TEXT 4
Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.
This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.
You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.
After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.
People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.
Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling,smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda-to lure us to open our wallets-they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. "Celebrate!" commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.
What we forget-what our economy depends on us forgetting-is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.
36. By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that .
[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music
[B] art grows out of both positive and negative feelings
[C] poets today are less skeptical of happiness
[D] artists have changed their focus of interest
37. The word "bummer" (Line 5, Paragraph 5) most probably means something .
[A] religious
[B] unpleasant
[C] entertaining
[D] commercial
38. In the author’s opinion, advertising .
[A] emerges in the wake of the anti happy art
[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public
[C] replaces the church as a major source of information
[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself
39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes .
[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness
[B] the anti happy art is distasteful but refreshing
[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied
[D] the anti happy art flourishes when economy booms
40. Which of the following is true of the text?
[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.
[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.
[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of modern society.
[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.
agenda2 n.議事日程
anchor2 n.①錨;②新聞節(jié)目主持人;v.拋錨，停泊
argue19 v.①爭(zhēng)論，辯論;②認(rèn)為，主張，論證;③說(shuō)服
author69 n.①作者;②創(chuàng)始人
average17 n.平均(數(shù));a.①平均的;②普通的，一般的;v.平均，均分
balance5 v.稱，(使)平衡;n.①天平，秤;②平衡，均衡;③差額，結(jié)余，余款
beam1 n.①(橫)梁，桁條;②(光線的)束，柱;v.①微笑;②發(fā)光
boom7 v.①繁榮，興旺;②發(fā)出隆隆聲;n.①繁榮，興隆;②隆隆聲;③激增
cause28 n.①原因，理由;②事業(yè)，事件，奮斗目標(biāo);v.使產(chǎn)生，引起
celebrity1 n.名聲，名人
cite3 v.引用，引證，舉(例)
command2 n.①命令，指令;②統(tǒng)帥，指揮(權(quán));③掌握，運(yùn)用能力;v.①命令，要求;②指揮，統(tǒng)帥;③掌握，控制
commercial5 a.商業(yè)的，商務(wù)的，貿(mào)易的
communication11 n.①通訊，傳達(dá);②[pl.]通訊系統(tǒng);③[pl.]交通(工具);④交流
create20 v.①創(chuàng)造，創(chuàng)作;②引起，造成，建立
culture21 n.①修養(yǎng)，教養(yǎng);②文化，文明
damn1 v.譴責(zé)
dedicate5 v.奉獻(xiàn)，把...用在
deny5 v.①否認(rèn)，否定;②拒絕
depend16 v.(on)取決于，依靠，信賴，相信
depict1 v.描繪，描寫(xiě)
disappoint3 v.使失望，使掃興
disaster2 n.災(zāi)難，天災(zāi)
economy29 n.①節(jié)約;②經(jīng)濟(jì)
emerge9 v.浮現(xiàn)，出現(xiàn)
emotion4 n.情緒，情感
era2 n.時(shí)代，年代，階段，紀(jì)元
evil1 a.邪惡的，罪惡的;n.邪惡，罪惡
exhaust1 v.①使筋疲力盡，耗盡;②抽完，汲干;n.①排氣裝置;②廢氣
expectation2 n.預(yù)期，期望，指望
explore4 v.①勘探，探測(cè);②探究，探索
express4 v.表達(dá)，表示;a.特快的，快速的;n.快車，快運(yùn)
expression9 n.①表達(dá)，表示;②短語(yǔ)，詞句，措詞;③式，符號(hào)
feature9 n.①特征，特色;②(報(bào)紙或雜志)特寫(xiě);③容貌，面貌;v.給顯著地位
flourish2 v.繁榮，茂盛，興旺
focus12 n.焦點(diǎn)，(活動(dòng)，興趣等的)中心;v.(on/upon)使聚集，集中
function10 n.①功能，作用;②[pl.]職務(wù)，職責(zé);③函數(shù);v.起作用
ideal5 a.①理想的，完美的;②空想的;③理想主義的;④唯心的;n.理想
ideology2 n.意識(shí)形態(tài)，思維方式
illusion1 n.幻想
incline2 v.①(使)傾斜，(使)偏向;②(使)傾向于;n.斜坡，斜面
information44 n.①通知，報(bào)告;②情報(bào)，信息
innocent1 a.①(of)清白的，無(wú)罪的;②無(wú)害的;③天真的，單純的，無(wú)知的
intend15 v.想要，打算，企圖
literacy1 n.有文化，有教養(yǎng)，有讀寫(xiě)能力
lure3 v.引誘
major11 a.(較)大的，(較)重要的;n.①專業(yè)，主修科目;②專業(yè)學(xué)生;③少校;v.(in)主修，專攻
massacre1 n.殘殺，*;v.殘殺，集體屠殺
medium2 n.①中間，適中;②媒介物，介質(zhì)，傳導(dǎo)體;a.中等的，適中的
messenger1 n.送信者，使者，傳令兵
misery3 n.痛苦，悲慘，不幸
negative4 a.①否定的，消極的，反面的;②負(fù)的，陰性的;n.①負(fù)數(shù);②(攝影)底片
perfect5 a.①完善的，無(wú)瑕的;②完全的，十足的;v.使完美，改進(jìn)
perpetual1 a.永久的，永恒的，長(zhǎng)期的
poetry6 n.詩(shī)歌，詩(shī)集
positive4 a.①確實(shí)的，明確的;②積極的，肯定的;③正的，陽(yáng)性的;④十足的，完全的;n.(攝影)正片
potential13 a.①潛在的，可能的;②勢(shì)的，位的;n.潛能，潛力
powerful10 a.強(qiáng)大的，有力的，有權(quán)的
reality10 n.①現(xiàn)實(shí)，實(shí)際;②真實(shí)
reason26 n.①理由，原因;②理性，理智;v.①推論，推理;②說(shuō)服，評(píng)理;③討論，辯論
refresh1 v.(使)精神振作，(使)精力恢復(fù)
religion8 n.①宗教，信仰;②信念，信條
religious4 a.宗教的，信教的，虔誠(chéng)的
replace7 v.①放回，替換，取代;②歸還
risk14 v.冒...的危險(xiǎn);n.風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，危險(xiǎn)
skeptical2 a.懷疑性的，好懷疑的，無(wú)神論的
source11 n.①源，源泉;②來(lái)源，出處
suit4 v.①合適，適合;②相配，適應(yīng);n.①一套西服;②訴訟
surround3 v.包圍，環(huán)繞
wallet1 n.皮夾，錢包
weird1 a.怪異的，奇怪的;n.命運(yùn)，宿命
worm4 n.蟲(chóng)，蠕蟲(chóng)
advertise12 v.做廣告
arthritis1 n.關(guān)節(jié)炎
boring3 a.令人厭煩的，乏味的，無(wú)聊的
bummer1 n.失敗，壞事
clove1 n.丁香，丁香樹(shù)
daffodil1 n.水仙花;a.水仙花色的
disappointment2 n.失望
distasteful1 a.味道不佳的，(令人)不愉快的
eater1 n.吃...的人(動(dòng)物)
emergence5 n.浮現(xiàn)，出現(xiàn)
entertaining2 a.①使人愉快的;②有趣的
expressive2 a.有表現(xiàn)力的，富于表情的
media9 n.媒體
memento1 n.紀(jì)念品
onward1 a.向前的;ad.向前， 在前面
phony1 a.假冒的，虛假的;n.假冒者
reminder3 n.提醒的人，暗示
sadness1 n.悲哀，悲傷
unreliable1 a.不可靠的
worshipper1 n.禮拜者，崇拜者
難句1
But somewhere in the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring,as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.
