Unit15（第44講—第46講）
21.initiate vt. 開始；發(fā)起，倡議；接納新成員
1）We should initiate direct talks with the trade unions.（我們應(yīng)該與貿(mào)易聯(lián)合會開始直接對話。）
2）They initiated a new program of reform. （他們開始實施一項新的改革方案。）
3）The club will initiate new members next week. （俱樂部將在下周接納新成員。）
22.restrict vt. 限制；約束
restricted adj. 受限制的；有限的
restriction n. 限制，約束
1）Women in China are no longer restricted to domestic labor now.（現(xiàn)在，中國婦女不再被束縛于家務(wù)勞動了。）
2）He was restricted in his movements. （他的行動受約束。）
3）This rule has a very restricted application （這條規(guī)則的適用范圍極為有限。）
4）The government placed restrictions on sales of weapons. （政府對武器銷售實行限制。）
23.depict vt. portray （描畫，描述）
1）The painter tried to depict the splendour of the sunset. （畫家試圖描繪出日落的壯麗景象。）
2）She went on to depict the confusion of departure （她繼續(xù)描述離開時的混亂情景。）
24.imply v. 暗示，含有的意思
implied adj. 含蓄的
implication n. 含義
1）I don't imply that you are wrong. （我的意思不是說你錯了。）
2）His silence implied consent. （他的緘默表示同意。）
3）I don't understand the implied meaning of this sentence. （我不理解這句話的含義。）
4）The implication of his statement is that I was wrong. （他這話的含義是我錯了。）
25.alternative n. 供選擇的東西 adj. 兩者擇一的；供選擇的
1）He was given the alternative of going on to college or starting to work.（他得在上大學(xué)繼續(xù)求學(xué)和開始工作之間作出選擇。）
2）Is there any alternative to undergoing a surgical operation？?。ǔ饪剖中g(shù)外還有其它辦法嗎？）
3）You have no alternative but to stay here overnight. （你只好留宿一夜，別無他法。）
4）We should explore alternative possibilities in solving the problem.（我們應(yīng)該探求各種供選擇的可能性來解決這個問題。）
5）The alternative plans of having a picnic on taking a boat trip put them in a dilemma.（去野餐或者去乘船旅游二者只能擇一的計劃使他們左右為難。）
本課簡介
越來越多的事實證明，暴力電視節(jié)目對兒童的成長有不良影響，學(xué)齡前兒童受暴力電視節(jié)目的危害尤深，因為他們尚不完全具備辯別事實與幻想的能力，對人類行為、道德沖突的內(nèi)在動機也不理解。兒童常常把從電視中看到的行為用于現(xiàn)實生活之中。父母還應(yīng)幫助兒童理解他們所看的電視節(jié)目，父母也要了解幼兒的老師對與戰(zhàn)爭和暴力相關(guān)連的電視節(jié)目及兒童玩具的態(tài)度，并與那些有共識的其他兒童的父母一同努力，尋求各種方法取代觀看暴力電視節(jié)目。
本課語言點
1. For more than a quarter of a century， evidence has been increasing that children's exposure to violence on television has long-lasting effects on their behavior.
a quarter （of）“四分之一”，如：a quarter of a pound（四分之一磅）；a quarter of a century（四分之一世紀(jì)）；a quarter of a mile（四分之一英里）；a quarter （of a dollar） （25美分）；a quarter of a million（25萬）；a quarter （of an hour）（15分鐘）。
…that children's exposure to violence on television…
that 引導(dǎo)的是一個同位語從句，這個同位語從句沒有直接跟在名詞evidence的后面，而是被has been increasing隔開了。同位語的作用是對它所說明的名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋，說明這個名詞指的是誰或什么。如：
1）I had no idea that he told us a lie. （我不知道他對我們說了謊話。）
2）You have to produce enough evidence that he is guilty.（你得拿出足夠的證據(jù)說明他有罪。）
3）There was little possibility that they would succeed. （他們成功的可能性極小。）
4）There can be no doubt that TV violence affects children. （毫無疑問，暴力電視節(jié)目對兒童有不良影響。）
exposure to “暴露于…”，如：
1）The best part of the job was her constant exposure to books.（她這個工作的大優(yōu)點是能經(jīng)常接觸書籍。）
have an effect on “對…有作用（影響）”，如：
1）Constant rain had much effect on the harvest. （持續(xù)的降雨對收成有很大的影響。）
2）The cement factory has much effect on the environment.（水泥廠對環(huán)境的影響很大。）
3）His persuasion had little effect on her.（他的勸說對她沒什么作用。）
2.…the amount of television time allocated each week to violent programs increased significantly.
