Text A Fallacies about Food
本課主要單詞
1.fallacy n. 謬誤；謬論；錯(cuò)誤的推理或信念
That the earth is flat used to be a popular fallacy.（地球是扁平的這一謬誤曾一度很流行。）
Needless to say， this statement is based on fallacy.（不用說(shuō)，這是一個(gè)基于謬誤推理的陳述。）
What you had seen couldn't be true， it might be a fallacy of the eye.（你所看到的不可能是真的，也許是你的視錯(cuò)覺(jué)。）
2.quality n. 質(zhì)量；品質(zhì)，特性 adj. 優(yōu)質(zhì)的，高級(jí)的
He is a man of many good qualities.（他具有許多優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)。）
The quality of your products is superior to that of ours.（你們的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量比我們的好。）
They promised that they would offer the community a variety of quality services.（他們?yōu)樯鐓^(qū)提供多項(xiàng)優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)。）
You have no reason to deprive me of the right to a quality education.（你沒(méi)有理由剝奪我受良好教育的權(quán)利。）
qualify v. 使合適，使勝任|考 試大
I am not very sure if he is qualified for the job.（我不很肯定他是否勝任這份工作。）
His skills qualify him for the job.（他的技藝使他有資格擔(dān)任這一工作。）
qualified adj. 有資格的；稱(chēng)職的
What are you going to do with all these poorly qualified officers？（你會(huì)拿這些不稱(chēng)職的軍官怎么樣呢？）
He is trying hard to make himself a qualified teacher.（他在努力使自己成為一個(gè)稱(chēng)職的教師。）
3.savage adj. 野蠻的，未開(kāi)化的；兇猛的，殘酷的 n.野蠻人，粗野的人
Most of the time elephants are tame but they can be very savage.（大多數(shù)時(shí)候大象很溫順，但他們也會(huì)大發(fā)野性。）
No one can put up with his savage manners.（誰(shuí)也忍受不了他的粗暴態(tài)度。）
They don't know what will be there waiting for them once they get to the savage wilderness.（他們不知道進(jìn)入蠻荒之后等待他們的會(huì)是什么。）
He was afraid that he would encounter some savages if he stayed on that isolated island.（他擔(dān)心呆在孤島上會(huì)碰上野蠻人。）
4.tribe n. 種族，部落；（動(dòng)植物）族，類(lèi)
This attitude still remains in some primitive tribes.（這種觀念在一些原始部落中依然存在。）
They didn't quite expect that the tribe of cats could give them so much trouble.（他們沒(méi)有料到貓族會(huì)給他們帶來(lái)如此多的麻煩。）
5.bravery n. 勇敢，大膽 brave adj. 勇敢的 v.冒（危險(xiǎn)等）；敢于做（某事）
Being a nurse requires infinite patience and bravery.（做護(hù)士需要無(wú)限的耐心和勇敢。）
He made a brave attempt to prevent the group fighting.（他勇敢地試圖阻止群毆。）
They braved all the dangers and difficulties in completing their work.（他們冒著各種危險(xiǎn)和困難完成了任務(wù)。）
6.eager adj. 熱切的，渴望的
be eager to do sth. 渴望做某事
be eager for/about sth. 渴求某事
eager beaver 做事異常賣(mài)力的人；雄心勃勃的人
The eager crowd streamed into the hall.（急切的人群涌進(jìn)了大廳。）
She opened the telegram with eager fingers.（她用手指急不可奈地拆開(kāi)了電報(bào)。）
The teacher found all the students were eager to express their opinions.（老師發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的學(xué)生都渴望表述自己的觀點(diǎn)。）
I am eager for the performance to begin.（我熱切地等待著演出的開(kāi)始。）
7.civilized adj. 文明的，開(kāi)化的
civilization n. 文明，文化
Their aim is to create an orderly， just and civilized society.（他們的目標(biāo)是建立一個(gè)有序，公正而文明的社會(huì)。）
Professor Smith is going to give us a lecture on the history of Western civilization.（史密斯教授將給我們做有關(guān)西方文明史的講座。）
China is one of the four ancient civilizations.（中國(guó)是四大文明古國(guó)之一。）
8.root n. 根；根本，根源； v. （使）生根，（使）扎根
The edible part of this plant is its root.（這種植物的可食部分是根。）
She flushed to the root of her hair.（她羞得滿(mǎn)臉通紅。）
The lust for money is the root of all evils.（貪財(cái)是一切罪惡的根源。）
Her love for the mother country is deeply rooted.（她對(duì)祖國(guó)的愛(ài)堅(jiān)貞不移。）
He sat there rooted like a statue.（他像一尊雕塑一樣一動(dòng)不動(dòng)地坐在那兒。）
9.magic n. 魔法，魔力；魔術(shù)
magical adj. 有魔力的；神秘的
magician n. 魔術(shù)師；巫師
The prince was turned by magic into a beast.（王子被魔法變成了一只野獸。）
We are trying to find someone to do some magic at the party.（我們正找人在晚會(huì)上玩魔術(shù)。）
The magic of music is beyond words.（音樂(lè)的魅力無(wú)法用言語(yǔ)形容。）
He used to believe that the old lady had magical powers.（他曾以為那個(gè)老太太有魔力。）
No one would ever forget this magical experience.（誰(shuí)也不會(huì)忘記這一神秘的經(jīng)歷。）
The magician waved his wand and the rabbit disappeared. （魔術(shù)師揮了揮魔杖，兔子不見(jiàn)了。）
（注意：magic也可以做形容詞用，詞義和magical一樣。但是magic通常只能做定語(yǔ)用，而magical既可做定語(yǔ)用也可做表語(yǔ)用。）
10.poisonous adj. 有毒的
poison n.& v. 毒藥；中毒，毒死；破壞
Be careful！ It is one of the most poisonous snakes in the world.（小心，這是世界上毒的一種蛇。）