[語(yǔ)法分析]
1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：...more artists began seeing...as...;
2. 句首為but引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);
3. as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaires flowers of evil也為狀語(yǔ)成分;
[本句難點(diǎn)]本句相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單，主要是兩個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的影響;
[方法對(duì)策]分別找出主句和從句主干結(jié)構(gòu)，注意其中包含一個(gè)see...as...的句型;
[例句精譯]但大約在19世紀(jì)，隨著從英國(guó)詩(shī)人沃茲沃斯的《水仙花》到法國(guó)詩(shī)人波德萊爾的《惡之花》作品的發(fā)表，許多藝術(shù)家們開(kāi)始把快樂(lè)看作是平淡的、虛偽的、甚至是討厭的東西。
難句2
The rise of anti happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.
[語(yǔ)法分析]
1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是The rise of antihappy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media;
2. and with it是 a commercial culture的前置定語(yǔ)，it指the emergence of mass media;
3. a commercial culture后面是in which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾a commercial culture;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是從句關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜;
[方法對(duì)策]首先找出句子的主干，然后再分析從句關(guān)系和從句主干;
[例句精譯](廣告等)大眾傳媒的出現(xiàn)帶來(lái)了一種商業(yè)文化。這種商業(yè)文化不僅把歡樂(lè)看成是理想，甚至還看成是一種意識(shí)形態(tài)。于是，反歡樂(lè)藝術(shù)也就應(yīng)運(yùn)而生了。
難句3
In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms.
[語(yǔ)法分析]
1. 本句句子主干是：...the most powerful mass medium was the church...;
2. 其后是which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾the church，此從句中，包含用and連接、that引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句;
[本句難點(diǎn)]從句和修飾成分比較復(fù)雜;
[方法對(duì)策]首先找出句子主干，然后再分析其他成分;
[例句精譯]在西方，在人們能讀書(shū)識(shí)字和大眾文化交流傳播之前，強(qiáng)大的大眾傳媒是教堂--它提醒禮拜者他們的靈魂處于危險(xiǎn)中，而且有朝一日他們的軀體也會(huì)成為蛆蟲(chóng)之肉。
難句4
What we forget-what our economy depends on is forgetting-is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain.
[語(yǔ)法分析]
1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：What we forget...is + that引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句;
2. 兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間是插入語(yǔ)，起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用;
3. 表語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單;
[本句難點(diǎn)]插入語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)從句對(duì)閱讀的影響;
[方法對(duì)策]第一遍閱讀可以忽略插入語(yǔ)，直接找出句子的主干，然后再分析其他成分;
[例句精譯]我們所忘掉的一點(diǎn)--我們經(jīng)濟(jì)所依賴的正是人們的遺忘--是：幸福不僅僅是沒(méi)有痛苦的歡樂(lè)而已。
難句5
Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it.
[語(yǔ)法分析]1. 本句句子主干是：...we need art to tell us...Memento mori...;
2. 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)surrounded by promises of easy happiness作狀語(yǔ)，as religion once did作方式狀語(yǔ);
3. 冒號(hào)后面的部分是對(duì)Memento mori的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明;其中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為remember，賓語(yǔ)是三個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句;
[本句難點(diǎn)]從句關(guān)系和修飾成分比較復(fù)雜;
[方法對(duì)策]首先找出句子主干，然后再分析其他從句和修飾成分;
[例句精譯]如今，被唾手可得的幸?？鞓?lè)所包圍的我們，需要有人來(lái)告誡我們(就像宗教曾經(jīng)做的那樣)。(警示)--記?。耗銜?huì)死的，一切都會(huì)結(jié)束。幸?？鞓?lè)不在于要否認(rèn)這一點(diǎn)，而在于要能容忍這一點(diǎn)。
36.[答案]D
[解析]本文談了藝術(shù)家對(duì)人生不幸的理解。本題問(wèn)："作者引用兩位詩(shī)人作例子是想說(shuō)"看完頭兩段可知：作者說(shuō)：藝術(shù)只能描寫(xiě)人類的負(fù)面感情，即人類的悲哀嗎?不，早期的藝術(shù)主要是描述人類歡樂(lè)的!但是(又是這個(gè)討厭卻非常重要的"但是")，自從兩詩(shī)人出現(xiàn)后，風(fēng)向變了，更多的藝術(shù)家們開(kāi)始把幸福歡樂(lè)看作是平淡的、虛偽的、甚至是討厭的東西!可見(jiàn)引用兩詩(shī)人是為了說(shuō)明風(fēng)向變了，故選D。(切記!!!"但是"一詞后面經(jīng)常是給分點(diǎn)。"但是"包括：But，However，Yet，Although，Nevertheless等等。)
37.[答案]B
[解析]詞匯題應(yīng)該看上、下文。此處"bummer"一詞處于段尾，幾乎沒(méi)有下文，那就來(lái)看上文吧!上文說(shuō)：以前的教會(huì)會(huì)不斷提醒我們生活中碰到的多種艱辛和苦難，于是人們就需要點(diǎn)歡樂(lè)，不再需要藝術(shù)來(lái)提醒他們自己周圍生活中碰到的各種苦難了。故選B。
38.[答案]D
[解析]作者認(rèn)為：廣告只是給人們制造了某種虛幻的幸福。你看：廣告中快餐食用者們、新聞主持者們、郵差信使們，大家都在微笑，微笑，微笑......甚至雜志的封面人物也都在微笑......。既然這些廣告的目的只有一個(gè)：讓我們打開(kāi)錢包，那么，廣告向人們宣傳的快樂(lè)幸福是多么不可相信(unreliable不可靠，不可信)。然后，作者又舉了治關(guān)節(jié)炎的新藥"西樂(lè)葆"的廣告為例來(lái)說(shuō)明這一點(diǎn)。故選D。
39.[答案]B
[解析]我們從末段可知，作者認(rèn)為：the antihappy art提供的信息口味雖然很苦(bitter)，但是(yet)(又是："但是")卻帶來(lái)一股多么清新的風(fēng)。所以，選B(其中，把原文的"苦"bitter換成問(wèn)題中的distasteful"不好吃";把原文的fresh air換成refreshing)。至于A，作者并未講幸福常以悲劇結(jié)束。原文只是說(shuō)："歡樂(lè)幸福的事物中常會(huì)carry一些未來(lái)潛在loss and disappointment的可能性，并未說(shuō)幸福會(huì)以sadness結(jié)束。選項(xiàng)C說(shuō)：悲慘苦難應(yīng)被欣賞而不是被否認(rèn)。原文可沒(méi)這么說(shuō)，原文只說(shuō)是："幸福快樂(lè)不在于要否認(rèn)痛苦，而在于要能容忍它(living with it)。注意：living with it ≠enjoy it。選項(xiàng)D則明顯錯(cuò)誤。
40.[答案]A
[解析]選項(xiàng)A："宗教曾經(jīng)起過(guò)苦難提醒器的作用"是對(duì)的。依據(jù)是"in the west"，...church...reminded worshippers that...that...。其他幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)則沒(méi)有根據(jù)。
有許多事情讓人們認(rèn)為藝術(shù)家很怪異，而怪異之處在于：藝術(shù)家們的惟一工作是探索感情，但他們卻寧肯集中精力描寫(xiě)人類感情中悲哀的一面。
情況并非總是如此。早期的藝術(shù)形式，如繪畫(huà)和音樂(lè)，是適合描寫(xiě)歡樂(lè)的。但大約在19世紀(jì)，隨著從英國(guó)詩(shī)人沃茲沃斯的《水仙花》到法國(guó)詩(shī)人波德萊爾的《惡之花》作品的發(fā)表，許多藝術(shù)家們開(kāi)始把快樂(lè)看作是平淡的、虛偽的、甚至是討厭的東西。
你可能會(huì)爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō)：藝術(shù)對(duì)快樂(lè)感到了懷疑是因?yàn)楫?dāng)今時(shí)代目睹了如此多的苦難。但這似乎不能說(shuō)明問(wèn)題：早期的人類就沒(méi)有沒(méi)完沒(méi)了的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、災(zāi)禍和對(duì)無(wú)辜者們的*了嗎?!