…the number of violent acts on television…h(huán)as increased…。
上面兩個句子中分別用了amount和number兩個詞。amount用來修飾從體積，重量，金額等方面著眼的東西，一般在of后接用不可數(shù)名詞；而number則用以修飾可數(shù)的人或物。在第一個句子中，amount of后面用的是不可數(shù)名詞time，第二個句子中number of后面用的是可數(shù)名詞acts.再請看例句：
1）A large amount of money has been spent on this project.（一大筆錢已經(jīng)花在了這個工程上。）
2）The amount of work assigned to him was formidable.（分配給他做的工作量極大。）
3）The number of students of the university has been increasing. （這所大學(xué)的學(xué)生人數(shù)在增加。）
4）The number of tourists to that place is limited.（去那個地方旅游的人數(shù)有限。）
請注意區(qū)別act和action這兩個名詞。①這兩個名詞都表示“行為”，“行動”的意思，?？苫Q使用。act強調(diào)行為的結(jié)果，而不涉及行為的動機與性質(zhì)，常是即興，瞬間的舉動；action偏重于動作的方式和過程。②act行為的發(fā)出者可以是人也可以是物；action只是物。③在須用不可數(shù)名詞表示總的概念時，多用action，而一般不用act.如：
1） The time has come for action/act.（采取行動的時間了。）
2） The thoughtless young man did another foolish act.（那個魯莽的年輕人又做了件傻事。）
3） Every sudden emotion quickens the action of the heart.（每件突如其來的令人激動的事情都能加快心跳。）
4） Actions speak louder than words.（事實勝于雄辯。）
3.Given the amount of time that children watch television， it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow.
given在本句中用作介詞，意思是considering， taking into account（考慮到），在詞匯部分我們已作了比較詳細(xì)的講解，再請看兩個例句：
1）Given they are fresh from university， they've done a great job.（考慮到他們剛走出大學(xué)校園，他們干得不錯。）
2）Given that he has always been dreaming of visiting the great wall， it seems cruel not to take him to Beijing.（他一直夢想游長城，不帶他去北京似乎太殘酷了。）
除了作“考慮到”解釋外，given還有如下意思：
1）規(guī)定的，特點的（形容詞）
The work must be done within the given time. （工作必須在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)完成。）
2）假設(shè)的；作為前提的（形容詞）
Given the chance， she could have done as well as you have.（如果給他這個機會，她會干得跟你一樣好。）
4.Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs.
Shown on and advertised during these programs 在本句中的作用是分詞短語作定語，相當(dāng)于被動語態(tài)的定語從句，修飾toys.
1）Last night， we saw a documentary dubbed in English.（昨晚，我們看了一部用英文譯制的記錄片。）
2）The play put on by the first-year students was very good.（一年級學(xué)生演出的劇目很好。）
3）The letters written in pencil are from my brother.（那些用鉛筆寫的信是我弟弟帶來的。）
These programs 是 shown on 和advertised during 這兩個詞組中的介詞的共用賓語。如：
He doesn't care about and has no interest in other people's opinion.（對別人的觀點他不在乎也沒興趣。）
5.With these toys， their play tends to be more imitative than imaginative.
With 在本句中表示原因，意思是“由于，因”，如：
1）He is in bed with flu.（他因患流感臥病在床。）
2）Her eyes were dim with tears.（她的雙眼因淚水而模糊。）
3）The boy's face was white with nervousness.（那個男孩的臉因緊張而發(fā)白。）
tend 的后面接不定式，意思是“易于，往往會”，如：
1）Plants tend to die in hot weather if you don't water them.（植物在炎熱天氣如不澆水容易枯死。）
2）He tends to get impatient if you ask him more than two questions.（如果你問他兩個以上的問題，他往往會不耐煩。）
6.The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on television jeopardizes the role of play in helping children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world.
