。）
3）It's necessary to acquaint Western readers with recent happenings in China.（向西方讀者介紹中國近的動態(tài)很有必要。）
4）She decided to acquaint herself with every aspect of the question.（她決定使自己對這個問題的每一個方面都了如指掌。）
5）We were acquainted with each year several years ago. （我們幾年前就相互認識了。）
7.formal adj. 正式的；形式的；禮儀上的
informal adj. 非正式的；不拘禮節(jié)的
formally adv. 正式地
1）They wrote a formal letter of thanks. （他們寫了一封正式的感謝信。）
2）He received formal training in music when he was only 6.（他六歲時就接受了正規(guī)的音樂訓練。）
3）It's not appropriate to wear informal clothes on formal occasions. （在正式場合穿便裝不合適。）
4）Discussions were formally opened in David Camp last week. （討論上周在戴維營正式開始。）
8.elevated adj. 提高的；高貴的，莊嚴的
elevate v. 提高；提升
elevation n. 高度；提升；崇高
elevator n. 起重工人；電梯
1）She considers herself too elevated to eat in a fast-food restaurant. （她自視過高，不愿在快餐店用餐。）
2）He spoke in an elevated tone. （他用莊嚴的語氣講著。）
3）He was elevated to a higher rank. （他晉了級。）
4）They worked hard to elevate the living standards. （他們努力工作以提高生活水平。）
5）He was overjoyed at his elevation to the position of general manager. （他因晉升為總經(jīng)理而欣喜萬分。）
6）They are flying at an elevation of 8000 feet. （他們正在8000英尺高空飛行。）
7）You can take an elevator to the 18th floor. （你可以乘電梯去十八樓。）
9.style n. 風格；文體；式樣
1）They sell hats in all sizes and styles. （他們出售各種式樣和尺寸的帽子。）
2）He changed his style of painting when he returned from Paris. （他從巴黎回來后就改變了畫風。）
3）Sincerity and simplicity are his style. （真摯和簡練是他的文體。）
come into style （開始流行）
be in style （在流行中）
be out of style （不再流行）
10.case n. 情況，事實；病例，案例；箱子，盒子
1）He thought the more time he spent on his lessons， the better performance he would make. But now he realizes it is not the case. （他原以為花在功課上的時間越多，成績就越好，現(xiàn)在他認識到情況并非如此。）
2）If that's the case you’ll have to work harder. （如果真是那樣，你得更加努力。）
3）Don't worry too much about it， it is a light case of flu. （別擔心，只是輕度流感。）
4）The police are studying the murder case. （警察正在研究這起謀殺案。）
a case in point （恰當?shù)睦樱?BR> a case of honor （榮譽攸關(guān)的問題）
a civil （criminal） case （民事/刑事訴訟）
a case of life and death （生死攸關(guān)的事情）
a hard case （棘手的事情）
in any case （無論如何）
in case （假使；以防）
in the case of （就…來說）
just in case （以防萬一）
11.popularity n. 普及，流行；名望，受歡迎
popular adj. 普遍的；多數(shù)人喜愛的；大眾的
1）He was amazed at the popularity of table-tennis when he first came to China.（他第來中國時驚異于乒乓球運動的普及。）
2）The new president achieved great popularity. （新任總統(tǒng)深得人心。）
3）Books on popular science are selling well. （科普書籍銷得很好。）
4）He is popular among young students. （他深受青年學生的歡迎。）
12.classification n. 分類；分級
classify v. 把…分類
1）There are different opinions about the classification of a particular word.（對某一特定的詞的分類有不同的看法。）
2）They classified the books according to their contents. （他們根據(jù)內(nèi)容把圖書分了類。）
在英語中有不少以-fy為后綴的動詞，其名詞形式常以-ation為后綴，如：
purify-purification
qualify-qualification
simplify-simplification
identify-identification
13.convenient adj. 方便的
inconvenient adj. 不方便的
convenience n. 方便
1）If it is convenient for you， please inform me of the case as soon as possible.（如果于你方便的話，請把案情盡早告訴我。）
2）Your visit caused him great inconvenience. （你的來訪給他帶來極大的不便。）
3）I appreciate the convenience of living near the office. （我喜歡住處離辦公室近這點方便。）
14.avoid v. 避免，避開
1）You should avoid being late for the meeting. （ 你應(yīng)該避免開會遲到。）
2）We should avoid making the same mistake. （我們應(yīng)該避免犯同樣的錯誤。）
15.presence n. 出席，到場
present adj. 出席的；當前的 n. 禮物 v. 呈獻；送
1）We shall be greatly honored to have your presence. （你如能出席，我們將榮幸之至。）
2）He felt shy to speak in the presence of a large audience. （在眾多人前講話他感到難為情。）
3）All the students are present today. （今天，所有的學生都到堂了。）
4）He is talking about the present situation. （他正在談當前的形勢。）
5）He's father gave him a lovely birthday present. （父親給了他一個可愛的生日禮物。）
6）He presented his teacher with a book he wrote. （他送給老師一本自己寫的書。）
本課主要詞綴
Affixation （詞綴法）
1.形容詞后綴-ed （多接于名詞之后，表示“具有…”，“充滿…”的意思）
learned， cultivated， educated， elevated
2.名詞后綴-ion，-ation
possession， classification， misconception， cultivation
3.名詞后綴-ance
acquaintance， importance
Unit9（第26講-第28講）
本課簡介
在learned words and popular words這篇課文中，作者對學術(shù)詞匯和普通詞匯進行了定義。講述了兩類詞匯之間的差異，并且指出把詞分為學術(shù)的和普通的方便而且有道理。但是人們必須注 意，把普通詞匯理解為屬于大眾所有的詞，而不是某個特定階層的人們所擁有的東西。學術(shù)詞匯也并非有學問之人專用，只是它的存在是由于書籍和文學的培養(yǎng)而不 是日常會話的實際需要。
本課主要語言點
1.In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which， taken together， make up the whole vocabulary.