Don't eat the leaves of this plant， they are poisonous.（別吃這種植物的葉子，有毒?。?BR> If he drank the poison， he would probably die.（如果他喝了這毒藥，他可能會(huì)死。）
One man's honey is another man’s poison.（對(duì)甲有利未必對(duì)乙也有利。）
He poisoned his wife.（他毒死了自己的妻子。）
Industrial wastes are poisoning the atmosphere.（工業(yè)廢料在污染著大氣。）
He had poisoned the political life of the nation. （他破壞了這個(gè)國(guó)家的政治生活。）
11.overseas adv. 在海外，在國(guó)外 adj. 海外的，國(guó)外的
He said he would travel overseas if he had a long holiday.（他說(shuō)如果有長(zhǎng)假，他就去國(guó)外旅游。）
These companies are investing large sums overseas.（這些公司正向海外進(jìn)行高額投資。）
The overseas Chinese donated medicine and clothes to the flooded area.（海外華人向受災(zāi)地區(qū)捐贈(zèng)藥品和服裝。）
There is a vast overseas market for our goods.（我們的產(chǎn)品有廣闊的海外市場(chǎng)。）
12.widespread adj. 分布廣的，普遍的
There was a widespread belief that she committed suicide.（人們普遍認(rèn)為她是自殺的。）
Industrial robots will be in widespread use.（工業(yè)機(jī)器人將會(huì)廣泛使用。）
Pollution problem is now attracting widespread attention.（污染問(wèn)題正引起廣泛關(guān)注。）
13.digestive adj. 消化的，有消化力的
digest v. 消化；領(lǐng)會(huì)
digestion n. 消化；領(lǐng)悟
indigestible adj. 難理解的；難消化的
The doctor told him there might be something wrong with his digestive system.（醫(yī)生對(duì)他說(shuō)他的消化系統(tǒng)可能有問(wèn)題。）
It will be very helpful for you to digest the important points in the book.（領(lǐng)會(huì)這本書(shū)中的要點(diǎn)將會(huì)對(duì)你很有幫助。）
Every day they gave the old man food that was easy of digestion.（他們每天給老人易于消化的食物。）
The steak was tough and indigestible.（這牛排太老，不易消化。）
14.foundation n. 根據(jù)；基金會(huì)；基地
The early training gave her a very firm foundation.（早期的訓(xùn)練給她打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。）
In fact the rumor is without foundation.（事實(shí)上，這個(gè)謠傳沒(méi)有根據(jù)。）
This conference is sponsored by the National Foundation for Educational Research.（這個(gè)會(huì)議是由全國(guó)教育研究基金會(huì)主辦的。）
The construction workers are laying the foundations for a 28-story building.（建筑工人們正在為一座28層的高樓打地基。）
15.belief n. 相信；信念
believe v. 相信；認(rèn)為
It is his belief that he will succeed sooner or later.（他相信他遲早會(huì)成功。）
What he told me just now is really beyond my belief.（他剛才對(duì)我說(shuō)的話令我難以置信。）
I believe we will win the match.（我相信我們會(huì)贏這場(chǎng)比賽。）
Believe it or not he got a full mark in the exam.（信不信由你，他考試得了滿(mǎn)分。）
16.combination n. 結(jié)合，聯(lián)合；化合物
combine v. 結(jié)合，聯(lián)合
The color purple is a combination of red and blue.（紫色是由紅藍(lán)兩色混合而成。）
The football players showed good combination.（足球隊(duì)員們配合默契。）
It will do us a lot of good if we can combine theory with practice.（如果把理論和實(shí)際結(jié)合起來(lái)將對(duì)我們大有好處。）
He very well combines the characters of soldier and poet.（他把軍人和詩(shī)人的性格很好地融合在一起。）
17.chiefly adv. 主要地
chief n. 首領(lǐng)；長(zhǎng)官 adj. 主要的
This vegetable juice is made up chiefly of tomatoes and cucumbers.（這種蔬菜汁主要由西紅柿和黃瓜制成。）
I will have to go and talk to your department chief about it.（我得和你們部門(mén)的頭兒好好談?wù)?。?BR> I think this will become the chief concern of the world today.（我認(rèn)為這將成為當(dāng)今世界的首要關(guān)心的問(wèn)題。）
the editor in chief 總編 the chief engineer 總工程師
chief executive 高行政長(zhǎng)官 chief justice 首席法官
chief of staff 參謀長(zhǎng) chief of state 國(guó)家元首
18.contain v. 包含；容納；克制
This mini-bus can contain 18 passengers.（這輛面包車(chē)可乘坐18人。）
How much water can this water tank contain？（這只水箱能裝多少水？）
This book contains the material you need.（這本書(shū)里有你需要的材料。）
He cannot contain himself for the joy.（他高興得不能自制。）
本課主要構(gòu)詞法
affixation 詞綴法
1.名詞后綴 -ity quality
2.名詞后綴 -ation；-ion； combination， civilization， foundation， digestion
3.名詞后綴 -ture mixture
4.形容詞后綴 -ous poisonous
5.形容詞后綴 -ible indigestible
6.形容詞后綴 -ful helpful， powerful
7.副詞前綴 over- overseas
compounding 合詞法
1.復(fù)合形容詞 widespread； man-eating；
2.復(fù)合名詞 man-eating； carbohydrate
本課簡(jiǎn)介
本課主要介紹了由古至今人們對(duì)飲食的看法。遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)候，人們認(rèn)為吃什么補(bǔ)什么。文明社會(huì)的人們則一度認(rèn)為人參的根，雞蛋，西紅柿有各 自不同的神奇功用。今天，人們認(rèn)為魚(yú)有強(qiáng)身，健腦，壯骨，美膚等作用，還認(rèn)為飲食方面有諸多禁忌。如此種種的說(shuō)法是否有道理，本課課文會(huì)給你一個(gè)答案。
本課主要語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)
1.Many primitive people believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.
