自考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)資料(12)

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(7)-ing分詞的構(gòu)成
    1. -ing分詞的構(gòu)成
    -ing分詞是由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成。-ing分詞同樣有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化,通常有下表幾種形式(以do為例):
    主動(dòng)形式
    被動(dòng)形式
    一般式
    doing
    being done
    完成式
    having done
    having been done
    -ing分詞的否定形式是由not 加-ing分詞構(gòu)成。如:
    Not knowing his address,I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.
    不知道他的地址,我只好在家里等著。
    His not coming made all of us angry. 他沒(méi)來(lái)使我們大家都很生氣。
    2. -ing分詞的一般式和完成式:
    -ing分詞的一般式表示和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;完成式表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如:
    Being a student,he was interested in books. 作為一個(gè)學(xué)生,他對(duì)書本很感興趣。
    Not having studied his lessons very hard,he failed the examinations. 因?yàn)闆](méi)有努力學(xué)習(xí)功課,他考試不及格。
    3. -ing分詞的被動(dòng)式:
    -ing分詞的被動(dòng)式表示它的邏輯主語(yǔ)是-ing分詞動(dòng)作的承受者。根據(jù)-ing分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間,-ing分詞的被動(dòng)式有一般被動(dòng)式(being done)和完成被動(dòng)式(having been done)。如:
    The question being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問(wèn)題很重要。
    He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter. 他從來(lái)沒(méi)談起過(guò)他被記者采訪的事情。
    Having been criticized by the teacher,he gave up smoking. 被老師批評(píng)以后,他把煙戒了。
    注意:在need,want,require,be worth等動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))后,作賓語(yǔ)的-ing分詞常用主動(dòng)形式來(lái)表示被動(dòng)含義。如:
    Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。
    This book is well worth reading. 這本書很值得一看。
    4. -ing分詞的語(yǔ)法作用
    -ing分詞一方面具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì),另一方面也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞或形容詞、副詞,在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等。
    1)–ing分詞(短語(yǔ))作主語(yǔ):
    Laying eggs is the ant queen's full-time job. 產(chǎn)卵是蟻后的專職工作。
    Saying is easier than doing. 說(shuō)比做容易。
    在下面兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中,-ing分詞也作主語(yǔ)。
    ①為了保持句子平衡,通常用作形式主語(yǔ),而把真實(shí)主語(yǔ)放在句末。如:
    It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作無(wú)益的后悔是沒(méi)有用的。
    It's a waste of time arguing about it. 辯論這事是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
    ②在There is no結(jié)構(gòu)中,通常用-ing分詞。如:
    There is no joking about such matters. 這種事開(kāi)不得玩笑。
    There is no holding back the wheel of history. 歷史車輪不可阻擋。
    2) -ing分詞(短語(yǔ))作表語(yǔ):
    His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的愛(ài)好是收集郵票。
    The problem is quite puzzling. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題很令人困惑。
    3) -ing分詞作賓語(yǔ):
    ①–ing分詞作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)。如:I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建議用另一種方法做這件事。
    We enjoy attending Miss Li's class. 我們喜歡聽(tīng)李老師的課。
    ②-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ)也可用在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中作真正的賓語(yǔ),而用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。如:
    I don't think it possible living in such a cold place. 我認(rèn)為住在這么寒冷的地方是不可能的。
    Do you consider it any good trying again? 你覺(jué)得再試會(huì)有好處嗎?
    ③-ing分詞作介詞賓語(yǔ),經(jīng)常用在一些短語(yǔ)的后面。如:
    I'm against inviting him to dinner. 我反對(duì)邀請(qǐng)他來(lái)吃飯。
    They don't feel like walking that much. 他們不喜歡走那么多路。
    He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter. 他去了倫敦,希望能成為一個(gè)的畫家。
    此類短語(yǔ)還有很多。如:look forward to(渴望,盼望),be proud of(以……自豪),be responsible for(對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)),insist on(堅(jiān)持),think of(考慮,想到),dream of(夢(mèng)想),object to(反對(duì),*),hear of(聽(tīng)說(shuō)),prevent…from(防止,阻止),keep…from(防止,阻止),stop…from(防止,阻止),be engaged in(從事于),depend on(依靠,依賴),thank…for(因……而道謝),excuse…for(因……而道歉),aim at(目的在于),devote…to(獻(xiàn)身于),set about(著手做),be/get used to(習(xí)慣于),be fond of(喜歡),be afraid of(害怕),be tired of(對(duì)……厭煩),succeed in(成功地做……),be interested in(對(duì)……感興趣),be ashamed of(對(duì)……感到羞愧)等等。
    注意:在有些句子中,介詞??墒∪?。如:
    I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 我在和外國(guó)人交談方面沒(méi)有什么困難。
    He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 過(guò)去他?;ê芏鄷r(shí)間玩游戲。
    What can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我們結(jié)婚?
    另外,-ing分詞可以和一些介詞如in,on,after,against,before,by,for,without,besides等構(gòu)成短語(yǔ),在句中作狀語(yǔ)。如:
    He left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句話也沒(méi)說(shuō)就提前離開(kāi)了。
    Besides cooking and sewing,she had to take care of four children.
    除了做飯和縫紉以外,她還要照顧四個(gè)孩子。
    On hearing the news,all the pupils jumped with joy. 聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息后,所有的學(xué)生都高興得跳了起來(lái)。