class在本句中的意思是“種類”，相當于type， category.如：
1）It is very difficult to meet the needs of various classes of readers.（要滿足各種讀者的需要十分困難）
2）How many classes are you going to divide these books？ （你打算把這些書分成幾類？）
class 還常用來表示“等級”，如：a second-class hotel （二等旅館）；
an economy-class ticket （經(jīng)濟艙票）；fly first class （乘頭等艙航空旅行）。
class 也可以用動詞用，意思是“把 …分類；把…看作”，如：
1）At 19 you are still classed as a teenager.（到了十九歲，你仍舊是青少年。）
2）He was classed as a genius （他被看作為天才）
make up 在本句中的意思是“組成、構(gòu)成”，請看例句：
1）Twenty-six boys and twenty-four girls make up the class （二十六名男生和二十四名女生組成了這個班）
2）Twelve doctors made up the medical team （十二名醫(yī)生組成醫(yī)療隊）
用被動語態(tài)時則應(yīng)用be made up of，如：
This engine is made up of 490 parts （這臺發(fā)動機是由四百九十個部件裝配而成的）
taken together 過去分詞短語做后置定語，對中心詞做一些附加說明，相當于一個非限定性定語從句，要用逗號和中心詞隔開，如：
All the letters in the drawer， written in pencil， are from my brother.（抽屜里的這些用鉛筆寫的信都是我弟弟寫的。）
2.First， there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation， which we learn， that is to say， from the members of our own family and from our friends， and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.
句子中which引導的都是定語從句，修飾中心詞words.第一個which的前面有介詞with， 這兒的with是familiar with中的介詞前置了。Familiar with 意為“熟悉”。如：Are you familiar with the man standing over there？（站在那邊的那個人你熟悉嗎？）
請注意familiar with 與familiar to 的區(qū)別，familiar with 的主語通常是人，而familiar to的主語通常是物。如：
1）I am not familiar with this place.
2）This place is mot familiar to me.
that is to say 是插入語，其作用是對整個一句話進行解釋，類似的插入語還有so to speak， if I may say so， if you don't mind等等，如：
1）I'd really rather not go， if you don’t mind 我確實不想去，你如果不介意的話。
2）The new emperor was， so to speak， a puppet.新皇帝可以說是個傀儡。
3.They concern the common things of life， and are the stock in trade of who speak the language concern 在句中的意思是“涉及，有關(guān)于”，如：
1）Don't interfere in things that don’t concern you （別干預跟你無關(guān)的事）。
2）The energy problem concerns us all （能源問題關(guān)系到我們每個人）
stock的意思很多，如“存貨”，“股票”，“公債券”，“牲畜”等。
1）They hold a rich stock of information （他們掌握著豐富的材料）
2）You cannot buy it because it's out of stock （你買不成了，貨品已經(jīng)脫銷）
3）He used to have a stock farm （他曾經(jīng)擁有一個畜牧場）
4）The fridge was carefully stocked up with food.（冰箱里周到地放滿了食品）
stock in trade 也可以寫成stock in trade，意思是“例行工作”，“常規(guī)”，如：
1）Complaints were a stock in trade of an airport manager's job （機場經(jīng)理的工作就是常常面對投訴）
2）He was the master of black humor， it was his stock in trade （他是黑色幽默大師，黑色幽默是他的專長）
4.Such words may be called “popular”， since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only.
since 在句中引導的是一個原因狀語從句，請看例句：
1）Since it was Saturday， he got up very late （因為是周六，他起床很晚。）
2）You can take the place of him since he is not interested （你可以取代他，因為他對這事不感興趣）
at large 在本句中的意思是“整個”，這個詞組的意思還有很多，請看下面的句子：
1）The people at large love peace （大多數(shù)人熱愛和平）
2）The virus is still at large （這種病毒還在蔓延）
3）The murderer is still at large （殺人犯仍逍遙法外）
4）He talked at large about his plans （他詳盡地談了自己的計劃）
5）They made the arrangements at large （他們隨意地做了安排 ）
5.請注意區(qū)別與possession 有關(guān)的兩個詞組：in possession of sth……和 in the possession of sb.