本句中that 引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句在前幾個(gè)單元中我們已有了比較多的了解。掌握賓語(yǔ)從句并不困難。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：
1）You must remember that it is never too old to learn.（你必須記?。夯畹嚼蠈W(xué)到老。）
2）He says that friendship is very important to him.（他說(shuō)友誼對(duì)他很重要。）
3）Don't forget what your parents said to you.（別忘了父母對(duì)你說(shuō)過(guò)的話。）
4）Can you tell me where the bookstore is？（你能告訴我書(shū)店在哪兒?jiǎn)?？?BR> 5）I don't know whether the letter is overweight.（我不知道這封信是否超重。）
by 后面跟動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞表示某人做了某件事，并通過(guò)這件事產(chǎn)生了某個(gè)結(jié)果。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：
1）By bribing a nurse I was able to see some files.（通過(guò)賄賂護(hù)士我才有可能看到一些卷宗。）
2）They made a living by selling newspapers.（他們通過(guò)賣(mài)報(bào)謀生。）
3）He tried to solve his problem by cheating me.（他通過(guò)騙我來(lái)解決自己的問(wèn)題。）
4）We learn to swim by swimming.（我們?cè)谟斡局袑W(xué)會(huì)游泳。）
2.They thought that eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer.
本句中that同樣是引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。在賓語(yǔ)從句中，動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)eating deer做主語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：
1）Chatting on the internet would make him forget everything.（在網(wǎng)上聊天會(huì)使他忘記一切。）
2）Putting on air wouldn't do you any good.（擺架子不會(huì)對(duì)你有什么好處。）
3）Making friends with them is no easy job.（跟他們交朋友不是一件容易的事。）
make sb. do sth.意思是“使某人做某事”。make 后面的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to要省去，但是用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)一定要用to，請(qǐng)看下面的句子：
1）The boss made them work from morning till night.（老板使他們從早到晚地干活。）
2）He made me sit here all the time.（他讓我一直坐在這兒。）
3）She was made to finish the book in two days （by her father）。（父親讓她兩天把書(shū)看完。）
4）I was made to return the money as soon as possible （by my friend）。 （朋友讓我盡快還錢(qián)。）
3.Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave.
本句中的第一個(gè)that 引導(dǎo)的又是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，而后一個(gè)that 引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾enemies.請(qǐng)看下面的句子：
1）He is a man that you can rely on.（他是一個(gè)你可以依靠的人。）
2）She gave me some books that I am really interested in.（她給了我一些我很感興趣的書(shū)。）
3）I would never forget the two years that I spent in that village.（我永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記我在那個(gè)村子里度過(guò)的兩年時(shí)光。）
本句中them brave 是make 的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)看下面的句子：
1）Don't wait for him. He will make us late.（別等他了，他會(huì)使我們遲到的。）
2）He was afraid that the story would make things worse.（他擔(dān)心那個(gè)故事會(huì)使事情更糟。）
3）I didn't know that the news had been made public.（我不知道這個(gè)消息已經(jīng)公開(kāi)了。）
4.It was once thought …
Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty.
Tomatoes were believed to have magical powers
They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate them fall in love.
上面的這些句子全部用的是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。請(qǐng)翻譯下面的句子：
1）孩子們受到很好的照顧。（The children are well taken care of.）
2）這個(gè)問(wèn)題近被談?wù)摰煤芏?。（This question has been much talked about recently.）
3）體育代表團(tuán)在機(jī)場(chǎng)受到了熱烈歡迎。（The sports delegation was given a warm welcome at the airport.）
4）那里講什么語(yǔ)言？（What language is spoken there？）
5）這本書(shū)是為兒童寫(xiě)的。（This book is written form children.）
6）他被認(rèn)為是這個(gè)工作的佳人選。（He is thought to be the best candidate for the job.）
suppose 是一個(gè)常用詞，請(qǐng)注意掌握。
1）I suppose it was reasonable for him to want his money back.（我看他想要回他的錢(qián)是合理的。）
2）I suppose the answer is that he was not so hardworking.（我想答案在于他不夠刻苦。）
3）The situation was even worse than was supposed.（形勢(shì)比料想的更糟糕。）
4）Who do you suppose is the right person for the job？（你認(rèn)為誰(shuí)是這個(gè)工作的合適人選？）
5）I am not supposed to talk to you about this.（我不能和你談這個(gè)。）
6）He was supposed to leave for Shanghai last night.（他應(yīng)該昨夜動(dòng)身去上海。）
7）Suppose / Supposing something should go wrong， what would you do？（如果有了什么差錯(cuò)，你怎么辦？）
5.How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during WWII.
