第四節(jié) 過渡時(shí)期的英國
51. The name the Wars of Roses was referring to the battles between the great house of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white.
玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)這個(gè)詞是指兩個(gè)家族間的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，以紅玫瑰為標(biāo)志的藍(lán)凱斯特家族和以白玫瑰為標(biāo)志的約克家族。
52. In 1455, after Henry Ⅵ hand completely lost his reason, war broke out between the Yorkists and the Lancastrians. In 1461, the Duke of York’s son Edward, emerged the victor and was proclaimed as Edward Ⅳ.
1455年，當(dāng)亨利六世再也沒有理由（將國家交給攝政者管理時(shí)），戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)在約克家族成員和藍(lán)凱斯特家族成員中爆發(fā)了。1461年，約克公爵的兒子愛德華戰(zhàn)勝成功成為愛德華四世。
53. On August 22, 1458, the last battle of the Wars of Roses was fought between Richard Ⅲ and Henry Tudor.
1458年8月22日，玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的最后一次戰(zhàn)役在理查德三世和亨利都鐸之間展開。
54. The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and end in freedom from the Papacy. Henry Ⅷ wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon. But Pope Clement Ⅲ refused to annul his marriage to Catherine.
改革以爭(zhēng)取離婚開始，以脫離教皇而告終，亨利八世想與阿拉貢的公主凱瑟琳離婚，但教皇克萊蒙拒絕取消凱瑟琳和亨利八世之間的婚姻。
55. Henry’s reform was to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope, and make an independent Church of England.
亨利改革的目的是拜托英國教會(huì)與教皇的聯(lián)系，成立獨(dú)立的英格蘭教會(huì)。
56. The laws (e.g. the Act of Succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535) made his reform possible stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry’s position.
使改革可行的法律（如1534年的《繼承法案》和1535年的《法案》）強(qiáng)調(diào)了君主的權(quán)利并自然加強(qiáng)了亨利的地位。
57. When Mary Tudor became Queen after Edward, she attempted to forcibly recovert England to Roman Catholicism. People call her “Blood Mary”。
瑪麗都鐸再愛德華后當(dāng)上女王，她試圖強(qiáng)迫人們重新皈依羅馬天主教。人們叫她“血腥瑪麗”。
58. Elizabeth’s reign was a time of confident English national and of great achievements in literature and other acts, in exploration and in battle.
伊麗莎白統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，人民自信，民族主義高漲，在文學(xué)和其它藝術(shù)方面，在探險(xiǎn)和對(duì)外作戰(zhàn)方面都取得了巨大成功。
59. Elizabeth’s religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary’s ties with Rome and restored her father’s independent Church of England.
伊麗莎白的宗教改革是各種觀點(diǎn)的妥協(xié)，她中斷瑪麗與羅馬的關(guān)系，恢復(fù)父王獨(dú)立的英格蘭教會(huì)。
60. For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played against each other the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain.
將近30年來，伊麗莎白成功地令兩大天主教強(qiáng)國法國和西班牙互相爭(zhēng)斗，從而免于英國卷入任何主要的歐洲國的沖突。
51. The name the Wars of Roses was referring to the battles between the great house of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white.
玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)這個(gè)詞是指兩個(gè)家族間的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，以紅玫瑰為標(biāo)志的藍(lán)凱斯特家族和以白玫瑰為標(biāo)志的約克家族。
52. In 1455, after Henry Ⅵ hand completely lost his reason, war broke out between the Yorkists and the Lancastrians. In 1461, the Duke of York’s son Edward, emerged the victor and was proclaimed as Edward Ⅳ.
1455年，當(dāng)亨利六世再也沒有理由（將國家交給攝政者管理時(shí)），戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)在約克家族成員和藍(lán)凱斯特家族成員中爆發(fā)了。1461年，約克公爵的兒子愛德華戰(zhàn)勝成功成為愛德華四世。
53. On August 22, 1458, the last battle of the Wars of Roses was fought between Richard Ⅲ and Henry Tudor.
1458年8月22日，玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的最后一次戰(zhàn)役在理查德三世和亨利都鐸之間展開。
54. The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and end in freedom from the Papacy. Henry Ⅷ wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon. But Pope Clement Ⅲ refused to annul his marriage to Catherine.
改革以爭(zhēng)取離婚開始，以脫離教皇而告終，亨利八世想與阿拉貢的公主凱瑟琳離婚，但教皇克萊蒙拒絕取消凱瑟琳和亨利八世之間的婚姻。
55. Henry’s reform was to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope, and make an independent Church of England.
亨利改革的目的是拜托英國教會(huì)與教皇的聯(lián)系，成立獨(dú)立的英格蘭教會(huì)。
56. The laws (e.g. the Act of Succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535) made his reform possible stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry’s position.
使改革可行的法律（如1534年的《繼承法案》和1535年的《法案》）強(qiáng)調(diào)了君主的權(quán)利并自然加強(qiáng)了亨利的地位。
57. When Mary Tudor became Queen after Edward, she attempted to forcibly recovert England to Roman Catholicism. People call her “Blood Mary”。
瑪麗都鐸再愛德華后當(dāng)上女王，她試圖強(qiáng)迫人們重新皈依羅馬天主教。人們叫她“血腥瑪麗”。
58. Elizabeth’s reign was a time of confident English national and of great achievements in literature and other acts, in exploration and in battle.
伊麗莎白統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，人民自信，民族主義高漲，在文學(xué)和其它藝術(shù)方面，在探險(xiǎn)和對(duì)外作戰(zhàn)方面都取得了巨大成功。
59. Elizabeth’s religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary’s ties with Rome and restored her father’s independent Church of England.
伊麗莎白的宗教改革是各種觀點(diǎn)的妥協(xié)，她中斷瑪麗與羅馬的關(guān)系，恢復(fù)父王獨(dú)立的英格蘭教會(huì)。
60. For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played against each other the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain.
將近30年來，伊麗莎白成功地令兩大天主教強(qiáng)國法國和西班牙互相爭(zhēng)斗，從而免于英國卷入任何主要的歐洲國的沖突。