1）He is in possession of this house （他擁有這所房子）
2）The house is in the possession of him
3）On the other hand， our language includes large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.
英語中有許多表示啟承轉(zhuǎn)合的詞語，閱語中注意這些詞有助于我們提高理解力，寫作中注意用這些詞，有助于 我們把文章寫得連貫、有條理。On the other hand 在本句中用來表示不同或相反的語氣，在前一段中講了popular word 這一段中作者則要講講learned words. 表示不同或相反語氣的詞還有很多，比如：Conversely， however， on the contrary， unlike， whereas， yet等等。
前面我們提到過number可以與可數(shù)名詞連用，而amount可與不可數(shù)名詞連用，如：
1）A large number of students have passed the exam （許多學生已經(jīng)通過了考試）
2）They paid a large amount of money for the house （他們付了一大筆錢買了這座房子）
6.Their meanings are known to every educated person， but there is little occasion to use them at home
occasion 通?？梢宰隹蓴?shù)名詞用，意思是“時刻、場合”；也可以做不可數(shù)名詞用，意思是：“必要性、需要；機會”。如：
1）They're met on several occasions （他們已相遇過好幾次）
2）They are occasions when you find it difficult to say “Good-bye”。（有時候你會覺得說“再見”很難。）
3）I don't remember I had occasion to blame him （我不記得我有責備他的必要）
7.In the latter， we are using a Latin Derivation which has exactly the same meaning
在前一句中用了“in the first case，” 本句中的“in the latter ”是指in the latter case .對兩件事分別進行表述時，可以用in the first case， in the latter case 這一類詞，條理非常清楚，也可以用the former，the latter 來表述。derivation 是derive 的名詞形式。Latin derivation 意思是“拉丁語詞源的詞”，請看例句：
1）These words are derived from Latin （這些詞由拉丁語派生而來）
2）The derivation of words is interesting （詞的派生很有意思）
8.The terms “popular” and “l(fā)earned”，as applied to words， are not absolute definitions.本句中的term意思是“術(shù)語、名稱”，如：
1）I don't know how to put this term into Chinese （我不知道如何把這一術(shù)語譯成中文）
2）Writer is hardly the term to apply to him （“作家”這一名稱很難用在他身上）
term 還有“期限；任期；學期”的意思，如：
1）During his 4-year term of office， he did a lot of things for the common people.（在他四年的任職期間，他為普通百姓做了不少事。）
2）He decided to rum for a second term （他決定競選連任。）
3）The autumn term is coming to an end （秋學期快要結(jié)束了。）
apply to 在句中的意思是“用于”，如：
1）This rule applies to upper class students only （這條規(guī)則只適用于高年級學生。）
2）I don't think what he says applies to you （我想他的話對你不適用）
3）They are eager to apply the theory to practice （他們急切地想把這一理論用于實踐）
apply for 則是“申請”的意思，如：
1）How many people have applied for the job？（有多少人申請了這個工作？）
2）They applied for permission to use the tennis court （他們申請使用網(wǎng)球場。）
9.Still the classification into “l(fā)earned” and “popular” is convenient and sound .本句中的sound是形容詞，意思是“正確的；明智的”，如：
1）He felt so happy that he had made a sound decision.（做了正確的決定，他感到很高興。）
2）He was so carried away by power that he could not make any sound judgement（他被權(quán)力沖昏了頭腦，無法做出任何明智的判斷）
請看下面幾個句子，注意sound 在句中的意思：
1）He is sound in body and mind （他身心健康）
2）The house is sound .Don't hesitate to buy it （這所房了完好無損，別猶豫，買下它）
3）The baby is having a sound sleep.（寶寶在酣睡）
4）Father gave him a sound beating.（父親給他一頓痛打）
10.When we call a word “l(fā)earned” we don't mean that it is used by learned persons alone， but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary people
not （that）…。but （that）。意思“不是…。而是?！比纾?BR> 1）I came here again not because I enjoy the scenery so much but because I like the people .（我又來這兒，不是因為我多喜歡這兒的景色，而是我愛這兒的人們。）
2）By calling him Shylock， I don't mean that he is named Shylock，but that he is as miserly as Shylock.（叫他夏洛克，我不是說他的名字叫夏洛克，而是說他像夏洛克一樣吝嗇。）
due to 在句中的意思是“由于”，如：
1）His failure was due to carelessness （他的失敗是由于粗心。）
2）Due to lack of funds，they had to postpone the project.（由于缺少資金，他們不得不推遲計劃）
rather than 在本句的意思是“不是…而是……”，“與其……不如…”
1）He is a writer than a teacher （與其說他是教師，不如說他是作家。）
2）He lay rather than sit in the armchair （與其說他是坐在扶手椅上不如說是躺在里面。）
本課主要詞組
1.make up
2.be familiar with
3.learn from
4.belong to
5.at large
6.on the other hand
7.be knows to
8.acquaintance with
9.in a style
10.be of importance
11.in the first case
12.in the latter （case）
13.in print
14.apply to
15.come up
16.as to
17.as a whole
18.due to
19.rather than
Text B how should you build up your vocabulary？
短語表達
1.build up （建立；增強；增加）
They worked hard to build up the friendship between the people in two countries.