“how surprised the people would be”是主句，這是一個(gè)感嘆句；who 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾people；if 引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
感嘆句通常用what 或how 引起。what 用來(lái)修飾一個(gè)名詞，how 修飾一個(gè)形容詞，副詞或動(dòng)詞。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：
1）What a kind-hearted man he is！（他是一個(gè)多么好心的人?。。?BR> 2）What good news it is！（多好的消息?。。?BR> 3）What a beautiful city?。ǘ嗝赖某鞘邪。。?BR> 4）How lovely the children are?。ǘ嗫蓯?ài)的孩子啊?。?BR> 5）How well she writes.（她寫(xiě)得多好啊?。?BR> 6）How I hated all this.（我多恨這一切啊?。?BR> 6.One such idea is that fish is the best brain food.
本句中that 引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：
1）My suggestion is that we should leave right now.（我的建議是我們現(xiàn)在就離開(kāi)。）
2）What is troubling me is that I don't have much experience in teaching.（使我苦惱的是我在教學(xué)方面的經(jīng)驗(yàn)不多。）
3）My idea is that we offer them more help.（我的意思是我們給他們提供更多的幫助。）
4）The fact is that we don't have enough hands.（事實(shí)是我們?nèi)耸植粔?。?BR> 7.Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea.
substitute for 是一個(gè)常用詞組，意思是“代替，代用品”；substitute也可以做動(dòng)詞用，意思是“替代”。請(qǐng)看例句：
1）Don't you think it a good idea to use plastic as a substitute for wood？（你覺(jué)得用塑料做木材的代用品是個(gè)好主意嗎？）
2）Daydreaming cannot substitute for hard work.（白日夢(mèng)不能取代辛勤的努力。）
3）A middle-aged woman substituted for the English teacher during her absence.（英語(yǔ)老師不在時(shí)，由一位中年婦女代替。）
8.Many people think of bread as a carbohydrate food.
think of … as是一個(gè)習(xí)慣用法，意思是“把…看作是…”，“認(rèn)為…是…”。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：
1）People think of him as a hero.（人們把他看作英雄。）
2）He thinks of himself as the most important member of the family.（他認(rèn)為自己是重要的家庭成員。）
3）The Yellow River is thought of as the cradle of the Chinese nation.（黃河被看作是中華民族的搖籃。）
與think of …as 意思相近的習(xí)慣用法還有regard …as；consider…as；look upon…as；view…as；see …as 等等。
本課主要詞組
1.be eager to 2.be supposed to
3.fall in love 4.grow up
5.be supplied to 6.substitute for
7.have sth. to do with 8.at the meal
9.as a matter of fact 10.think of …as…
11.in the same way
本課主要句型
賓語(yǔ)從句
1.Many people believe that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.
2.They thought eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer.
3.Some savage tribes believe that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave.
表語(yǔ)從句
1.One idea was that fish is the best brain food.
2.Another idea is that you should not drink water with meals.
3.The reason was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible.
4.A similar wrong idea is that fish and ice cream …for a poisonous combination.
5.Still another idea is that proteins and carbohydrates should never be eaten at the same meal.
感嘆句
1.How surprised that people…would be …。
形容詞，副詞的比較級(jí)和高級(jí)
1.They thought eating deer would make them run as fast as deer.
2.Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.
3.One such idea is that fish is the best brain food.
4.Fish is good brain food just as it is good muscle food and skin and bone food.
5.But no one has been able to prove that fish is any better for the brain than many other kinds of food.
6.It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.
Text B Do Animals Think？
短語(yǔ)表達(dá)
1.a great deal
There is a great deal of concern about energy shortage.
We learned a great deal from her.
2.be like
Look at the little boy， he is so much like his father.
War is not like what he described in his novel.
3.have time for
I don't know why he didn’t have time for breakfast.
Don't worry， we will have enough time for discussion.
4.engage in
He is trying very hard to engage the woman in further conversation.
It is not appropriate for a former president to engage in commerce.
5.take care of
The old people are well taken care of in the nursing homes.
She took care of her little brother while mother was away.
6.in some / many respects
in one / this respect
He is different from the people around him in many respects.
We are lagging behind at least in one respect.
7.except
I knew nothing about Jane except what I had heard at the party.
There was nothing we could do except wait and pray.
All the boys except Tom went camping last week.
In the evening she never went anywhere except to the nearest coffee house.
8.connect with
There is no evidence to connect the young man with the theft.
Good health is connected with diet.
There are serious questions connected with the radioactive waste disposal （放射性廢料的處理）。
9.make improvement in
The company made great improvement in the wages and working conditions of the employees.
Animals do not make any real improvement in their ways of doing things.
10.by instinct
She knew by instinct that he wouldn't be back.
Birds build their nests by instinct.
11.speak of
Professor Blackwell always speaks highly of his assistant.
Did he speak of the serious earthquake that struck Taiwan last week？
12.let out
“Let me out，” the boy shouted，but nobody came.
The prisoners were let out of their cells.
13.as if
He looked at me as if I were mad.
She opened her eyes as if conscious of my gaze.
He works so hard as if he never knew fatigue.
14.have one's wits about one〔機(jī)警，保持警覺(jué)〕
In this part of the city you have to have your wits about you all the time.
He felt it unnecessary to have his wits about him on such a friendly occasion.
15.a variety of
Don't bother him， he has a variety of duties to perform.
The college library has a wide variety of books.
16.difference between
Will you please tell me the difference between the two countries？
I cannot see any difference between the two oil paintings.