事實(shí)上，可能恰恰相反，(藝術(shù)家對(duì)歡樂(lè)持懷疑態(tài)度的)理由是如今這個(gè)世界有著太多該死的歡樂(lè)幸福。
歸根結(jié)底，什么是完全致力于描述歡樂(lè)的現(xiàn)代表達(dá)方式呢?是--廣告。(廣告等)大眾傳媒的出現(xiàn)帶來(lái)了一種商業(yè)文化。這種商業(yè)文化不僅把歡樂(lè)看成是理想，甚至還看成是一種意識(shí)形態(tài)。于是，反歡樂(lè)藝術(shù)也就應(yīng)運(yùn)而生了。
對(duì)早期的人們來(lái)說(shuō)，周圍的一切都提醒著苦難：他們一直工作，直到累得筋疲力盡，生活幾無(wú)保障，年紀(jì)輕輕就命喪黃泉。在西方，在人們能讀書(shū)識(shí)字和大眾文化交流傳播之前，強(qiáng)大的大眾傳媒是教堂--它提醒禮拜者他們的靈魂處于危險(xiǎn)中，而且有朝一日他們的軀體也會(huì)成為蛆蟲(chóng)之肉?？紤]到這一切，人們也確實(shí)不再需要讓藝術(shù)也變成使人不快的東西了。
如今，普通西方人不斷接收的并非宗教性，而是商業(yè)性的、要永遠(yuǎn)快樂(lè)的信息?？觳褪秤谜邆?、新聞主持者們、郵差信使們，大家都在微笑、微笑......。我們的雜志以微笑的名流和住在完美住宅中的幸福家庭作為特寫(xiě)。
而既然這些信息只有一個(gè)意圖--誘使我們打開(kāi)自己的錢包--這就使快樂(lè)幸福的想法顯得多么不可相信。 "歡慶吧!"，治療關(guān)節(jié)炎的新藥"西樂(lè)葆"在廣告中這么呼喊，但不久我們就發(fā)現(xiàn)它能增加我們患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
我們所忘掉的一點(diǎn)--我們經(jīng)濟(jì)所依賴的正是人們的遺忘--是：幸福不僅僅是沒(méi)有痛苦的歡樂(lè)而已。能給人們帶來(lái)大歡樂(lè)的事物，常常伴隨有未來(lái)潛在的巨大失落或失望感在里面。如今，被唾手可得的幸?？鞓?lè)所包圍的我們，需要有人來(lái)告誡我們(就像宗教曾經(jīng)做的那樣)。(警示)--記?。耗銜?huì)死的，一切都會(huì)結(jié)束。幸?？鞓?lè)不在于要否認(rèn)這一點(diǎn)而在于要能容忍這一點(diǎn)。這是個(gè)比丁香煙葉還要苦的信息，但不知為何，卻能給我們帶來(lái)一股清新的氣息。
36.引用詩(shī)人沃茲沃斯和波德萊爾作例子作者是想說(shuō)：。
[A]詩(shī)歌不像繪畫(huà)和音樂(lè)那樣能表達(dá)歡樂(lè)
[B]藝術(shù)是從人們的正面和負(fù)面情感中產(chǎn)生出來(lái)的
[C]如今的詩(shī)人對(duì)幸?？鞓?lè)不那么懷疑了
[D]藝術(shù)家們已經(jīng)改變了他們的興趣點(diǎn)
37.單詞"bummer"的意思是。
[A]宗教的
[B]令人不快的
[C]愉快的
[D]商業(yè)性的
38.在作者看來(lái)，廣告。
[A]是隨著反快樂(lè)藝術(shù)的覺(jué)醒而出現(xiàn)的
[B]是公眾失望的原因
[C]取代教會(huì)成了一個(gè)信息的主要來(lái)源
[D]制造了某種虛幻的幸福而非真正的幸福
39.我們從末段可知，作者認(rèn)為。
[A]幸福常常以悲劇結(jié)束
[B]反幸?？鞓?lè)的藝術(shù)雖口味不好但卻發(fā)人深醒
[C]悲慘應(yīng)該被欣賞而不是被否認(rèn)
[D]反幸福藝術(shù)隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的繁榮而繁榮
40.關(guān)于本文，下面哪一條是對(duì)的?
[A]宗教曾經(jīng)起著提醒人們苦難的作用
[B]藝術(shù)在期盼和現(xiàn)實(shí)之間提供了某種平衡
[C]人們對(duì)現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)感到了失望
[D]大眾傳媒傾向于報(bào)道災(zāi)害和死亡的消息
TEXT 1
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as "all too human", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of "goods and services" than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers).So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a cooperative, group living species. Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by .
[A] posing a contrast
[B] justifying an assumption
[C] making a comparison
[D] explaining a phenomenon
22. The statement "it is all too monkey" (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that .
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys nature
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are .
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get
[B] attentive to researchers instructions
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament
[D] more generous than their male companions
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys .
