自考“英語(一)”筆記(68)

字號:

15.Seal n. 海豹;印章  v. 封口
    1)Many Canadian seals wore killed to reduce the numbers to help the species to survive.
    (大量的加拿大海豹被獵殺是為了減它們的數(shù)量使該物種幸存下來。)
    2)The document bore an official seal.(這件上蓋有官方大印。)
    3)She sealed the envelope and put it in the postbox.(她封上信封后把信放入郵筒。)
    16.By-product n. 副產(chǎn)品
    by-是一個前綴,表示“次要的”,“附帶的”,如:by-channel(支渠),by-effect(副作用),by-lane(小巷);by-line(副業(yè)),by-work(第二職業(yè));by-road(小路)等等。
    17.Conservation n. 保存;保護
    conserve v. save, preserve(保存,保護)
    1)People are paying more and more attention to the conservation of wildlife.(人們越來越重視野生動物的保護。)
    2)Conservation of water is of great importance.(節(jié)約用水非常重要。)
    3)He leaned against the tree quietly to conserve strength.(他靜靜地靠在樹上以節(jié)省體力。)
    4) It is known to all that we should conserve natural resources.(眾所周知,我們應(yīng)該保護自然資源。)
    18.Reserve v. 保留;預(yù)計  n. 保留;儲備物
    1)These seats are reserved for special quests.(這些座位是保留給特別的客人的。)
    2)We will reserve the plane ticket for you until tomorrow afternoon.(機票給你保留到明天下午。)
    3)I reserve the right to respond later.(我保留稍后作出回應(yīng)的權(quán)利。)
    4)He reserved two tickets for tomorrows show.(他定了兩張明天的演出票。)
    5)A bright future is reserved for you.(光明的前程正等待著你。)
    6)During the war, she always kept a reserve of tinned food in the house.
    (戰(zhàn)爭期間,她總是在家里儲備聽裝食品。)
    7)Many animals use their fat reserves in their body to pull through the winter.
    (許多動物用體內(nèi)儲備的指肪熬過冬天。)
    8)The bank's cash reserves couldn’t meet the demand.(這家銀行的現(xiàn)金儲備滿足不了需要。)
    19.Breed v. 繁殖;飼養(yǎng);養(yǎng)育  n. 品種,種類
    1)Some animals will not breed when caged.(有些動物關(guān)在籠內(nèi)就不產(chǎn)仔。)
    2)He was bred to be a gentleman.(他被作為紳士養(yǎng)育成人。)
    3)They are of the same breed.(他們是同一類人。)
    4)They raise many breeds of dog.(他們養(yǎng)著許多不同種的狗。)
    20.Provided conj. if (假如,若是)
    1)We will be there before 10, provided we don't waste time.
    (如果我們不浪費時間,我們就能在10點之前到那兒。)
    2)We will go provided that the weather is fine.(假如天晴,我們就去。)
    3)Provided that no objection is raised, we will set back the program.(如果沒人反對,我們就把這個項目推遲。)
    請注意:provided不是過去分詞,而是連詞,作“假如,只要”解,在口語中常用providing. Provided that與if的不同在于:provided that所表示的“如果”,含有希望該條件實現(xiàn)的含義。
    21.Determination n. 決心,決定;結(jié)論
    determine v. 決定,決定
    1)He is a man of determination.(他是一個有決斷力的人。)
    2)This strengthened his determination not to give in.(這更堅定了他不屈服的決心。)
    3)The doctor's determination was made after the blood test.(醫(yī)生的結(jié)論是在驗血之后作出的。)
    4)We haven't determined a date for the meeting.(我們還沒有確定會議的日期。)
    5)He determined to study harder.(他決心更努力地學(xué)習(xí)。)
    6)They are determined to carry out the plan.(他們決心實施這一計劃。)
    22.Clash n. 沖突    v. 發(fā)生沖突
    1)Thousands of demonstrators clashed with the police.(數(shù)千名*者與警察發(fā)生了沖突。)
    2)They wanted to visit both places, but the dates clashed.(他們兩個地方都想去,但日程有沖突。)
    3)They got into a verbal clash because of a misunderstanding.(由于誤解他們產(chǎn)生了口角。)
    4)An armed clash is unavoidable.(武裝沖突不可避免。)
    請注意區(qū)別crash,crush和clash.