本課主要單詞
1.fallacy n. 謬誤；謬論；錯(cuò)誤的推理或信念
That the earth is flat used to be a popular fallacy.（地球是扁平的這一謬誤曾一度很流行。）
Needless to say， this statement is based on fallacy.（不用說(shuō)，這是一個(gè)基于謬誤推理的陳述。）
What you had seen couldn't be true， it might be a fallacy of the eye.（你所看到的不可能是真的，也許是你的視錯(cuò)覺(jué)。）
2.quality n. 質(zhì)量；品質(zhì)，特性 adj. 優(yōu)質(zhì)的，高級(jí)的
He is a man of many good qualities.（他具有許多優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)。）
The quality of your products is superior to that of ours.（你們的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量比我們的好。）
They promised that they would offer the community a variety of quality services.（他們?yōu)樯鐓^(qū)提供多項(xiàng)優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)。）
You have no reason to deprive me of the right to a quality education.（你沒(méi)有理由剝奪我受良好教育的權(quán)利。）
qualify v. 使合適，使勝任|考 試大
I am not very sure if he is qualified for the job.（我不很肯定他是否勝任這份工作。）
His skills qualify him for the job.（他的技藝使他有資格擔(dān)任這一工作。）
qualified adj. 有資格的；稱(chēng)職的
What are you going to do with all these poorly qualified officers？（你會(huì)拿這些不稱(chēng)職的軍官怎么樣呢？）
He is trying hard to make himself a qualified teacher.（他在努力使自己成為一個(gè)稱(chēng)職的教師。）
3.savage adj. 野蠻的，未開(kāi)化的；兇猛的，殘酷的 n.野蠻人，粗野的人
Most of the time elephants are tame but they can be very savage.（大多數(shù)時(shí)候大象很溫順，但他們也會(huì)大發(fā)野性。）
No one can put up with his savage manners.（誰(shuí)也忍受不了他的粗暴態(tài)度。）
They don't know what will be there waiting for them once they get to the savage wilderness.（他們不知道進(jìn)入蠻荒之后等待他們的會(huì)是什么。）
He was afraid that he would encounter some savages if he stayed on that isolated island.（他擔(dān)心呆在孤島上會(huì)碰上野蠻人。）
4.tribe n. 種族，部落；（動(dòng)植物）族，類(lèi)
This attitude still remains in some primitive tribes.（這種觀念在一些原始部落中依然存在。）
They didn't quite expect that the tribe of cats could give them so much trouble.（他們沒(méi)有料到貓族會(huì)給他們帶來(lái)如此多的麻煩。）
5.bravery n. 勇敢，大膽 brave adj. 勇敢的 v.冒（危險(xiǎn)等）；敢于做（某事）
Being a nurse requires infinite patience and bravery.（做護(hù)士需要無(wú)限的耐心和勇敢。）
He made a brave attempt to prevent the group fighting.（他勇敢地試圖阻止群毆。）
They braved all the dangers and difficulties in completing their work.（他們冒著各種危險(xiǎn)和困難完成了任務(wù)。）
6.eager adj. 熱切的，渴望的
be eager to do sth. 渴望做某事
be eager for/about sth. 渴求某事
eager beaver 做事異常賣(mài)力的人；雄心勃勃的人
The eager crowd streamed into the hall.（急切的人群涌進(jìn)了大廳。）
She opened the telegram with eager fingers.（她用手指急不可奈地拆開(kāi)了電報(bào)。）
The teacher found all the students were eager to express their opinions.（老師發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的學(xué)生都渴望表述自己的觀點(diǎn)。）
I am eager for the performance to begin.（我熱切地等待著演出的開(kāi)始。）
7.civilized adj. 文明的，開(kāi)化的
civilization n. 文明，文化
Their aim is to create an orderly， just and civilized society.（他們的目標(biāo)是建立一個(gè)有序，公正而文明的社會(huì)。）
Professor Smith is going to give us a lecture on the history of Western civilization.（史密斯教授將給我們做有關(guān)西方文明史的講座。）
China is one of the four ancient civilizations.（中國(guó)是四大文明古國(guó)之一。）
8.root n. 根；根本，根源； v. （使）生根，（使）扎根
The edible part of this plant is its root.（這種植物的可食部分是根。）
She flushed to the root of her hair.（她羞得滿(mǎn)臉通紅。）
The lust for money is the root of all evils.（貪財(cái)是一切罪惡的根源。）
Her love for the mother country is deeply rooted.（她對(duì)祖國(guó)的愛(ài)堅(jiān)貞不移。）
He sat there rooted like a statue.（他像一尊雕塑一樣一動(dòng)不動(dòng)地坐在那兒。）
9.magic n. 魔法，魔力；魔術(shù)
magical adj. 有魔力的；神秘的
magician n. 魔術(shù)師；巫師
The prince was turned by magic into a beast.（王子被魔法變成了一只野獸。）
We are trying to find someone to do some magic at the party.（我們正找人在晚會(huì)上玩魔術(shù)。）
The magic of music is beyond words.（音樂(lè)的魅力無(wú)法用言語(yǔ)形容。）
He used to believe that the old lady had magical powers.（他曾以為那個(gè)老太太有魔力。）
No one would ever forget this magical experience.（誰(shuí)也不會(huì)忘記這一神秘的經(jīng)歷。）
The magician waved his wand and the rabbit disappeared. （魔術(shù)師揮了揮魔杖，兔子不見(jiàn)了。）
（注意：magic也可以做形容詞用，詞義和magical一樣。但是magic通常只能做定語(yǔ)用，而magical既可做定語(yǔ)用也可做表語(yǔ)用。）
10.poisonous adj. 有毒的
poison n.& v. 毒藥；中毒，毒死；破壞
Be careful！ It is one of the most poisonous snakes in the world.（小心，這是世界上毒的一種蛇。）