Get plenty of exercise every to build up your health.
2.come across （穿過，出現(xiàn)；遇到）
They came across the street to meet me.
A good idea came across my mind
We are bound to come across difficulties， but we are determined to overcome them.
3.look up （查閱）
If there are words you don't understand， look them up in the dictionary .
For further information about this matter， look up this book.
4.at top speed （以高速度）
He drove his car at top speed
It's dangerous to corner at top speed
5.depend on （依靠；取決于）
We'll depend mainly on ourselves to solve the problem.
The accomplishment of the task depends on the solution of this major problem.
6.make sense （有意義、講得通）
What he said just now didn't make any sense to me.
This sentence doesn't make any sense.
7.try doing sth（嘗試做某事）
You can try using another method to go it
He tried climbing the mountain without any help.
8.come up with （提出，想出；提供）
He is expected to come up with some ideas after he thinks about the problem.
The TV network will come up with better shows in the future.
9.lead to（導致）
Our discussions led to confusion. The earthquake led to heavy loss of life.
10.after all （畢竟）
Don't expect too much of him， he is， after all， a child of 10.
We didn't finish all the work. After all， we didn’t have enough hands
11.provide with （提供）
It is necessary that you provide them with all the equipment
We are satisfied to be provided with these kitchen utensils
12.begin with （以……開始）
The first word of a sentence should begin with a capital letter .
To begin with， we ought to know what we are here for.
本課主要單詞
1.learned adj. 有學問的，博學的；學術(shù)上的
這個單詞做形容詞用時有兩種讀音，一是 ，另一個是 或 .讀 時，意思是“有學問的，博學的；學術(shù)上的”；讀 或 時，意思是“經(jīng)過訓練學到的”。
a learned man （學者） a learned discussion （學術(shù)討論）
a learned doctor （醫(yī)道高明的醫(yī)生） a learned journal （學術(shù)刊物）
a learned response 后天的反應(yīng)（指非天生的）
He was learned in the ways of the words. （他深通人情世故。）
2.cultivated adj. 耕種的；栽培的；有修養(yǎng)的
cultivate v. 耕種；種植；培養(yǎng)；陶冶；建立；教化
cultivation n 耕種；栽培；培養(yǎng)；修養(yǎng)。
1）The farmer was busy cultivating the land when I found him. （我找到那位農(nóng)民時，他正忙著耕地。）
2）His father cultivated a farm of 80 acres. （他父親耕種一個80英畝地的農(nóng)場。）
3）Extensive reading can cultivate your mind. （廣泛閱讀能陶冶你的心性。）
4）He tried hard to cultivate good relations with his colleagues. （他努力與同事們建立良好關(guān)系。）
5）He is a very cultivated young man. （他是一個非常有教養(yǎng)的年輕人。）
6）Her cultivated voice was pleasing to the audience. （她文雅的說話嗓音很悅耳。）
7）He just can't understand why they allowed the land to go out of cultivation.（他就是不理解他們?yōu)槭裁慈瓮恋鼗氖?。?BR> 8）The cultivation of good manners will be very helpful to his future.（禮貌習慣的養(yǎng)成對他的未來將有很大的幫助。）
9）He is a man of charm and cultivation. （他既有魅力又有教養(yǎng)。）
3.concern n. 關(guān)心；關(guān)系；關(guān)聯(lián) v.涉及，有關(guān)于；使關(guān)心，使掛念
1）This matter is no concern of yours. （這件事跟你毫無關(guān)系。）
2）I don't think it is my concern， go and ask the manager， please. （這事跟我沒關(guān)系，請去問經(jīng)理。）
3）We felt concern for （或over） your health. （我們?yōu)槟愕慕】祿?。?BR> 4）He is said to have been concerned in the crime. （據(jù)說他與這起犯罪事件有關(guān)。）
5）The energy problem concerns us all. （能源問題關(guān)系到我們每個人。）
6）The baby's poor health concerned his parents. （孩子身體不好使父母擔憂。）
concern oneself in sth…… 關(guān)心
concern oneself with （about， over， in） 忙于
concern oneself about （for） 擔憂
have no concern with 與…無關(guān)
to whom it may concern （用作正式信件的開頭）敬啟者
concerned adj. 擔憂的，不安的；有關(guān)聯(lián)的；關(guān)心的