在第三單元中，我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過range這個詞，意思是“山脈”，“（在某范圍內(nèi)）變動，變化”。而在本句中，range的意思是“范圍”，如：
1）His reading is of very wide range.（他的閱讀面很廣。）
2）Over the long range， the most important step will be a general tax reform.（從長遠(yuǎn)看，重要的步驟是全面實行稅制改革。）
Make sense of 意思是“了解；弄明白”。如：
1）I can not make any sense of what he says.（他的話我弄不懂。）
2）His lecture helped me make better sense of the poem.（他的講解幫助我更好地理解這首詩。）
3）I could make no sense of his carelessly written letter.（我看不懂他馬馬虎虎寫的那封信。）
7.Many preschool teachers do not like to have commercially made toy weapons brought into the classroom and welcome hearing your concerns about this matter.
have…toy weapons brought into the classroom（把玩具武器帶進(jìn)教室。）have sth. done 是極為常見的用法，如：
1）I need to have my bike repaired.（我需要把自行車修一下。）
2）He had his files destroyed before he left.（在離開前，他把文件都?xì)Я?。?BR> 3）She wanted to have the rooms repainted before moving in.（她想在搬入前把房間重新粉刷一遍。）
welcome 在本舉句中作動詞用，這個詞也可以作名詞和形容詞用。請看下面的例句，注意welcome在各例句中的詞類。
1）He ran to the door to welcome his friends. （他向門口跑去，歡迎他的朋友。）
2）Welcome to Beijing.（歡迎到北京來。）
3）Her marriage was not welcomed by the family.（她的婚姻不被家人接受。）
4）They gave her a warm welcome.（他們給她以熱烈歡迎。）
5）He received a hero's welcome at the airport.（他在機場受到英雄般的歡迎。）
6）You are welcome to use my bike.（我的自行車你盡管用。）
7）He is a welcome guest.（他是個受歡迎的客人。）
concern about sth. 意思是“對…的關(guān)心”，在第九單元中，我們學(xué)過be concerned about. 如：
1）We are all concerned about his education.（我們都關(guān)心他的教育。）
2）His parents are very much concerned about his health.（他的父母非常關(guān)心他的健康。）
3）My concern about the matter is known to all.（人人知道我對這件事的關(guān)心。）
本課主要詞組
1. a quarter of 2. expose to
3. have an effect on 4. allocate…to
5. point out 6. distinguish from
7. tend to 8. make sense of
9. apply…to 10. be crazy about
11. put together 12. ask sb. about sth.
13. have sth. done 14. concern about
15. an alternative to sth. 16. look for
Text B Why don't girls think like boys？
短語表達(dá)
1. do well
Many people believe that boys do well in science.
Mr. Smith didn't expect that he could do so well in industrial engineering.
2. in one's opinion
In my opinion， what he said could be true.
Parents should be friendly with their children in his opinion.
3. be good at
He is good at English， but he is better at computer.
She is good at imitating other people's way of talking.
4. according to
According to some doctors， only 1 out of 20 patients who had lung cancer could survive.
According to the text， aggression in boys is caused by mothers.
5. on the average
On the average， girls score higher on tests that measure vocabulary， spelling， and memory.
We made 65 miles an hour on the average.
6. be determined by
People's abilities are not determined by sex.
The rise and fall of the prices is determined by supply and demand.
7. be headed by
One of the scientific research teams was headed by Mr. Watson.
This company is headed by John's twin brother.
8. be ready to
He is always ready to help people in need.
She is not ready to take on that kind of responsibility.
9. take notes
He is amazed to see that students take notes on what he says in class.
He decided to take notes of the development of the political events.
10. lean against/on
She felt weak， so leaned against the wall.
He leaned the bike against a tree.
11. insist upon/on
He insisted on paying the meal.
Most companies insist upon having an interview before they accept an employee.