Don't eat the leaves of this plant， they are poisonous.（別吃這種植物的葉子，有毒?。?BR> If he drank the poison， he would probably die.（如果他喝了這毒藥，他可能會(huì)死。）
One man's honey is another man’s poison.（對(duì)甲有利未必對(duì)乙也有利。）
He poisoned his wife.（他毒死了自己的妻子。）
Industrial wastes are poisoning the atmosphere.（工業(yè)廢料在污染著大氣。）
He had poisoned the political life of the nation. （他破壞了這個(gè)國(guó)家的政治生活。）
11.overseas adv. 在海外，在國(guó)外 adj. 海外的，國(guó)外的
He said he would travel overseas if he had a long holiday.（他說(shuō)如果有長(zhǎng)假，他就去國(guó)外旅游。）
These companies are investing large sums overseas.（這些公司正向海外進(jìn)行高額投資。）
The overseas Chinese donated medicine and clothes to the flooded area.（海外華人向受災(zāi)地區(qū)捐贈(zèng)藥品和服裝。）
There is a vast overseas market for our goods.（我們的產(chǎn)品有廣闊的海外市場(chǎng)。）
12.widespread adj. 分布廣的，普遍的
There was a widespread belief that she committed suicide.（人們普遍認(rèn)為她是自殺的。）
Industrial robots will be in widespread use.（工業(yè)機(jī)器人將會(huì)廣泛使用。）
Pollution problem is now attracting widespread attention.（污染問(wèn)題正引起廣泛關(guān)注。）
13.digestive adj. 消化的，有消化力的
digest v. 消化；領(lǐng)會(huì)
digestion n. 消化；領(lǐng)悟
indigestible adj. 難理解的；難消化的
The doctor told him there might be something wrong with his digestive system.（醫(yī)生對(duì)他說(shuō)他的消化系統(tǒng)可能有問(wèn)題。）
It will be very helpful for you to digest the important points in the book.（領(lǐng)會(huì)這本書(shū)中的要點(diǎn)將會(huì)對(duì)你很有幫助。）
Every day they gave the old man food that was easy of digestion.（他們每天給老人易于消化的食物。）
The steak was tough and indigestible.（這牛排太老，不易消化。）
14.foundation n. 根據(jù)；基金會(huì)；基地
The early training gave her a very firm foundation.（早期的訓(xùn)練給她打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。）
In fact the rumor is without foundation.（事實(shí)上，這個(gè)謠傳沒(méi)有根據(jù)。）
This conference is sponsored by the National Foundation for Educational Research.（這個(gè)會(huì)議是由全國(guó)教育研究基金會(huì)主辦的。）
The construction workers are laying the foundations for a 28-story building.（建筑工人們正在為一座28層的高樓打地基。）
15.belief n. 相信；信念
believe v. 相信；認(rèn)為
It is his belief that he will succeed sooner or later.（他相信他遲早會(huì)成功。）
What he told me just now is really beyond my belief.（他剛才對(duì)我說(shuō)的話令我難以置信。）
I believe we will win the match.（我相信我們會(huì)贏這場(chǎng)比賽。）
Believe it or not he got a full mark in the exam.（信不信由你，他考試得了滿(mǎn)分。）
16.combination n. 結(jié)合，聯(lián)合；化合物
combine v. 結(jié)合，聯(lián)合
The color purple is a combination of red and blue.（紫色是由紅藍(lán)兩色混合而成。）
The football players showed good combination.（足球隊(duì)員們配合默契。）
It will do us a lot of good if we can combine theory with practice.（如果把理論和實(shí)際結(jié)合起來(lái)將對(duì)我們大有好處。）
He very well combines the characters of soldier and poet.（他把軍人和詩(shī)人的性格很好地融合在一起。）
17.chiefly adv. 主要地
chief n. 首領(lǐng)；長(zhǎng)官 adj. 主要的
This vegetable juice is made up chiefly of tomatoes and cucumbers.（這種蔬菜汁主要由西紅柿和黃瓜制成。）
I will have to go and talk to your department chief about it.（我得和你們部門(mén)的頭兒好好談?wù)?。?BR> I think this will become the chief concern of the world today.（我認(rèn)為這將成為當(dāng)今世界的首要關(guān)心的問(wèn)題。）
the editor in chief 總編 the chief engineer 總工程師
chief executive 高行政長(zhǎng)官 chief justice 首席法官
chief of staff 參謀長(zhǎng) chief of state 國(guó)家元首
18.contain v. 包含；容納；克制
This mini-bus can contain 18 passengers.（這輛面包車(chē)可乘坐18人。）
How much water can this water tank contain？（這只水箱能裝多少水？）
This book contains the material you need.（這本書(shū)里有你需要的材料。）
He cannot contain himself for the joy.（他高興得不能自制。）
本課主要構(gòu)詞法
affixation 詞綴法
1.名詞后綴 -ity quality
2.名詞后綴 -ation；-ion； combination， civilization， foundation， digestion
3.名詞后綴 -ture mixture
4.形容詞后綴 -ous poisonous
5.形容詞后綴 -ible indigestible
6.形容詞后綴 -ful helpful， powerful
7.副詞前綴 over- overseas
compounding 合詞法
1.復(fù)合形容詞 widespread； man-eating；
2.復(fù)合名詞 man-eating； carbohydrate
本課簡(jiǎn)介
本課主要介紹了由古至今人們對(duì)飲食的看法。遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)候，人們認(rèn)為吃什么補(bǔ)什么。文明社會(huì)的人們則一度認(rèn)為人參的根，雞蛋，西紅柿有各 自不同的神奇功用。今天，人們認(rèn)為魚(yú)有強(qiáng)身，健腦，壯骨，美膚等作用，還認(rèn)為飲食方面有諸多禁忌。如此種種的說(shuō)法是否有道理，本課課文會(huì)給你一個(gè)答案。
本課主要語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)
1.Many primitive people believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.