1）We are concerned about （at， over） world peace. （我們關(guān)心世界和平。）
2）He spoke to the people concerned. （他對有關(guān)的人講了話。）
3）We are not concerned with who is right or wrong. （我們對誰是誰非不感興趣。）
4）As far as ability is concerned， he is the best candidate. （就能力而言，他是佳人選。）
concerning prep. 關(guān)于
1）This is a proposal concerning child health. （這是一項關(guān)于兒童健康的建議。）
2）Please inform me concerning this matter. （請把關(guān)于這件事的情況告訴我。）
4.possession n. 所有，擁有
possess v. 擁有；具有；掌握；耐住（性子）
1）The possession of a degree does not guarantee you a job. （有學位不一定保證能找到工作。）
2）When his father died， he came into possession of a large ranch. （他父親去世后，他繼承了一個大牧場。）
3）He was a poor man with few possessions. （他是個沒有什么財產(chǎn)的窮人。）
4）The old house is now in his possession. （這所老房子現(xiàn)在歸他所有。）
5）The old lady is in possession of some gold coins. （那位老太太擁有一些金幣。）
6）How much money does he possess？ （他有多少錢？）
7） He told us that he possessed a little French. （他對我們說他懂一點法語。）
8） He possessed his temper despite the insult. （盡管受到了侮辱，他還是按捺住怒氣。）
5.occasion n. 時刻；場合；時機
occasional adj. 偶爾的，偶然的
occasionally adv. 偶然地
1）We've met each other on more than one occasion. （我們已經(jīng)不止地見過。）
2）He wanted to give people a good impression on this special occasion.（他想在這個特別的場合給人們留下好印象。）
3）The weather was good except for an occasional shower. （除了偶爾有陣雨外，天氣很好。）
4）They go into town occasionally. （他們偶爾進城。）
6.acquaintance n. 相識；了解；熟人
acquaint v. 使認識；了解
1）I had some acquaintance with this subject. （對這一課題我曾有所了解。）
2）He has many acquaintances. （他交游甚廣。）
3）It's necessary to acquaint Western readers with recent happenings in China.（向西方讀者介紹中國近的動態(tài)很有必要。）
4）She decided to acquaint herself with every aspect of the question.（她決定使自己對這個問題的每一個方面都了如指掌。）
5）We were acquainted with each year several years ago. （我們幾年前就相互認識了。）
7.formal adj. 正式的；形式的；禮儀上的
informal adj. 非正式的；不拘禮節(jié)的
formally adv. 正式地
1）They wrote a formal letter of thanks. （他們寫了一封正式的感謝信。）
2）He received formal training in music when he was only 6.（他六歲時就接受了正規(guī)的音樂訓練。）
3）It's not appropriate to wear informal clothes on formal occasions. （在正式場合穿便裝不合適。）
4）Discussions were formally opened in David Camp last week. （討論上周在戴維營正式開始。）
8.elevated adj. 提高的；高貴的，莊嚴的
elevate v. 提高；提升
elevation n. 高度；提升；崇高
elevator n. 起重工人；電梯
1）She considers herself too elevated to eat in a fast-food restaurant. （她自視過高，不愿在快餐店用餐。）
2）He spoke in an elevated tone. （他用莊嚴的語氣講著。）
3）He was elevated to a higher rank. （他晉了級。）
4）They worked hard to elevate the living standards. （他們努力工作以提高生活水平。）
5）He was overjoyed at his elevation to the position of general manager. （他因晉升為總經(jīng)理而欣喜萬分。）
6）They are flying at an elevation of 8000 feet. （他們正在8000英尺高空飛行。）
7）You can take an elevator to the 18th floor. （你可以乘電梯去十八樓。）
9.style n. 風格；文體；式樣
1）They sell hats in all sizes and styles. （他們出售各種式樣和尺寸的帽子。）
2）He changed his style of painting when he returned from Paris. （他從巴黎回來后就改變了畫風。）
3）Sincerity and simplicity are his style. （真摯和簡練是他的文體。）
come into style （開始流行）
be in style （在流行中）
be out of style （不再流行）
10.case n. 情況，事實；病例，案例；箱子，盒子
1）He thought the more time he spent on his lessons， the better performance he would make. But now he realizes it is not the case. （他原以為花在功課上的時間越多，成績就越好，現(xiàn)在他認識到情況并非如此。）
2）If that's the case you’ll have to work harder. （如果真是那樣，你得更加努力。）
3）Don't worry too much about it， it is a light case of flu. （別擔心，只是輕度流感。）
4）The police are studying the murder case. （警察正在研究這起謀殺案。）
a case in point （恰當?shù)睦樱?BR> a case of honor （榮譽攸關(guān)的問題）