21.initiate vt. 開始；發(fā)起，倡議；接納新成員
1）We should initiate direct talks with the trade unions.（我們應(yīng)該與貿(mào)易聯(lián)合會開始直接對話。）
2）They initiated a new program of reform. （他們開始實施一項新的改革方案。）
3）The club will initiate new members next week. （俱樂部將在下周接納新成員。）
22.restrict vt. 限制；約束
restricted adj. 受限制的；有限的
restriction n. 限制，約束
1）Women in China are no longer restricted to domestic labor now.（現(xiàn)在，中國婦女不再被束縛于家務(wù)勞動了。）
2）He was restricted in his movements. （他的行動受約束。）
3）This rule has a very restricted application （這條規(guī)則的適用范圍極為有限。）
4）The government placed restrictions on sales of weapons. （政府對武器銷售實行限制。）
23.depict vt. portray （描畫，描述）
1）The painter tried to depict the splendour of the sunset. （畫家試圖描繪出日落的壯麗景象。）
2）She went on to depict the confusion of departure （她繼續(xù)描述離開時的混亂情景。）
24.imply v. 暗示，含有的意思
implied adj. 含蓄的
implication n. 含義
1）I don't imply that you are wrong. （我的意思不是說你錯了。）
2）His silence implied consent. （他的緘默表示同意。）
3）I don't understand the implied meaning of this sentence. （我不理解這句話的含義。）
4）The implication of his statement is that I was wrong. （他這話的含義是我錯了。）
25.alternative n. 供選擇的東西 adj. 兩者擇一的；供選擇的
1）He was given the alternative of going on to college or starting to work.（他得在上大學(xué)繼續(xù)求學(xué)和開始工作之間作出選擇。）
2）Is there any alternative to undergoing a surgical operation？?。ǔ饪剖中g(shù)外還有其它辦法嗎？）
3）You have no alternative but to stay here overnight. （你只好留宿一夜，別無他法。）
4）We should explore alternative possibilities in solving the problem.（我們應(yīng)該探求各種供選擇的可能性來解決這個問題。）
5）The alternative plans of having a picnic on taking a boat trip put them in a dilemma.（去野餐或者去乘船旅游二者只能擇一的計劃使他們左右為難。）
本課簡介
越來越多的事實證明，暴力電視節(jié)目對兒童的成長有不良影響，學(xué)齡前兒童受暴力電視節(jié)目的危害尤深，因為他們尚不完全具備辯別事實與幻想的能力，對人類行為、道德沖突的內(nèi)在動機也不理解。兒童常常把從電視中看到的行為用于現(xiàn)實生活之中。父母還應(yīng)幫助兒童理解他們所看的電視節(jié)目，父母也要了解幼兒的老師對與戰(zhàn)爭和暴力相關(guān)連的電視節(jié)目及兒童玩具的態(tài)度，并與那些有共識的其他兒童的父母一同努力，尋求各種方法取代觀看暴力電視節(jié)目。
本課語言點
1. For more than a quarter of a century， evidence has been increasing that children's exposure to violence on television has long-lasting effects on their behavior.
a quarter （of）“四分之一”，如：a quarter of a pound（四分之一磅）；a quarter of a century（四分之一世紀(jì)）；a quarter of a mile（四分之一英里）；a quarter （of a dollar） （25美分）；a quarter of a million（25萬）；a quarter （of an hour）（15分鐘）。
…that children's exposure to violence on television…
that 引導(dǎo)的是一個同位語從句，這個同位語從句沒有直接跟在名詞evidence的后面，而是被has been increasing隔開了。同位語的作用是對它所說明的名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋，說明這個名詞指的是誰或什么。如：
1）I had no idea that he told us a lie. （我不知道他對我們說了謊話。）
2）You have to produce enough evidence that he is guilty.（你得拿出足夠的證據(jù)說明他有罪。）
3）There was little possibility that they would succeed. （他們成功的可能性極小。）
4）There can be no doubt that TV violence affects children. （毫無疑問，暴力電視節(jié)目對兒童有不良影響。）
exposure to “暴露于…”，如：
1）The best part of the job was her constant exposure to books.（她這個工作的大優(yōu)點是能經(jīng)常接觸書籍。）
have an effect on “對…有作用（影響）”，如：
1）Constant rain had much effect on the harvest. （持續(xù)的降雨對收成有很大的影響。）
2）The cement factory has much effect on the environment.（水泥廠對環(huán)境的影響很大。）
3）His persuasion had little effect on her.（他的勸說對她沒什么作用。）
2.…the amount of television time allocated each week to violent programs increased significantly.