本句中that 引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句在前幾個(gè)單元中我們已有了比較多的了解。掌握賓語(yǔ)從句并不困難。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：
1）You must remember that it is never too old to learn.（你必須記?。夯畹嚼蠈W(xué)到老。）
2）He says that friendship is very important to him.（他說(shuō)友誼對(duì)他很重要。）
3）Don't forget what your parents said to you.（別忘了父母對(duì)你說(shuō)過(guò)的話。）
4）Can you tell me where the bookstore is？（你能告訴我書(shū)店在哪兒?jiǎn)?？?BR> 5）I don't know whether the letter is overweight.（我不知道這封信是否超重。）
by 后面跟動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞表示某人做了某件事，并通過(guò)這件事產(chǎn)生了某個(gè)結(jié)果。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：
1）By bribing a nurse I was able to see some files.（通過(guò)賄賂護(hù)士我才有可能看到一些卷宗。）
2）They made a living by selling newspapers.（他們通過(guò)賣(mài)報(bào)謀生。）
3）He tried to solve his problem by cheating me.（他通過(guò)騙我來(lái)解決自己的問(wèn)題。）
4）We learn to swim by swimming.（我們?cè)谟斡局袑W(xué)會(huì)游泳。）
2.They thought that eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer.
本句中that同樣是引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。在賓語(yǔ)從句中，動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)eating deer做主語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：
1）Chatting on the internet would make him forget everything.（在網(wǎng)上聊天會(huì)使他忘記一切。）
2）Putting on air wouldn't do you any good.（擺架子不會(huì)對(duì)你有什么好處。）
3）Making friends with them is no easy job.（跟他們交朋友不是一件容易的事。）
make sb. do sth.意思是“使某人做某事”。make 后面的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to要省去，但是用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)一定要用to，請(qǐng)看下面的句子：
1）The boss made them work from morning till night.（老板使他們從早到晚地干活。）
2）He made me sit here all the time.（他讓我一直坐在這兒。）
3）She was made to finish the book in two days （by her father）。（父親讓她兩天把書(shū)看完。）
4）I was made to return the money as soon as possible （by my friend）。 （朋友讓我盡快還錢(qián)。）
3.Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave.
本句中的第一個(gè)that 引導(dǎo)的又是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，而后一個(gè)that 引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾enemies.請(qǐng)看下面的句子：
1）He is a man that you can rely on.（他是一個(gè)你可以依靠的人。）
2）She gave me some books that I am really interested in.（她給了我一些我很感興趣的書(shū)。）
3）I would never forget the two years that I spent in that village.（我永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記我在那個(gè)村子里度過(guò)的兩年時(shí)光。）
本句中them brave 是make 的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)看下面的句子：
1）Don't wait for him. He will make us late.（別等他了，他會(huì)使我們遲到的。）
2）He was afraid that the story would make things worse.（他擔(dān)心那個(gè)故事會(huì)使事情更糟。）
3）I didn't know that the news had been made public.（我不知道這個(gè)消息已經(jīng)公開(kāi)了。）
4.It was once thought …
Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty.
Tomatoes were believed to have magical powers
They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate them fall in love.
上面的這些句子全部用的是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。請(qǐng)翻譯下面的句子：
1）孩子們受到很好的照顧。（The children are well taken care of.）
2）這個(gè)問(wèn)題近被談?wù)摰煤芏?。（This question has been much talked about recently.）
3）體育代表團(tuán)在機(jī)場(chǎng)受到了熱烈歡迎。（The sports delegation was given a warm welcome at the airport.）
4）那里講什么語(yǔ)言？（What language is spoken there？）
5）這本書(shū)是為兒童寫(xiě)的。（This book is written form children.）
6）他被認(rèn)為是這個(gè)工作的佳人選。（He is thought to be the best candidate for the job.）
suppose 是一個(gè)常用詞，請(qǐng)注意掌握。
1）I suppose it was reasonable for him to want his money back.（我看他想要回他的錢(qián)是合理的。）
2）I suppose the answer is that he was not so hardworking.（我想答案在于他不夠刻苦。）
3）The situation was even worse than was supposed.（形勢(shì)比料想的更糟糕。）
4）Who do you suppose is the right person for the job？（你認(rèn)為誰(shuí)是這個(gè)工作的合適人選？）
5）I am not supposed to talk to you about this.（我不能和你談這個(gè)。）
6）He was supposed to leave for Shanghai last night.（他應(yīng)該昨夜動(dòng)身去上海。）
7）Suppose / Supposing something should go wrong， what would you do？（如果有了什么差錯(cuò)，你怎么辦？）
5.How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during WWII.