    Crash指因墜下或猛沖而砰地碰撞,如plane crash(墜機);crush指壓碎,壓壞,如crush a plot(粉碎陰謀);crush grapes(榨葡萄)
    本課簡介
    當(dāng)一個物種的死亡率高于出生率時,久而久之這個物種就會滅絕。自生命產(chǎn)生起的數(shù)百萬年間,已有多個物種滅絕。無法適應(yīng)環(huán)境變化的生物,難以與適應(yīng)性更好、更強壯的生物相抗衡的生物,其后的命運都將是消亡。在過去的幾十年中,人為地獵殺動物或是改變其生息的自然環(huán)境已使得其些物種滅絕。如此事便不勝枚舉。亞馬遜地區(qū)自然環(huán)境的改變、植被的毀壞將使多個物種滅絕。盲目無度地獵殺動物使得北美的水牛幾近滅絕。
    越來越多的人們開始關(guān)注野生動植物的保護。方法之一是將瀕臨滅絕的物種移進動物園和公園,使它們有可能繁衍足夠多的后代將來能重返自然。方法之二是建立野生動物保護區(qū),使動物在自然環(huán)境中得到照顧。
    本課語言點
    1. An animal species becomes extinct when it fails to produce enough young in each generation to keep pace with the death——rate.
    本句中become是連系動物, extinct是形容詞,extinct 通常指動、植物的種滅絕,不再存在。句子中的it代指 (the) animal species.
    fail to do sth. 意思是“沒能做到…”如:
    1)He failed to realize his dream of flying round the world.(他沒能實現(xiàn)飛行世界的夢想。)
    2)I failed to persuade him to give up smoking.(我沒能勸說他把煙戒掉。)
    3)Don't fail to live up to what your parents expect of you.(別辜負(fù)父母對你的期望。)
    4)Don't fail to wake me up.(不要忘記叫醒我。)
    Keep pace with 是一個常用詞組,意思是“跟上”,如:
    1)He was too old to keep pace with the modern ideas of life.(他年紀(jì)大了,跟不上現(xiàn)代生活觀念。)
    2)Earnings have not kept pace with inflation.(收入還沒有與通貨膨脹的速度保持同步。)
    2. We can tell from fossil evidence in rocks that many living species become extinct over the million of years since life began.
    本句中的tell不是“告訴”的意思,而是“斷定”或“辨別”的意思。如:
    1)Can you tell her from her twin sister?(你能分得出她和她的孿生姐妹嗎?)
    2)Can you tell which is right?(你能斷定哪一人是對的嗎?)
    that在句中引導(dǎo)賓主從句,做tell的賓語。
    1)He had had a bad cold over Christmas.(他在圣誕節(jié)期間得了重傷風(fēng)。)
    2)They read a lot of books over the vacation.(假期里他們看了不少書。)
    3. …… extinction is the fate of any animal that has specialized too far to change when its environment changes, or has to compete with a better-adapted and more powerful animal.
    that在句中引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾animal.
    specialize 通常指“專門研究,專門從事”,如:
    1)He specializes in medicine. (他專攻醫(yī)科。)
    2)This shop specializes in cooking utensils.(這家商店專門經(jīng)銷飲具。)
    在本課文中specialize的意思是“?;?,以特殊方式演化?!?BR>    Animals and plants are specialized to fit their surroundings. (動植物是按照特殊方式演化以適應(yīng)各自的環(huán)境的。)
    too…to…的意思是“太…以致于不能…”如:
    1)I was too disappointed to try again.(我太失望,不想再嘗試。)
    2)He is too young to take care of himself.(他太年幼,照顧不了自己。)
    compete with 意思是“與…競爭”,也可用compete against.
    1)He didn't want to compete with others for this position.(他不想與別人競爭這個職位。)
    2)Sometimes animals have to compete against each other for the chance to survive.
    (有時,動物為了生存不能相互競爭。)
    better adapted意思是“適應(yīng)得更好的”。better是副詞well 的比較級形式,adapted 是過去分詞做形容詞用。這類表達形式在英語中十分常見,如:well-known,poorly-dressed,better-prepared等等。
    4. A number of examples can be given of the way in which natural environment are being rapidly changed……
    a number of 意思是“許多”,如:
    1)A number of proposals had been put forward at the meeting. (會上提出了許多建議。)
    2)A number of students have passed the exam.(已有許多學(xué)生通過了考試。)
    of在本句中的意思是關(guān)于,相當(dāng)于about.如:
    1)They were not told of this new policy. (關(guān)于此項政策,他們沒有被告知。)
    2)They wanted to know every detail of what had happened.(對于已發(fā)生的事,他們想知道每一個細(xì)節(jié)。)
    5. There is every likelihood that many species of animals will be made extinct because of these and similar clearances of natural vegetation.
    Likelihood是一個名詞,意思是“可能”,相當(dāng)于 possibility,that在本句中引導(dǎo)同位語從句,對 likelihood作進一步的補充說明。如:There is no doubt that he is a reliable person.(毫無疑問,他是一個可信賴的人。)
    Clearance 在本句中的意思是“(植被)砍伐殆盡;清除?!?BR>    Clearances of vegetation will lead to the loss of water and soil.(砍伐植被會引起水土流失。)