…the number of violent acts on television…h(huán)as increased…。
上面兩個句子中分別用了amount和number兩個詞。amount用來修飾從體積，重量，金額等方面著眼的東西，一般在of后接用不可數(shù)名詞；而number則用以修飾可數(shù)的人或物。在第一個句子中，amount of后面用的是不可數(shù)名詞time，第二個句子中number of后面用的是可數(shù)名詞acts.再請看例句：
1）A large amount of money has been spent on this project.（一大筆錢已經(jīng)花在了這個工程上。）
2）The amount of work assigned to him was formidable.（分配給他做的工作量極大。）
3）The number of students of the university has been increasing. （這所大學(xué)的學(xué)生人數(shù)在增加。）
4）The number of tourists to that place is limited.（去那個地方旅游的人數(shù)有限。）
請注意區(qū)別act和action這兩個名詞。①這兩個名詞都表示“行為”，“行動”的意思，?？苫Q使用。act強調(diào)行為的結(jié)果，而不涉及行為的動機與性質(zhì)，常是即興，瞬間的舉動；action偏重于動作的方式和過程。②act行為的發(fā)出者可以是人也可以是物；action只是物。③在須用不可數(shù)名詞表示總的概念時，多用action，而一般不用act.如：
1） The time has come for action/act.（采取行動的時間了。）
2） The thoughtless young man did another foolish act.（那個魯莽的年輕人又做了件傻事。）
3） Every sudden emotion quickens the action of the heart.（每件突如其來的令人激動的事情都能加快心跳。）
4） Actions speak louder than words.（事實勝于雄辯。）
3.Given the amount of time that children watch television， it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow.
given在本句中用作介詞，意思是considering， taking into account（考慮到），在詞匯部分我們已作了比較詳細(xì)的講解，再請看兩個例句：
1）Given they are fresh from university， they've done a great job.（考慮到他們剛走出大學(xué)校園，他們干得不錯。）
2）Given that he has always been dreaming of visiting the great wall， it seems cruel not to take him to Beijing.（他一直夢想游長城，不帶他去北京似乎太殘酷了。）
除了作“考慮到”解釋外，given還有如下意思：
1）規(guī)定的，特點的（形容詞）
The work must be done within the given time. （工作必須在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)完成。）
2）假設(shè)的；作為前提的（形容詞）
Given the chance， she could have done as well as you have.（如果給他這個機會，她會干得跟你一樣好。）
4.Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs.
Shown on and advertised during these programs 在本句中的作用是分詞短語作定語，相當(dāng)于被動語態(tài)的定語從句，修飾toys.
1）Last night， we saw a documentary dubbed in English.（昨晚，我們看了一部用英文譯制的記錄片。）
2）The play put on by the first-year students was very good.（一年級學(xué)生演出的劇目很好。）
3）The letters written in pencil are from my brother.（那些用鉛筆寫的信是我弟弟帶來的。）
These programs 是 shown on 和advertised during 這兩個詞組中的介詞的共用賓語。如：
He doesn't care about and has no interest in other people's opinion.（對別人的觀點他不在乎也沒興趣。）
5.With these toys， their play tends to be more imitative than imaginative.
With 在本句中表示原因，意思是“由于，因”，如：
1）He is in bed with flu.（他因患流感臥病在床。）
2）Her eyes were dim with tears.（她的雙眼因淚水而模糊。）
3）The boy's face was white with nervousness.（那個男孩的臉因緊張而發(fā)白。）
tend 的后面接不定式，意思是“易于，往往會”，如：
1）Plants tend to die in hot weather if you don't water them.（植物在炎熱天氣如不澆水容易枯死。）
2）He tends to get impatient if you ask him more than two questions.（如果你問他兩個以上的問題，他往往會不耐煩。）
6.The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on television jeopardizes the role of play in helping children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world.
