雅思考試，特別是閱讀和聽(tīng)力部分，在對(duì)輸入信息進(jìn)行思考處理的過(guò)程中，應(yīng)注意對(duì)題干及其在原文中對(duì)應(yīng)內(nèi)容的語(yǔ)言整體性的把握。也就是說(shuō)對(duì)于可能影響答案判定的題干和原文相關(guān)語(yǔ)句在邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，語(yǔ)意承接，主題一致，語(yǔ)法連貫等方面要能夠理解掌握，從而為確定答案提供必要的依據(jù)和線索。
語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Anne Anderson和Tony Lynch在其經(jīng)典的Listening（Oxford University Press 1988，A Scheme for Teacher Education Series）一書(shū)中對(duì)于語(yǔ)言的整體信息處理作了這樣的論述：In general, researchers have discovered that there appears to be an important general language processing skill that influences performances in both listening and reading … so competent adult L1 readers and listeners do seem to build a global interpretation of what they read or hear, using information from earlier in a text to interpret what they encounter later.這段話闡述了L1 listening/reading的信息處理的一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)，即借助文字或語(yǔ)音信息的整體層次上的理解來(lái)解釋單個(gè)構(gòu)成信息的技能運(yùn)用。作者之后提到對(duì)于L2 listening/reading也應(yīng)具有與此相同的處理方法。試舉一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子，我們聽(tīng)到這樣的句子：Old Mrs. Grant was penniless. She went to the shop and looked in her purse. There were, of course, coins inside.假定空格處我們聽(tīng)到的單詞不是很清楚，可能是nine或no。顯然這里我們可以根據(jù)上文中出現(xiàn)的penniless，判定是空格處是no。這是基于對(duì)語(yǔ)言信息的整體理解和語(yǔ)意承接關(guān)系的把握作出的判斷。
在雅思考試中，不論是聽(tīng)力還是閱讀，這種方法的運(yùn)用可以說(shuō)是比較常見(jiàn)的。因此在平時(shí)的練習(xí)中應(yīng)注意加強(qiáng)這方面能力的培養(yǎng)。在雅思閱讀中，語(yǔ)言整體信息處理的技能可以運(yùn)用于以下兩個(gè)方面：
第一，為答案的預(yù)判和確定提供依據(jù)或線索。特別是對(duì)于填空型的題目，包括summary，sentence completion，table，diagram，flow chart等題型。在這類(lèi)題目的解答過(guò)程中，對(duì)答案進(jìn)行語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)意的預(yù)判和分析是經(jīng)常使用的解題技能，而這一預(yù)判分析必須依賴于對(duì)相關(guān)語(yǔ)句的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，語(yǔ)法屬性，語(yǔ)意承接等語(yǔ)言整體信息的把握。關(guān)于根據(jù)邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行預(yù)判分析可以參見(jiàn)筆者的“邏輯關(guān)系詞的閱讀功能”一文（上海新東方官方網(wǎng)站雅思專(zhuān)區(qū)），本文就語(yǔ)法屬性，語(yǔ)意承接的分析各舉一例。
例一：語(yǔ)意承接預(yù)判（劍6/Test1/Q23-26）
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-K, below.
Modern cargo-handling methods have had a significant effect on 23 as the business of moving freight around the world becomes increasingly streamlined. Manufacturers of computers, for instance, are able to import 24 from overseas, rather than having to rely on a local supplier. The introduction of 25 has meant that bulk cargo can be safely and efficiently moved over long distances. While international shipping is now efficient, there is still a need for governments to reduce 26 in order to free up the domestic cargo sector.
A. tariffs B. components C. container ships D. output E. employees F. insurance costs G. trade H. freight I.fares J. software K. international standards
這是一道提供了選項(xiàng)的summary題，在對(duì)原文尋讀之前，可以根據(jù)題干中各語(yǔ)句的語(yǔ)意承接關(guān)系和選項(xiàng)對(duì)比，對(duì)答案進(jìn)行以下的預(yù)判：
Q23.題干段落的第二個(gè)句子和第一個(gè)句子是舉例說(shuō)明（for instance）的語(yǔ)意承接關(guān)系。而第二個(gè)句子講的是一種貿(mào)易的方式，因此可以結(jié)合對(duì)比選項(xiàng)預(yù)判G. trade是正確答案。
Q24.根據(jù)整個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)（Manufacturers of computers）和謂語(yǔ)（are able to import）及其可能的賓語(yǔ)（要填的答案）之間的語(yǔ)意關(guān)系，可對(duì)比選項(xiàng)預(yù)判B. components或J. software是正確答案。
Q25.根據(jù)空格后的that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句bulk cargo can be safely and efficiently moved over long distances（統(tǒng)裝貨可以安全高效長(zhǎng)途運(yùn)輸）可以基本上判定只有選項(xiàng)C. container ships符合句子的意思。
Q26.由in order to free up the domestic cargo sector（以消除國(guó)內(nèi)貨運(yùn)部門(mén)的羈絆）這一句意成分，對(duì)比選項(xiàng)可以預(yù)判需要政府減少的是A. tariffs（關(guān)稅）或I. fares（費(fèi)用）。
例二：語(yǔ)法屬性預(yù)判（劍5/Test2/Q27）
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-G below.