a civil （criminal） case （民事/刑事訴訟）
a case of life and death （生死攸關(guān)的事情）
a hard case （棘手的事情）
in any case （無論如何）
in case （假使；以防）
in the case of （就…來說）
just in case （以防萬一）
11.popularity n. 普及，流行；名望，受歡迎
popular adj. 普遍的；多數(shù)人喜愛的；大眾的
1）He was amazed at the popularity of table-tennis when he first came to China.（他第來中國時驚異于乒乓球運動的普及。）
2）The new president achieved great popularity. （新任總統(tǒng)深得人心。）
3）Books on popular science are selling well. （科普書籍銷得很好。）
4）He is popular among young students. （他深受青年學生的歡迎。）
12.classification n. 分類；分級
classify v. 把…分類
1）There are different opinions about the classification of a particular word.（對某一特定的詞的分類有不同的看法。）
2）They classified the books according to their contents. （他們根據(jù)內(nèi)容把圖書分了類。）
在英語中有不少以-fy為后綴的動詞，其名詞形式常以-ation為后綴，如：
purify-purification
qualify-qualification
simplify-simplification
identify-identification
13.convenient adj. 方便的
inconvenient adj. 不方便的
convenience n. 方便
1）If it is convenient for you， please inform me of the case as soon as possible.（如果于你方便的話，請把案情盡早告訴我。）
2）Your visit caused him great inconvenience. （你的來訪給他帶來極大的不便。）
3）I appreciate the convenience of living near the office. （我喜歡住處離辦公室近這點方便。）
14.avoid v. 避免，避開
1）You should avoid being late for the meeting. （ 你應(yīng)該避免開會遲到。）
2）We should avoid making the same mistake. （我們應(yīng)該避免犯同樣的錯誤。）
15.presence n. 出席，到場
present adj. 出席的；當前的 n. 禮物 v. 呈獻；送
1）We shall be greatly honored to have your presence. （你如能出席，我們將榮幸之至。）
2）He felt shy to speak in the presence of a large audience. （在眾多人前講話他感到難為情。）
3）All the students are present today. （今天，所有的學生都到堂了。）
4）He is talking about the present situation. （他正在談當前的形勢。）
5）He's father gave him a lovely birthday present. （父親給了他一個可愛的生日禮物。）
6）He presented his teacher with a book he wrote. （他送給老師一本自己寫的書。）
本課主要詞綴
Affixation （詞綴法）
1.形容詞后綴-ed （多接于名詞之后，表示“具有…”，“充滿…”的意思）
learned， cultivated， educated， elevated
2.名詞后綴-ion，-ation
possession， classification， misconception， cultivation
3.名詞后綴-ance
acquaintance， importance
Unit9（第26講-第28講）
本課簡介
在learned words and popular words這篇課文中，作者對學術(shù)詞匯和普通詞匯進行了定義。講述了兩類詞匯之間的差異，并且指出把詞分為學術(shù)的和普通的方便而且有道理。但是人們必須注 意，把普通詞匯理解為屬于大眾所有的詞，而不是某個特定階層的人們所擁有的東西。學術(shù)詞匯也并非有學問之人專用，只是它的存在是由于書籍和文學的培養(yǎng)而不 是日常會話的實際需要。
本課主要語言點
1.In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which， taken together， make up the whole vocabulary.
class在本句中的意思是“種類”，相當于type， category.如：
1）It is very difficult to meet the needs of various classes of readers.（要滿足各種讀者的需要十分困難）
2）How many classes are you going to divide these books？ （你打算把這些書分成幾類？）
class 還常用來表示“等級”，如：a second-class hotel （二等旅館）；
an economy-class ticket （經(jīng)濟艙票）；fly first class （乘頭等艙航空旅行）。
class 也可以用動詞用，意思是“把 …分類；把…看作”，如：
1）At 19 you are still classed as a teenager.（到了十九歲，你仍舊是青少年。）
2）He was classed as a genius （他被看作為天才）
make up 在本句中的意思是“組成、構(gòu)成”，請看例句：
1）Twenty-six boys and twenty-four girls make up the class （二十六名男生和二十四名女生組成了這個班）
2）Twelve doctors made up the medical team （十二名醫(yī)生組成醫(yī)療隊）
用被動語態(tài)時則應(yīng)用be made up of，如：
This engine is made up of 490 parts （這臺發(fā)動機是由四百九十個部件裝配而成的）
taken together 過去分詞短語做后置定語，對中心詞做一些附加說明，相當于一個非限定性定語從句，要用逗號和中心詞隔開，如：
All the letters in the drawer， written in pencil， are from my brother.（抽屜里的這些用鉛筆寫的信都是我弟弟寫的。）
2.First， there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation， which we learn， that is to say， from the members of our own family and from our friends， and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.