在第三單元中，我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過range這個詞，意思是“山脈”，“（在某范圍內(nèi)）變動，變化”。而在本句中，range的意思是“范圍”，如：
1）His reading is of very wide range.（他的閱讀面很廣。）
2）Over the long range， the most important step will be a general tax reform.（從長遠(yuǎn)看，重要的步驟是全面實行稅制改革。）
Make sense of 意思是“了解；弄明白”。如：
1）I can not make any sense of what he says.（他的話我弄不懂。）
2）His lecture helped me make better sense of the poem.（他的講解幫助我更好地理解這首詩。）
3）I could make no sense of his carelessly written letter.（我看不懂他馬馬虎虎寫的那封信。）
7.Many preschool teachers do not like to have commercially made toy weapons brought into the classroom and welcome hearing your concerns about this matter.
have…toy weapons brought into the classroom（把玩具武器帶進(jìn)教室。）have sth. done 是極為常見的用法，如：
1）I need to have my bike repaired.（我需要把自行車修一下。）
2）He had his files destroyed before he left.（在離開前，他把文件都?xì)Я?。?BR> 3）She wanted to have the rooms repainted before moving in.（她想在搬入前把房間重新粉刷一遍。）
welcome 在本舉句中作動詞用，這個詞也可以作名詞和形容詞用。請看下面的例句，注意welcome在各例句中的詞類。
1）He ran to the door to welcome his friends. （他向門口跑去，歡迎他的朋友。）
2）Welcome to Beijing.（歡迎到北京來。）
3）Her marriage was not welcomed by the family.（她的婚姻不被家人接受。）
4）They gave her a warm welcome.（他們給她以熱烈歡迎。）
5）He received a hero's welcome at the airport.（他在機場受到英雄般的歡迎。）
6）You are welcome to use my bike.（我的自行車你盡管用。）
7）He is a welcome guest.（他是個受歡迎的客人。）
concern about sth. 意思是“對…的關(guān)心”，在第九單元中，我們學(xué)過be concerned about. 如：
1）We are all concerned about his education.（我們都關(guān)心他的教育。）
2）His parents are very much concerned about his health.（他的父母非常關(guān)心他的健康。）
3）My concern about the matter is known to all.（人人知道我對這件事的關(guān)心。）
本課主要詞組
1. a quarter of 2. expose to
3. have an effect on 4. allocate…to
5. point out 6. distinguish from
7. tend to 8. make sense of
9. apply…to 10. be crazy about
11. put together 12. ask sb. about sth.
13. have sth. done 14. concern about
15. an alternative to sth. 16. look for
Text B Why don't girls think like boys？
短語表達(dá)
1. do well
Many people believe that boys do well in science.
Mr. Smith didn't expect that he could do so well in industrial engineering.
2. in one's opinion
In my opinion， what he said could be true.
Parents should be friendly with their children in his opinion.
3. be good at
He is good at English， but he is better at computer.
She is good at imitating other people's way of talking.
4. according to
According to some doctors， only 1 out of 20 patients who had lung cancer could survive.
According to the text， aggression in boys is caused by mothers.
5. on the average
On the average， girls score higher on tests that measure vocabulary， spelling， and memory.
We made 65 miles an hour on the average.
6. be determined by
People's abilities are not determined by sex.
The rise and fall of the prices is determined by supply and demand.
7. be headed by
One of the scientific research teams was headed by Mr. Watson.
This company is headed by John's twin brother.
8. be ready to
He is always ready to help people in need.
She is not ready to take on that kind of responsibility.
9. take notes
He is amazed to see that students take notes on what he says in class.
He decided to take notes of the development of the political events.
10. lean against/on
She felt weak， so leaned against the wall.
He leaned the bike against a tree.
11. insist upon/on
He insisted on paying the meal.
Most companies insist upon having an interview before they accept an employee.