Q27. Peter Derks believes that humor
A. react to their own thoughts.
B. helped create language in humans.
C. respond instantly to whatever is happening.
D. may provide valuable information about the operation of the brain
E. cope with difficult situations
F. relate to a person’s subjective views
G. led our ancestors to smile and then laugh.
語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Anne Anderson和Tony Lynch在其經(jīng)典的Listening（Oxford University Press 1988，A Scheme for Teacher Education Series）一書(shū)中對(duì)于語(yǔ)言的整體信息處理作了這樣的論述：In general, researchers have discovered that there appears to be an important general language processing skill that influences performances in both listening and reading … so competent adult L1 readers and listeners do seem to build a global interpretation of what they read or hear, using information from earlier in a text to interpret what they encounter later.這段話闡述了L1 listening/reading的信息處理的一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)，即借助文字或語(yǔ)音信息的整體層次上的理解來(lái)解釋單個(gè)構(gòu)成信息的技能運(yùn)用。作者之后提到對(duì)于L2 listening/reading也應(yīng)具有與此相同的處理方法。試舉一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子，我們聽(tīng)到這樣的句子：Old Mrs. Grant was penniless. She went to the shop and looked in her purse. There were, of course, coins inside.假定空格處我們聽(tīng)到的單詞不是很清楚，可能是nine或no。顯然這里我們可以根據(jù)上文中出現(xiàn)的penniless，判定是空格處是no。這是基于對(duì)語(yǔ)言信息的整體理解和語(yǔ)意承接關(guān)系的把握作出的判斷。
在雅思考試中，不論是聽(tīng)力還是閱讀，這種方法的運(yùn)用可以說(shuō)是比較常見(jiàn)的。因此在平時(shí)的練習(xí)中應(yīng)注意加強(qiáng)這方面能力的培養(yǎng)。在雅思閱讀中，語(yǔ)言整體信息處理的技能可以運(yùn)用于以下兩個(gè)方面：
第一，為答案的預(yù)判和確定提供依據(jù)或線索。特別是對(duì)于填空型的題目，包括summary，sentence completion，table，diagram，flow chart等題型。在這類(lèi)題目的解答過(guò)程中，對(duì)答案進(jìn)行語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)意的預(yù)判和分析是經(jīng)常使用的解題技能，而這一預(yù)判分析必須依賴于對(duì)相關(guān)語(yǔ)句的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，語(yǔ)法屬性，語(yǔ)意承接等語(yǔ)言整體信息的把握。關(guān)于根據(jù)邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行預(yù)判分析可以參見(jiàn)筆者的“邏輯關(guān)系詞的閱讀功能”一文（上海新東方官方網(wǎng)站雅思專(zhuān)區(qū)），本文就語(yǔ)法屬性，語(yǔ)意承接的分析各舉一例。
例一：語(yǔ)意承接預(yù)判（劍6/Test1/Q23-26）
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-K, below.
Modern cargo-handling methods have had a significant effect on 23 as the business of moving freight around the world becomes increasingly streamlined. Manufacturers of computers, for instance, are able to import 24 from overseas, rather than having to rely on a local supplier. The introduction of 25 has meant that bulk cargo can be safely and efficiently moved over long distances. While international shipping is now efficient, there is still a need for governments to reduce 26 in order to free up the domestic cargo sector.
A. tariffs B. components C. container ships D. output E. employees F. insurance costs G. trade H. freight I.fares J. software K. international standards
這是一道提供了選項(xiàng)的summary題，在對(duì)原文尋讀之前，可以根據(jù)題干中各語(yǔ)句的語(yǔ)意承接關(guān)系和選項(xiàng)對(duì)比，對(duì)答案進(jìn)行以下的預(yù)判：
Q23.題干段落的第二個(gè)句子和第一個(gè)句子是舉例說(shuō)明（for instance）的語(yǔ)意承接關(guān)系。而第二個(gè)句子講的是一種貿(mào)易的方式，因此可以結(jié)合對(duì)比選項(xiàng)預(yù)判G. trade是正確答案。
Q24.根據(jù)整個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)（Manufacturers of computers）和謂語(yǔ)（are able to import）及其可能的賓語(yǔ)（要填的答案）之間的語(yǔ)意關(guān)系，可對(duì)比選項(xiàng)預(yù)判B. components或J. software是正確答案。
Q25.根據(jù)空格后的that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句bulk cargo can be safely and efficiently moved over long distances（統(tǒng)裝貨可以安全高效長(zhǎng)途運(yùn)輸）可以基本上判定只有選項(xiàng)C. container ships符合句子的意思。
Q26.由in order to free up the domestic cargo sector（以消除國(guó)內(nèi)貨運(yùn)部門(mén)的羈絆）這一句意成分，對(duì)比選項(xiàng)可以預(yù)判需要政府減少的是A. tariffs（關(guān)稅）或I. fares（費(fèi)用）。
例二：語(yǔ)法屬性預(yù)判（劍5/Test2/Q27）
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-G below.
Q27. Peter Derks believes that humor
A. react to their own thoughts.
B. helped create language in humans.
C. respond instantly to whatever is happening.
D. may provide valuable information about the operation of the brain
E. cope with difficult situations
F. relate to a person’s subjective views
G. led our ancestors to smile and then laugh.