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers
[B] can be taught to exchange things
[C] will not be cooperative if feeling cheated
[D] are unhappy when separated from other
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
ancestor1 n.祖宗，祖先
appearance3 n.①出現(xiàn)，出場(chǎng)，露面;②外表，外貌，外觀
assumption3 n.①假定，設(shè)想;②采取;③承擔(dān)
attention14 n.①注意(力)，留心;②立正
author69 n.①作者;②創(chuàng)始人
candidate3 n.①候選人，候補(bǔ)者;②報(bào)考者，應(yīng)試者
capable3 a.①有本領(lǐng)的，有能力的;②(of)可以...的，能...的
chamber3 n.房間，室
characteristic8 a.(of)特有的，獨(dú)特的;n.特征，特性
cheat1 v.①欺騙;②作弊;n.①騙子;②欺詐，欺騙行為
colleague4 n.同事，同僚
comparison3 n.比較，對(duì)比，比喻，比擬
contrast5 v.對(duì)比，對(duì)照;n.對(duì)比，對(duì)照，差異
cooperative2 a.合作的，協(xié)作的;n.合作社
counterpart2 n.對(duì)應(yīng)的人(或物)
creature2 n.人，動(dòng)物，生物
cucumber4 n.黃瓜
emotion4 n.情緒，情感
eventually4 ad.終于，后
evolve3 v.(使)發(fā)展，(使)進(jìn)化
exchange8 v./n.①(for)交換，調(diào)換，兌換;②交流，交易;③交換臺(tái)，交易所
female4 a.女的，雌的
generous1 a.寬宏大量的，慷慨的
goods9 n.商品，貨物
grape4 n.葡萄
imply12 v.意指，含...意思，暗示
incline2 v.①(使)傾斜，(使)偏向;②(使)傾向于;n.斜坡，斜面
indignation1 n.憤怒，憤慨
induce2 v.①引誘，勸使;②引起，導(dǎo)致;③感應(yīng)
infer21 v.推論，推斷
jealous1 a.①(of)妒忌的;②猜疑的，警惕的
justify8 v.證明...是正當(dāng)?shù)?，認(rèn)為有理
luxury1 n.①奢侈，華貴;②奢侈品;a.奢華的，豪華的
male4 n./a.男性(的)，雄性(的)
mere7 a.①純粹的;②僅僅，只不過(guò)
nature14 n.①自然界，大自然;②性質(zhì)，本性，天性
observe5 v.①遵守，奉行;②觀察，注意到，看到
opening3 n.①口子，孔;②開(kāi)始，開(kāi)端;③空缺，機(jī)會(huì);a.開(kāi)始的，開(kāi)幕的
outrage1 n.暴行，侮辱，憤怒;vt.觸怒，激怒
perfect5 a.①完善的，無(wú)瑕的;②完全的，十足的;v.使完美，改進(jìn)
phenomenon9 n.[pl.phenomena]現(xiàn)象
pose4 v.①造成(困難等);②提出(問(wèn)題等)，陳述(觀點(diǎn)等);③擺姿勢(shì);④假裝，冒充
preferable3 a.(to)更可取的，更好的
presence2 n.出席，到場(chǎng)，存在，在
preserve4 v.①保護(hù)，維持;②保存，保藏;③腌漬;n.專門領(lǐng)域
publish3 v.①出版，刊印;②公布，發(fā)表
readily4 ad.①容易地;②樂(lè)意地，欣然地
reluctant2 a.不愿的，勉強(qiáng)的
reputation1 n.名聲，聲望
resent3 v.對(duì)...表示忿恨，怨恨
reward3 n.(for)報(bào)酬，賞金，獎(jiǎng)賞;v.①(for)酬勞，獎(jiǎng)賞;②酬謝，報(bào)答，獎(jiǎng)酬
rival4 n.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者，對(duì)手;v.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，對(duì)抗;a.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的
sense16 n.①感官，官能;②感覺(jué);③判斷力;④見(jiàn)識(shí);⑤意義，意思;v.感覺(jué)到，意識(shí)到
slack2 a.①懈怠的，懶散的，松馳的，不緊的;②蕭條的;n.①淡季，蕭條;②[pl.]便褲，運(yùn)動(dòng)褲;v.松弛，放松
slice2 n.①薄片，切片;②一份;③部分切(片)
social38 a.①社會(huì)的;②社交的，交際的;n.社交活動(dòng)
source11 n.①源，源泉;②來(lái)源，出處
species7 n.(物)種，種類
stable3 a.穩(wěn)定的，安定的;n.馬廄，馬棚
statement7 n.聲明，陳述
stem2 n.①莖，干;②詞干;vi.(from)源自，起源于
temperament1 n.氣質(zhì)，性情，性格
tend26 v.①趨向，往往是;②照料，看護(hù)
token3 n.①象征;②代金券，代用品;a.象征性的
topic3 n.話題，主題，題目
toss1 v.①投，扔;②搖擺，顛簸;③輾轉(zhuǎn)反側(cè)
underlying2 a.①含蓄的，潛在的;②在下面的
vanish3 v.消失，消散
abundantly1 ad.豐富地
adjoin1 v.毗連，靠近
attentive1 a.注意的，專心的
capuchin5 n.卷尾猴
cooperation3 n.合作，協(xié)作
cute1 a.可愛(ài)的，聰明的，伶俐的
fairness1 n.公平，正直
finely1 ad.精巧地;細(xì)微地，美好地
grievance1 n.委屈，抱怨
independently3 ad.獨(dú)立地，自立地
markedly1 ad.顯著地，明顯地
resentment1 n.怨恨，憤恨
righteous1 a.正直的，正當(dāng)?shù)?BR> unfairness2 n.不公平
難句1
Such behaviour is regarded as "all too human", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：Such behaviour is regarded as...;
2. 逗號(hào)后面是with引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)，對(duì)such behaviour起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用;
3. assumption后面是一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句，修飾assumption;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜;
[方法對(duì)策]首先找出句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)，然后再分析其他成分;
[例句精譯]這種行為被認(rèn)為是人類獨(dú)有的，因?yàn)槿藗儩撛诘卣J(rèn)為其他動(dòng)物沒(méi)有能進(jìn)化出這種抱怨他人的情感。
難句2
However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:...their behaviour became markedly different;
2. 句首是when引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，其后是when狀語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)果，用so that引導(dǎo);
[本句難點(diǎn)]理解從句之間的關(guān)系;
[方法對(duì)策]本句后一個(gè)分句是主句，so that引導(dǎo)的句子是when時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)果;
[例句精譯]但是當(dāng)兩只猴子被分別關(guān)在相鄰的籠子，而且每只猴子還能看到對(duì)方用石頭交換了什么物品時(shí)，它們的行為就極其不同了。
難句3
And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句第一個(gè)逗號(hào)前是if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句;
2. 第一個(gè)逗號(hào)后面是本句的主句，主語(yǔ)是the other，三個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)用either...or...or...連接，第一個(gè)為tossed，第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)也是tossed，此處省略，第三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)是refused to accept;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是主句中三個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)的理解;
[方法對(duì)策]首先分析主句和從句，然后再分析各自的主干結(jié)構(gòu)，注意主句包含三個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ);
[例句精譯]如果一只猴子無(wú)需交出石頭就能得到葡萄，另一只會(huì)把石頭扔向研究人員進(jìn)行報(bào)復(fù)或扔出籠外，還有的會(huì)拒絕接受這么一小條黃瓜。
難句4
However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句主語(yǔ)是whether...or...連接的兩個(gè)句子，謂語(yǔ)是is，賓語(yǔ)是an unanswered question;
2. ancestor后面的that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the common ancestor;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主句主語(yǔ)是whether...or...連接的兩個(gè)句子，比較長(zhǎng)，且其中包含一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句;
[方法對(duì)策]注意主句主語(yǔ)中的連接詞：whether...or...，本句的謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)比較簡(jiǎn)單;
[例句精譯]但是，這種憤憤不平之心是人類和猴子獨(dú)立地進(jìn)化出來(lái)的，還是他們?nèi)灏偃f(wàn)年前從老祖先那遺傳來(lái)的，這一問(wèn)題尚沒(méi)有定論。
21.[答案] C
[解析]這是一篇心理學(xué)方面的文章。講得是人類遇到不公平就會(huì)義憤填膺，這是"人之常情"。但通過(guò)科學(xué)家的研究，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)猴子也會(huì)如此，這其實(shí)也是"猴之常情"。此題問(wèn)："第一段作者用什么引出其話題?"是D：解釋一種現(xiàn)象嗎?是B：證實(shí)一個(gè)假定的合理性嗎?細(xì)看第一段，既沒(méi)有"解釋"(為什么猴子也會(huì)如此)，更沒(méi)有"證實(shí)"(猴子這么做非常合理)，只說(shuō)了：猴子亦會(huì)跟人一樣對(duì)不公平憤怒這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)。所以，答案須從A與C中尋找。那么，是A：把人與猴"對(duì)照"，還是C：把人與猴"對(duì)比"呢?這道題出的十分狡猾。但仔細(xì)想想，如果人會(huì)生氣，猴不會(huì)，這種截然相反，才用"對(duì)照"一詞;而人會(huì)生氣，猴也能，這是在拿猴和人進(jìn)行比較，所以用"對(duì)比"，選C。
22.[答案] B
[解析]問(wèn)題："這種情況也是猴之常情"這句話什么含義?推理題。第一段講了，人遇到不公平會(huì)憤怒，所以"猴之常情"表明猴也會(huì)如此，故選B。至于A：猴會(huì)對(duì)懶惰的對(duì)手感到憤怒，C：猴跟人一樣會(huì)互相嫉妒，第一段中并無(wú)此意。至于D：除猴子外別的動(dòng)物不會(huì)有這種感情(指正義感)，更是對(duì)人類的侮辱。你看，看了第一段就可以回答兩道題，分段閱讀的查找式閱讀法是多么重要啊!