句子中which引導的都是定語從句，修飾中心詞words.第一個which的前面有介詞with， 這兒的with是familiar with中的介詞前置了。Familiar with 意為“熟悉”。如：Are you familiar with the man standing over there？（站在那邊的那個人你熟悉嗎？）
請注意familiar with 與familiar to 的區(qū)別，familiar with 的主語通常是人，而familiar to的主語通常是物。如：
1）I am not familiar with this place.
2）This place is mot familiar to me.
that is to say 是插入語，其作用是對整個一句話進行解釋，類似的插入語還有so to speak， if I may say so， if you don't mind等等，如：
1）I'd really rather not go， if you don’t mind 我確實不想去，你如果不介意的話。
2）The new emperor was， so to speak， a puppet.新皇帝可以說是個傀儡。
3.They concern the common things of life， and are the stock in trade of who speak the language concern 在句中的意思是“涉及，有關(guān)于”，如：
1）Don't interfere in things that don’t concern you （別干預跟你無關(guān)的事）。
2）The energy problem concerns us all （能源問題關(guān)系到我們每個人）
stock的意思很多，如“存貨”，“股票”，“公債券”，“牲畜”等。
1）They hold a rich stock of information （他們掌握著豐富的材料）
2）You cannot buy it because it's out of stock （你買不成了，貨品已經(jīng)脫銷）
3）He used to have a stock farm （他曾經(jīng)擁有一個畜牧場）
4）The fridge was carefully stocked up with food.（冰箱里周到地放滿了食品）
stock in trade 也可以寫成stock in trade，意思是“例行工作”，“常規(guī)”，如：
1）Complaints were a stock in trade of an airport manager's job （機場經(jīng)理的工作就是常常面對投訴）
2）He was the master of black humor， it was his stock in trade （他是黑色幽默大師，黑色幽默是他的專長）
4.Such words may be called “popular”， since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only.
since 在句中引導的是一個原因狀語從句，請看例句：
1）Since it was Saturday， he got up very late （因為是周六，他起床很晚。）
2）You can take the place of him since he is not interested （你可以取代他，因為他對這事不感興趣）
at large 在本句中的意思是“整個”，這個詞組的意思還有很多，請看下面的句子：
1）The people at large love peace （大多數(shù)人熱愛和平）
2）The virus is still at large （這種病毒還在蔓延）
3）The murderer is still at large （殺人犯仍逍遙法外）
4）He talked at large about his plans （他詳盡地談了自己的計劃）
5）They made the arrangements at large （他們隨意地做了安排 ）
5.請注意區(qū)別與possession 有關(guān)的兩個詞組：in possession of sth……和 in the possession of sb.
1）He is in possession of this house （他擁有這所房子）
2）The house is in the possession of him
3）On the other hand， our language includes large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.
英語中有許多表示啟承轉(zhuǎn)合的詞語，閱語中注意這些詞有助于我們提高理解力，寫作中注意用這些詞，有助于 我們把文章寫得連貫、有條理。On the other hand 在本句中用來表示不同或相反的語氣，在前一段中講了popular word 這一段中作者則要講講learned words. 表示不同或相反語氣的詞還有很多，比如：Conversely， however， on the contrary， unlike， whereas， yet等等。
前面我們提到過number可以與可數(shù)名詞連用，而amount可與不可數(shù)名詞連用，如：
1）A large number of students have passed the exam （許多學生已經(jīng)通過了考試）
2）They paid a large amount of money for the house （他們付了一大筆錢買了這座房子）
6.Their meanings are known to every educated person， but there is little occasion to use them at home
occasion 通?？梢宰隹蓴?shù)名詞用，意思是“時刻、場合”；也可以做不可數(shù)名詞用，意思是：“必要性、需要；機會”。如：
1）They're met on several occasions （他們已相遇過好幾次）
2）They are occasions when you find it difficult to say “Good-bye”。（有時候你會覺得說“再見”很難。）
3）I don't remember I had occasion to blame him （我不記得我有責備他的必要）
7.In the latter， we are using a Latin Derivation which has exactly the same meaning
在前一句中用了“in the first case，” 本句中的“in the latter ”是指in the latter case .對兩件事分別進行表述時，可以用in the first case， in the latter case 這一類詞，條理非常清楚，也可以用the former，the latter 來表述。derivation 是derive 的名詞形式。Latin derivation 意思是“拉丁語詞源的詞”，請看例句：
1）These words are derived from Latin （這些詞由拉丁語派生而來）
2）The derivation of words is interesting （詞的派生很有意思）
8.The terms “popular” and “l(fā)earned”，as applied to words， are not absolute definitions.本句中的term意思是“術(shù)語、名稱”，如：
1）I don't know how to put this term into Chinese （我不知道如何把這一術(shù)語譯成中文）
2）Writer is hardly the term to apply to him （“作家”這一名稱很難用在他身上）
term 還有“期限；任期；學期”的意思，如：
1）During his 4-year term of office， he did a lot of things for the common people.（在他四年的任職期間，他為普通百姓做了不少事。）