“how surprised the people would be”是主句，這是一個(gè)感嘆句；who 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾people；if 引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
感嘆句通常用what 或how 引起。what 用來(lái)修飾一個(gè)名詞，how 修飾一個(gè)形容詞，副詞或動(dòng)詞。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：
1）What a kind-hearted man he is！（他是一個(gè)多么好心的人?。。?BR> 2）What good news it is！（多好的消息?。。?BR> 3）What a beautiful city?。ǘ嗝赖某鞘邪。。?BR> 4）How lovely the children are?。ǘ嗫蓯?ài)的孩子啊?。?BR> 5）How well she writes.（她寫(xiě)得多好啊?。?BR> 6）How I hated all this.（我多恨這一切啊?。?BR> 6.One such idea is that fish is the best brain food.
本句中that 引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：
1）My suggestion is that we should leave right now.（我的建議是我們現(xiàn)在就離開(kāi)。）
2）What is troubling me is that I don't have much experience in teaching.（使我苦惱的是我在教學(xué)方面的經(jīng)驗(yàn)不多。）
3）My idea is that we offer them more help.（我的意思是我們給他們提供更多的幫助。）
4）The fact is that we don't have enough hands.（事實(shí)是我們?nèi)耸植粔?。?BR> 7.Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea.
substitute for 是一個(gè)常用詞組，意思是“代替，代用品”；substitute也可以做動(dòng)詞用，意思是“替代”。請(qǐng)看例句：
1）Don't you think it a good idea to use plastic as a substitute for wood？（你覺(jué)得用塑料做木材的代用品是個(gè)好主意嗎？）
2）Daydreaming cannot substitute for hard work.（白日夢(mèng)不能取代辛勤的努力。）
3）A middle-aged woman substituted for the English teacher during her absence.（英語(yǔ)老師不在時(shí)，由一位中年婦女代替。）
8.Many people think of bread as a carbohydrate food.
think of … as是一個(gè)習(xí)慣用法，意思是“把…看作是…”，“認(rèn)為…是…”。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：
1）People think of him as a hero.（人們把他看作英雄。）
2）He thinks of himself as the most important member of the family.（他認(rèn)為自己是重要的家庭成員。）
3）The Yellow River is thought of as the cradle of the Chinese nation.（黃河被看作是中華民族的搖籃。）
與think of …as 意思相近的習(xí)慣用法還有regard …as；consider…as；look upon…as；view…as；see …as 等等。
本課主要詞組
1.be eager to 2.be supposed to
3.fall in love 4.grow up
5.be supplied to 6.substitute for
7.have sth. to do with 8.at the meal
9.as a matter of fact 10.think of …as…
11.in the same way
本課主要句型
賓語(yǔ)從句
1.Many people believe that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.
2.They thought eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer.
3.Some savage tribes believe that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave.
表語(yǔ)從句
1.One idea was that fish is the best brain food.
2.Another idea is that you should not drink water with meals.
3.The reason was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible.
4.A similar wrong idea is that fish and ice cream …for a poisonous combination.
5.Still another idea is that proteins and carbohydrates should never be eaten at the same meal.
感嘆句
1.How surprised that people…would be …。
形容詞，副詞的比較級(jí)和高級(jí)
1.They thought eating deer would make them run as fast as deer.
2.Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.
3.One such idea is that fish is the best brain food.
4.Fish is good brain food just as it is good muscle food and skin and bone food.
5.But no one has been able to prove that fish is any better for the brain than many other kinds of food.
6.It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.
Text B Do Animals Think？
短語(yǔ)表達(dá)
1.a great deal
There is a great deal of concern about energy shortage.
We learned a great deal from her.
2.be like
Look at the little boy， he is so much like his father.
War is not like what he described in his novel.
3.have time for
I don't know why he didn’t have time for breakfast.
Don't worry， we will have enough time for discussion.
4.engage in
He is trying very hard to engage the woman in further conversation.
It is not appropriate for a former president to engage in commerce.
5.take care of
The old people are well taken care of in the nursing homes.
She took care of her little brother while mother was away.
6.in some / many respects
in one / this respect
He is different from the people around him in many respects.
We are lagging behind at least in one respect.
7.except
I knew nothing about Jane except what I had heard at the party.
There was nothing we could do except wait and pray.
All the boys except Tom went camping last week.
In the evening she never went anywhere except to the nearest coffee house.
8.connect with
There is no evidence to connect the young man with the theft.
Good health is connected with diet.
There are serious questions connected with the radioactive waste disposal （放射性廢料的處理）。
9.make improvement in
The company made great improvement in the wages and working conditions of the employees.
Animals do not make any real improvement in their ways of doing things.
10.by instinct
She knew by instinct that he wouldn't be back.
Birds build their nests by instinct.
11.speak of
Professor Blackwell always speaks highly of his assistant.
Did he speak of the serious earthquake that struck Taiwan last week？
12.let out
“Let me out，” the boy shouted，but nobody came.
The prisoners were let out of their cells.
13.as if
He looked at me as if I were mad.
She opened her eyes as if conscious of my gaze.
He works so hard as if he never knew fatigue.
14.have one's wits about one〔機(jī)警，保持警覺(jué)〕
In this part of the city you have to have your wits about you all the time.
He felt it unnecessary to have his wits about him on such a friendly occasion.
15.a variety of
Don't bother him， he has a variety of duties to perform.
The college library has a wide variety of books.
16.difference between
Will you please tell me the difference between the two countries？
I cannot see any difference between the two oil paintings.