23.[答案] A
[解析]問(wèn)題："雌卷尾猴被選來(lái)做這項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)，可能的原因是。"從第二段中可知：它們又可愛(ài)，又溫順，還很配合。但是，主要的原因是(Above all)"它們比雄性更注意給什么貨，就干什么活，"，換言之，它們對(duì)事情的公平不公平更為敏感。故選A："它們更能夠掂量出它們所得到的(是否合理)。"weigh是"掂量"的意思。此題的關(guān)鍵是問(wèn)選雌猴可能的原因，當(dāng)然從above all后邊找答案。至于B 、C、D，要不文中未提及，要不為次要原因。
24. [答案] C
[解析]問(wèn)題："兩位博士在研究中終發(fā)現(xiàn)猴子。"因?yàn)?終發(fā)現(xiàn)"(eventually)，所以只能從結(jié)論中去找：The researchers suggest that...(注意，此處suggest不是"建議"而是"認(rèn)為"，否則，后面that從句中謂語(yǔ)用be才行)In the wild，猴子們很配合，很互相信賴，但是只有在每只猴子都覺(jué)得自己沒(méi)上當(dāng)受騙時(shí)才行。所以選C。"若是感到上當(dāng)受騙，就不再配合。"至于A：猴子"喜歡葡萄甚于黃瓜"，是事實(shí)，不是研究結(jié)果;B：猴子"可以學(xué)會(huì)交換商品"，是研究的過(guò)程所發(fā)生的，不是結(jié)論;D："如果與其他猴子分開(kāi)，就會(huì)不高興"文中從未提及。
25.[答案] B
[解析]推理題，依據(jù)文章末句可以推出此結(jié)論。A錯(cuò)，因?yàn)閟ocial emotions 是猴子們先天具有的(見(jiàn)"The researchers suggest that..."一句)，不需要去develop(培養(yǎng))，C、D明顯錯(cuò)誤。
人人都喜歡工資暴漲。但假如你得知你的同事工資漲幅比你還大，你這種快樂(lè)的心情就會(huì)消失。事實(shí)上，如果他還有偷懶怠工的名聲，你可能會(huì)暴怒的。這種行為被認(rèn)為是人類獨(dú)有的，因?yàn)槿藗儩撛诘卣J(rèn)為其他動(dòng)物沒(méi)有能進(jìn)化出這種抱怨他人的情感。位于佐治亞州亞特蘭大市的Emory大學(xué)的兩位學(xué)者Sarah Brosnan和Frans de Waal在《自然》雜志上發(fā)表了他們的研究成果，研究表明猴類動(dòng)物也有這種憤憤不平之心。
研究人員研究了兩只棕色的雌性南美卷尾猴。它們看起來(lái)很可愛(ài)，溫順合作，總是能分享食物。重要的是，這兩支雌猴像參照物人類女性一樣，比起男性來(lái)更能關(guān)注 "給什么貨，就服什么務(wù)"的價(jià)值。(換言之，它們對(duì)事情的公平與否更為敏感。)
因?yàn)檫@些特點(diǎn)，它們(猴子)成為了Brosnan和de Waal博士的佳研究 "候選人"。研究人員花了兩年時(shí)間來(lái)教會(huì)這兩只猴子如何用代用品來(lái)交換食物。一般情況下，猴子會(huì)很高興用一塊石頭去換取一條黃瓜。但是當(dāng)兩只猴子被分別關(guān)在相鄰的籠子，而且每只猴子還能看到對(duì)方用石頭交換了什么物品時(shí)，它們的行為就極其不同了。
在猴子的世界中，葡萄是奢侈品(要比黃瓜更受它們的喜愛(ài))。當(dāng)一只猴子用代用品去交換葡萄時(shí)，另一只是不愿意用代用品來(lái)交換黃瓜的。如果一只猴子無(wú)需交出石頭就能得到葡萄，另一只會(huì)把石頭扔向研究人員進(jìn)行報(bào)復(fù)或扔出籠外，還有的會(huì)拒絕接受這么一小條黃瓜。事實(shí)上，一個(gè)籠舍里葡萄的存在(就算是沒(méi)有猴子在吃)，就足以引起另一只猴子憤憤不平了。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，猴子也和人類一樣，是受社會(huì)情感影響的。在野外，它們能相互合作，屬群體性動(dòng)物，但這種合作只有在每只猴子沒(méi)有感到被欺騙的情況下才能保持穩(wěn)定?？雌饋?lái)，正當(dāng)?shù)牧x憤不僅僅是人類獨(dú)有的。拒絕較小的獎(jiǎng)賞能向群體其他成員清楚地表達(dá)這一心情。但是，這種憤憤不平之心是人類和猴子獨(dú)立地進(jìn)化出來(lái)的，還是他們?nèi)灏偃f(wàn)年前從老祖先那遺傳來(lái)的，這一問(wèn)題尚沒(méi)有定論。
21. 在起始段，作者通過(guò)引入主題。
[A] 提出對(duì)照
[B] 證實(shí)一種假定的合理性
[C] 進(jìn)行對(duì)比
[D] 解釋一種現(xiàn)象
22. "這也是猴子的行為"這一說(shuō)法暗示著。
[A] 猴子對(duì)偷懶的對(duì)手也很憤慨
[B] 對(duì)不公平感到義憤也是猴子的本能
[C] 猴子與人一樣也會(huì)相互嫉妒
[D] 沒(méi)有其他動(dòng)物會(huì)同猴子一樣有如此的情感
23. 選雌卷尾猴為研究對(duì)象是因?yàn)樗鼈儭?BR> [A] 更能掂量出它們所得到的是否合理
[B] 關(guān)注研究人員的指令
[C] 外表和脾氣俱佳
[D] 要比其他雄猴更大方一些
24. Brosnan和de Waal博士終在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)猴子。
[A] 喜歡葡萄勝過(guò)喜歡黃瓜
[B] 可以學(xué)會(huì)交換商品
[C] 若是感到上當(dāng)受騙，就不會(huì)再配合
[D] 如果與其他猴子分開(kāi)就會(huì)不高興
25. 從后一段我們可以推理出。
[A] 通過(guò)訓(xùn)練猴子能培養(yǎng)出社會(huì)情感
[B] 人類憤慨之心的來(lái)源尚不清楚
[C] 動(dòng)物通常與人類一樣會(huì)公開(kāi)表達(dá)自己的情感
[D] 只有在野外，猴子才會(huì)合作
TEXT 2
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: "Science never has all the answer. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions."
Just as on smoking, voice now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic of "paralysis by analysis."
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that.
[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death
[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant
[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life
[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense
27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as.
[A]a protector
[B]a judge
[C]a critic
[D]a guide
28. What does the author mean by "paralysis by analysis" (last line, Paragraph 4)?
[A] Endless studies kill action.
[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.
[C] Prudent planning hinders progress.
[D] Extensive research helps decision making.
29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?
[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.
[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.
[C] Press for further scientific research.
[D] Take some legislative measures.
30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because .