2）He decided to rum for a second term （他決定競選連任。）
3）The autumn term is coming to an end （秋學期快要結(jié)束了。）
apply to 在句中的意思是“用于”，如：
1）This rule applies to upper class students only （這條規(guī)則只適用于高年級學生。）
2）I don't think what he says applies to you （我想他的話對你不適用）
3）They are eager to apply the theory to practice （他們急切地想把這一理論用于實踐）
apply for 則是“申請”的意思，如：
1）How many people have applied for the job？（有多少人申請了這個工作？）
2）They applied for permission to use the tennis court （他們申請使用網(wǎng)球場。）
9.Still the classification into “l(fā)earned” and “popular” is convenient and sound .本句中的sound是形容詞，意思是“正確的；明智的”，如：
1）He felt so happy that he had made a sound decision.（做了正確的決定，他感到很高興。）
2）He was so carried away by power that he could not make any sound judgement（他被權(quán)力沖昏了頭腦，無法做出任何明智的判斷）
請看下面幾個句子，注意sound 在句中的意思：
1）He is sound in body and mind （他身心健康）
2）The house is sound .Don't hesitate to buy it （這所房了完好無損，別猶豫，買下它）
3）The baby is having a sound sleep.（寶寶在酣睡）
4）Father gave him a sound beating.（父親給他一頓痛打）
10.When we call a word “l(fā)earned” we don't mean that it is used by learned persons alone， but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary people
not （that）…。but （that）。意思“不是…。而是?！比纾?BR> 1）I came here again not because I enjoy the scenery so much but because I like the people .（我又來這兒，不是因為我多喜歡這兒的景色，而是我愛這兒的人們。）
2）By calling him Shylock， I don't mean that he is named Shylock，but that he is as miserly as Shylock.（叫他夏洛克，我不是說他的名字叫夏洛克，而是說他像夏洛克一樣吝嗇。）
due to 在句中的意思是“由于”，如：
1）His failure was due to carelessness （他的失敗是由于粗心。）
2）Due to lack of funds，they had to postpone the project.（由于缺少資金，他們不得不推遲計劃）
rather than 在本句的意思是“不是…而是……”，“與其……不如…”
1）He is a writer than a teacher （與其說他是教師，不如說他是作家。）
2）He lay rather than sit in the armchair （與其說他是坐在扶手椅上不如說是躺在里面。）
本課主要詞組
1.make up
2.be familiar with
3.learn from
4.belong to
5.at large
6.on the other hand
7.be knows to
8.acquaintance with
9.in a style
10.be of importance
11.in the first case
12.in the latter （case）
13.in print
14.apply to
15.come up
16.as to
17.as a whole
18.due to
19.rather than
Text B how should you build up your vocabulary？
短語表達
1.build up （建立；增強；增加）
They worked hard to build up the friendship between the people in two countries.
Get plenty of exercise every to build up your health.
2.come across （穿過，出現(xiàn)；遇到）
They came across the street to meet me.
A good idea came across my mind
We are bound to come across difficulties， but we are determined to overcome them.
3.look up （查閱）
If there are words you don't understand， look them up in the dictionary .
For further information about this matter， look up this book.
4.at top speed （以高速度）
He drove his car at top speed
It's dangerous to corner at top speed
5.depend on （依靠；取決于）
We'll depend mainly on ourselves to solve the problem.
The accomplishment of the task depends on the solution of this major problem.
6.make sense （有意義、講得通）
What he said just now didn't make any sense to me.
This sentence doesn't make any sense.
7.try doing sth（嘗試做某事）
You can try using another method to go it
He tried climbing the mountain without any help.
8.come up with （提出，想出；提供）
He is expected to come up with some ideas after he thinks about the problem.
The TV network will come up with better shows in the future.
9.lead to（導致）
Our discussions led to confusion. The earthquake led to heavy loss of life.
10.after all （畢竟）
Don't expect too much of him， he is， after all， a child of 10.
We didn't finish all the work. After all， we didn’t have enough hands
11.provide with （提供）
It is necessary that you provide them with all the equipment
We are satisfied to be provided with these kitchen utensils
12.begin with （以……開始）
The first word of a sentence should begin with a capital letter .
To begin with， we ought to know what we are here for.