[A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence
[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former
[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former
[D] both of them have turned from bad to worse
academy3 n.學(xué)院
action11 n.①行動(dòng)，行為;②動(dòng)作，活動(dòng);③(on)作用
administration2 n.①管理，經(jīng)營(yíng);②行政(機(jī)關(guān)，部門);③政府
aggravate3 v.惡化，加重，加劇
aid4 v.援助，救援，幫助;n.①援助，救護(hù);②助手，輔助物，輔助設(shè)備
analysis8 n.分析，分解
applicable1 a.(to)能應(yīng)用的，適用的
argue19 v.①爭(zhēng)論，辯論;②認(rèn)為，主張，論證;③說(shuō)服
argument6 n.①爭(zhēng)論，辨認(rèn);②論據(jù)，論點(diǎn)，理由
associate3 v.①(with)使聯(lián)系，使聯(lián)合;②交往，結(jié)合;n.合作人，伙伴，同事，同行;a.副的
atmosphere3 n.①大氣(層);②空氣;③氣氛，環(huán)境
attention14 n.①注意(力)，留心;②立正
author69 n.①作者;②創(chuàng)始人
available18 a.①可用的，可得到的;②可以見(jiàn)到的，隨時(shí)可來(lái)的
classic1 n.①[pl.]杰作，名著;②典型或傳統(tǒng)的例子;a.第一流的，不朽的，古典的
concerning5 prep.關(guān)于
congress2 n.①(代表)大會(huì);②[Congress](美國(guó)等國(guó)的)國(guó)會(huì)，議會(huì)
consequence13 n.結(jié)果，影響，重要性
conservation2 n.①保存，保護(hù)，保守;②守恒，不滅
critic7 n.批評(píng)家，評(píng)論家
critical7 a.①批評(píng)的，評(píng)論的;②危急的，緊要的;③臨界的;④重要的，關(guān)鍵的
crucial5 a.至關(guān)重要的，決定性的
decade18 n.十年
democratic6 a.民主的
evidence14 n.①根據(jù)，證據(jù);②形跡，跡象
extensive2 a.廣大的，廣闊的
fashion6 n.①流行式樣(或貨品)，風(fēng)尚，風(fēng)氣;②樣子，方式;vt.形成，制作，塑造
financial11 a.財(cái)政的，金融的
former10 a.①前任的;②以前的，在前的;pron.前者
fume1 n.(濃烈或難聞的)煙，氣體;v.①用煙熏，冒煙;②發(fā)怒
global6 a.全球的，世界的
grave1 n.墳?zāi)?a.嚴(yán)肅的，莊重的
hinder1 v.(from)阻止，妨礙
incentive2 n.①動(dòng)機(jī);②激勵(lì)，鼓勵(lì);a.激勵(lì)的
initiative3 a.創(chuàng)始的，起始的;n.第一步，創(chuàng)始，主動(dòng)精神
insurance6 n.保險(xiǎn)，保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)，保險(xiǎn)業(yè)
issue18 v.①流出，放出;②發(fā)行，發(fā)表，頒布;n.①發(fā)行(物)，(報(bào)刊)期號(hào);②問(wèn)題，爭(zhēng)論點(diǎn)，爭(zhēng)端
judgment6 n.①審判，判決;②判斷力，識(shí)別力，看法，意見(jiàn)
latter3 a.后面的，末了的;pron.后者
lesson3 n.功課，課程;教訓(xùn)
lobby2 n.①門廊，門廳，(會(huì)議)休息廳;②游說(shuō)團(tuán);vt.游說(shuō)，疏通
measure14 v.測(cè)量;n.①尺寸，大小;②[常pl.]措施，辦法;③法案，法律規(guī)定
nonsense1 n.胡說(shuō)，廢話
obvious13 a.明顯的，顯而易見(jiàn)的
outcome4 n.結(jié)果，成果
panel8 n.①面，板;②控制板，儀表盤(pán);③專門小組
parallel3 a.①(to，with)平行的，并聯(lián)的;②(to)相同的，類似的;n.①平行線，平行面;②類似，相似物;③對(duì)比，緯線
planet6 n.行星
policy12 n.政策，方針
preface2 n.序言，引言，前言
present16 a.①出席的，到場(chǎng)的;②現(xiàn)在的，目前的;n.①現(xiàn)在，目前;②禮物，贈(zèng)品;v.①贈(zèng)(送)，呈獻(xiàn);②介紹，陳述;③提出，呈交;④上演
private11 a.私人的，個(gè)人的，秘密的，私下的
promising2 a.有希望的，有前途的
prudent1 a.謹(jǐn)慎的
responsible11 a.①(for，to)應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)的，有責(zé)任的;②可靠的，可信賴的;③責(zé)任重大的，重要的
reveal8 v.展現(xiàn)，顯示，揭示，揭露，告訴，泄露
risk14 v.冒...的危險(xiǎn);n.風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，危險(xiǎn)
science58 n.①科學(xué);②學(xué)科
senator3 n.參議員
sound7 n.聲音，聲響;v.①發(fā)聲，響;②聽(tīng)起來(lái);a.①健全的，完好的;②正當(dāng)?shù)?，有根?jù)的;③徹底的，充分的
steward1 n.乘務(wù)員
suffer4 v.①(from)受痛苦，患病;②受損失;③遭受;④忍受，忍耐
threat9 n.①恐嚇，威脅;②壞兆頭，危險(xiǎn)跡象
according47 ad.依照，根據(jù)
adviser1 n.顧問(wèn)
antismoking1 n./a.反對(duì)吸煙(的)，禁止吸煙(的)
atmospheric1 a.大氣的
awareness2 n.了解，知道，察覺(jué)
correlation1 n.相互關(guān)系，相關(guān)(性)
definitely2 ad.明確地，干脆地
doubter1 n.懷疑者
enlist1 v.①參軍，入伍;②獲得(贊助，支持等)
environmentally1 ad.周圍地，環(huán)境地
inadequate2 a.不充分的，不適當(dāng)?shù)?BR> inconclusive2 a.非決定性的，不確定的
insignificant1 a.無(wú)關(guān)緊要的，可忽略的，無(wú)意義的
investigation1 n.調(diào)查，研究
latest8 a.近的
legislative2 a.立法的，立法機(jī)關(guān)的;n.立法機(jī)關(guān)
negligence1 n.疏忽
oceanic1 a.海洋的，海洋產(chǎn)出的，生活于海洋的
paralysis1 n.癱瘓，麻痹
upsetting3 a.令人心煩意亂的，令人苦惱的
難句1
Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]本句是and連接的兩個(gè)句子，兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是that nonsense的指代關(guān)系;
[方法對(duì)策]that nonsense實(shí)際指香煙;
[例句精譯]結(jié)果有許多美國(guó)人買了香煙這種無(wú)意義的東西，30年來(lái)，大約有一千萬(wàn)煙民早早就進(jìn)了墳?zāi)埂?BR> 難句2
The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely manmade.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句主干部分是：The latest was a panel...;
2. 兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間的部分是插入語(yǔ);
3. to tell us that是賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，tell后面用and連接的兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句構(gòu)成了tell的賓語(yǔ);
[本句難點(diǎn)]插入語(yǔ)的影響，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)比較復(fù)雜;
[方法對(duì)策]第一遍閱讀可以忽略插入語(yǔ)，首先找出主句的主干，然后再分析句子其他成分;
[例句精譯]近，國(guó)家科學(xué)院開(kāi)了由白宮贊助的會(huì)議，告訴大家地球的大氣正在變暖，而且這一麻煩主要是人為的。
難句3
"But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgements that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions."
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句為and連接的兩個(gè)分句，逗號(hào)前為第一個(gè)分句，逗號(hào)后面是第二個(gè)分句
2. 第二個(gè)分句中，it是形式主語(yǔ)，真正主語(yǔ)是critical后面的that從句;
3. judgements后面的that從句是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾judgements;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是句子關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜;
[方法對(duì)策]根據(jù)連接詞and分別找出兩個(gè)分句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)，再分析其他修飾成分;
[例句精譯]"但科學(xué)的確能給我們提供有關(guān)未來(lái)的好指導(dǎo)。更重要的是，我們國(guó)家和全世界的重大政策都應(yīng)該建立在科學(xué)所能為我們提供的這些佳判斷的基礎(chǔ)上，而這些判斷將涉及到當(dāng)前行為的未來(lái)后果。"
難句4
Just as on smoking, voice now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句主干為：...voice...come from many quarters...;
2. 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)insisting為狀語(yǔ)，具體解釋voice的內(nèi)容，其后包含兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ);
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是修飾成分比較復(fù)雜;
[方法對(duì)策]找出主干，然后再分析修飾成分中的句子結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系;
[例句精譯]和吸煙的問(wèn)題一樣，來(lái)自不同領(lǐng)域的聲音則堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，有關(guān)全球變暖的科學(xué)說(shuō)法不能確定;我們?cè)诓豢隙ㄖ?，向大氣中排放污氣就沒(méi)有什么大不了的。
26.[答案] C
[解析]這是一篇環(huán)保方面的文章。作者借"古"諷"今"，從三十年前人們不重視科學(xué)家關(guān)于香煙有害的警告而任意抽煙從而導(dǎo)致了大批煙民死亡這一事實(shí)談起，轉(zhuǎn)而諷刺人們今日對(duì)科學(xué)家關(guān)于地球正在變暖的警告同樣漠然置之，這將會(huì)導(dǎo)致更大的悲劇發(fā)生。
問(wèn)題："贊成抽煙者的論點(diǎn)是"。從第一段可以知道：科學(xué)家認(rèn)為抽煙有害，而反對(duì)者們堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為(that)我們還不能這么肯定吧?!還認(rèn)為(that)科學(xué)證據(jù)未必充分吧?!還認(rèn)為(that)反對(duì)吸煙的人正在動(dòng)手摧毀我們的生活方式，政府好別插手這事了吧?!結(jié)果，許多美國(guó)人買了香煙這種毫無(wú)意義的東西，早早進(jìn)了墳?zāi)埂?注意：nonsense無(wú)意義，此處代指香煙，否則，nonsense前頭不會(huì)用bought"買"一詞)
由此可知，支持抽煙者認(rèn)為，人們有權(quán)過(guò)他們自己選擇的生活方式。因此，C正確;選項(xiàng)A與第一段第二句矛盾，選項(xiàng)B與第一段后一句矛盾，選項(xiàng)D改變了原文nonsense的意思，原文指代"香煙"，此處成了"胡說(shuō)八道"，而原文看不出"胡說(shuō)八道"的意思來(lái)，因此D項(xiàng)也錯(cuò)誤。還應(yīng)注意，支持抽煙者insisted后邊連跟了三個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句that...;that...; that...;閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)該一氣呵成，這叫"意群閱讀"，抓文章骨干。
27.[答案] D
[解析]第二個(gè)問(wèn)題自然從第二段找答案，這種查找式閱讀可以將題緊緊扣住而得分，幾乎百發(fā)百中。而問(wèn)題是："按照Bruce Alberts先生的說(shuō)法，科學(xué)可以充當(dāng)。"當(dāng)然找本段中Bruce Alberts的話語(yǔ)，尤其是"But"后邊science一句，由此可見(jiàn)，but一詞在閱讀中作用決不可等閑視之。至于說(shuō)科學(xué)是保護(hù)者(A);法官(B);批評(píng)家(C)原文無(wú)此意。
28.[答案] A
[解析]通過(guò)上下文可知，白宮已經(jīng)開(kāi)始關(guān)注此事。但是總統(tǒng)的大多數(shù)顧問(wèn)們還未信以為真，他們還在敦促(press)更深入的研究而非采取行動(dòng)......，這是典型的"坐而論道、空談?wù)`國(guó)"。故選A。此處"paralysis by analysis"既然加了引號(hào)，就不是原意"靠分析而癱瘓"，而是"通過(guò)分析來(lái)拖延"。
29.[答案] D
[解析]問(wèn)題："對(duì)于全球變暖，政府*應(yīng)該做什么?"注意：Administration(政府*)為信號(hào)詞，原文說(shuō)：要是政府*不采取司法上的主動(dòng)性(initiative)，則國(guó)會(huì)應(yīng)采取行動(dòng)。此句告訴我們D為答案。其余三個(gè)選項(xiàng)不對(duì)：是參議員Robert Byrd，"Many","We"等人，甚至是作者的，而不是"Administration"的。至于C，則與文章主題發(fā)生矛盾。
30. [答案] B
[解析]作者從抽煙有害引出大氣變暖無(wú)非是想讓我們從前者吸取教訓(xùn)(lesson)，要相信科學(xué)，防止后者發(fā)生。至于A：兩者都受到政府忽視(顯然抽煙有害并未說(shuō)政府忽視不管)，C：抽煙的后果加劇了全球變暖，D：兩個(gè)問(wèn)題都在越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重。文中并無(wú)此類說(shuō)法。
你還記得那些年月嗎?每當(dāng)科學(xué)家指出吸煙會(huì)致死時(shí)，總是有懷疑者堅(jiān)持說(shuō)并不一定吧?!如果證據(jù)不充分，沒(méi)有科學(xué)定論吧?!反對(duì)吸煙的人總是想站出來(lái)破壞我們的生活方式，政府好不要插手此事了吧?結(jié)果有許多美國(guó)人買了香煙這種無(wú)意義的東西，30年來(lái)，大約有一千萬(wàn)煙民早早就進(jìn)了墳?zāi)埂?BR> 今天又有了同樣令人不安的怪事了，科學(xué)家們?nèi)宕蔚脑噲D警告我們?nèi)驓夂蜃兣耐{。近，國(guó)家科學(xué)院開(kāi)了由白宮贊助的會(huì)議，告訴大家地球的大氣正在變暖，而且這一麻煩主要是人為的。這里傳遞的一個(gè)明確信息是：我們應(yīng)當(dāng)采取措施來(lái)保護(hù)自己。國(guó)家科學(xué)院的主席Bruce Alberts在會(huì)議的報(bào)告前言中增加了關(guān)鍵的一點(diǎn)，即 "科學(xué)從來(lái)就不能提供所有問(wèn)題的答案。但科學(xué)的確能給我們提供有關(guān)未來(lái)的好指導(dǎo)。更重要的是，我們國(guó)家和全世界的重大政策都應(yīng)該建立在科學(xué)所能為我們提供的這些佳判斷的基礎(chǔ)上，而這些判斷將涉及到當(dāng)前行為的未來(lái)后果。"
和吸煙的問(wèn)題一樣，來(lái)自不同領(lǐng)域的聲音則堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，有關(guān)全球變暖的科學(xué)說(shuō)法不能確定，我們?cè)诓豢隙ㄖ?，向大氣中排放有害氣體就沒(méi)有什么大不了的。這是一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)的游戲，因?yàn)楫?dāng)我們地掌握了證據(jù)之后，可是已經(jīng)來(lái)不及了。隨著危險(xiǎn)愈來(lái)愈明顯和不斷上升，謹(jǐn)慎的人們現(xiàn)在就應(yīng)該采取更安全的政策了。
幸運(yùn)的是，白宮已開(kāi)始關(guān)注這一問(wèn)題了。但很明顯，總統(tǒng)的大多數(shù)顧問(wèn)先生們并沒(méi)有將此事當(dāng)回事。不但沒(méi)有行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，反而取而代之的是他們?cè)诜磸?fù)不斷地敦促繼續(xù)研究--這是典型的 "坐而論道，空談?wù)`國(guó)"。
作為地球有責(zé)任的一員，我們必須敦促進(jìn)一步對(duì)大氣和海洋進(jìn)行研究。但光有研究是不夠的。假如政府*沒(méi)有采取司法行動(dòng)，議會(huì)就應(yīng)該協(xié)助來(lái)推廣環(huán)保措施。西弗吉尼亞議員Robert Byrd提出議案，用資金去推動(dòng)私有企業(yè)進(jìn)行環(huán)保，這是一個(gè)良好的開(kāi)端。很多人都看到國(guó)家正在或?qū)⒁藿ㄔS多電廠來(lái)滿足我們對(duì)能源的需求。假如我們要保護(hù)我們的大氣層，關(guān)鍵一點(diǎn)是：新建的電廠必須是環(huán)保安全型的。
26. 吸煙支持者所持的一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是。
[A] 在抽煙和死亡的關(guān)系方面尚無(wú)科學(xué)依據(jù)
[B] 過(guò)去幾十年因吸煙而死亡的數(shù)字無(wú)關(guān)緊要
[C] 人們有選擇自己生活方式的自由
[D] 反對(duì)吸煙的人往往是胡說(shuō)八道
27. 根據(jù)Bruce Alberts的說(shuō)法，科學(xué)可以充當(dāng)。
[A] 一個(gè)保護(hù)者
[B] 一個(gè)法官
[C] 一個(gè)批評(píng)家
[D] 一個(gè)指導(dǎo)
28. 作者說(shuō)paralysis by analysis(通過(guò)分析來(lái)拖延)是什么意思?
[A] 坐而論道，空談?wù)`國(guó)
[B] 仔細(xì)的調(diào)查會(huì)揭示真相
[C] 謹(jǐn)慎的計(jì)劃會(huì)阻礙進(jìn)步
[D] 廣泛的研究有助于制定決策
29. 根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn),在全球變暖這一問(wèn)題上政府*應(yīng)該怎么做?
[A] 提供資助來(lái)建造更環(huán)保的發(fā)電廠。
[B] 提高人們對(duì)環(huán)保的認(rèn)識(shí)。
[C] 促進(jìn)進(jìn)一步的科學(xué)研究。
[D] 采取一些司法措施。
30. 作者將全球變暖問(wèn)題與吸煙相聯(lián)系是因?yàn)椤?BR> [A] 兩者都被政府忽視了
[B] 吸煙的教訓(xùn)也適用于全球變暖
[C] 后者的結(jié)果比前者更嚴(yán)重
[D] 兩者都是由糟糕變得更加糟糕
Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.
This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.
You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.
After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.
People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.
Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling,smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda-to lure us to open our wallets-they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. "Celebrate!" commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.
What we forget-what our economy depends on us forgetting-is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.
36. By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that .
[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music
[B] art grows out of both positive and negative feelings
[C] poets today are less skeptical of happiness
[D] artists have changed their focus of interest
37. The word "bummer" (Line 5, Paragraph 5) most probably means something .
[A] religious
[B] unpleasant
[C] entertaining
[D] commercial
38. In the author’s opinion, advertising .
[A] emerges in the wake of the anti happy art
[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public
[C] replaces the church as a major source of information
[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself
39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes .
[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness
[B] the anti happy art is distasteful but refreshing
[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied
[D] the anti happy art flourishes when economy booms
40. Which of the following is true of the text?
[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.
[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.
[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of modern society.
[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.
agenda2 n.議事日程
anchor2 n.①錨;②新聞節(jié)目主持人;v.拋錨，停泊
argue19 v.①爭(zhēng)論，辯論;②認(rèn)為，主張，論證;③說(shuō)服
author69 n.①作者;②創(chuàng)始人
average17 n.平均(數(shù));a.①平均的;②普通的，一般的;v.平均，均分
balance5 v.稱，(使)平衡;n.①天平，秤;②平衡，均衡;③差額，結(jié)余，余款
beam1 n.①(橫)梁，桁條;②(光線的)束，柱;v.①微笑;②發(fā)光
boom7 v.①繁榮，興旺;②發(fā)出隆隆聲;n.①繁榮，興隆;②隆隆聲;③激增
cause28 n.①原因，理由;②事業(yè)，事件，奮斗目標(biāo);v.使產(chǎn)生，引起
celebrity1 n.名聲，名人
cite3 v.引用，引證，舉(例)
command2 n.①命令，指令;②統(tǒng)帥，指揮(權(quán));③掌握，運(yùn)用能力;v.①命令，要求;②指揮，統(tǒng)帥;③掌握，控制
commercial5 a.商業(yè)的，商務(wù)的，貿(mào)易的
communication11 n.①通訊，傳達(dá);②[pl.]通訊系統(tǒng);③[pl.]交通(工具);④交流
create20 v.①創(chuàng)造，創(chuàng)作;②引起，造成，建立
culture21 n.①修養(yǎng)，教養(yǎng);②文化，文明
damn1 v.譴責(zé)
dedicate5 v.奉獻(xiàn)，把...用在
deny5 v.①否認(rèn)，否定;②拒絕
depend16 v.(on)取決于，依靠，信賴，相信
depict1 v.描繪，描寫(xiě)
disappoint3 v.使失望，使掃興
disaster2 n.災(zāi)難，天災(zāi)
economy29 n.①節(jié)約;②經(jīng)濟(jì)
emerge9 v.浮現(xiàn)，出現(xiàn)
emotion4 n.情緒，情感
era2 n.時(shí)代，年代，階段，紀(jì)元
evil1 a.邪惡的，罪惡的;n.邪惡，罪惡
exhaust1 v.①使筋疲力盡，耗盡;②抽完，汲干;n.①排氣裝置;②廢氣
expectation2 n.預(yù)期，期望，指望
explore4 v.①勘探，探測(cè);②探究，探索
express4 v.表達(dá)，表示;a.特快的，快速的;n.快車，快運(yùn)
expression9 n.①表達(dá)，表示;②短語(yǔ)，詞句，措詞;③式，符號(hào)
feature9 n.①特征，特色;②(報(bào)紙或雜志)特寫(xiě);③容貌，面貌;v.給顯著地位
flourish2 v.繁榮，茂盛，興旺
focus12 n.焦點(diǎn)，(活動(dòng)，興趣等的)中心;v.(on/upon)使聚集，集中
function10 n.①功能，作用;②[pl.]職務(wù)，職責(zé);③函數(shù);v.起作用
ideal5 a.①理想的，完美的;②空想的;③理想主義的;④唯心的;n.理想
ideology2 n.意識(shí)形態(tài)，思維方式
illusion1 n.幻想
incline2 v.①(使)傾斜，(使)偏向;②(使)傾向于;n.斜坡，斜面
information44 n.①通知，報(bào)告;②情報(bào)，信息
innocent1 a.①(of)清白的，無(wú)罪的;②無(wú)害的;③天真的，單純的，無(wú)知的
intend15 v.想要，打算，企圖
literacy1 n.有文化，有教養(yǎng)，有讀寫(xiě)能力
lure3 v.引誘
major11 a.(較)大的，(較)重要的;n.①專業(yè)，主修科目;②專業(yè)學(xué)生;③少校;v.(in)主修，專攻
massacre1 n.殘殺，*;v.殘殺，集體屠殺
medium2 n.①中間，適中;②媒介物，介質(zhì)，傳導(dǎo)體;a.中等的，適中的
messenger1 n.送信者，使者，傳令兵
misery3 n.痛苦，悲慘，不幸
negative4 a.①否定的，消極的，反面的;②負(fù)的，陰性的;n.①負(fù)數(shù);②(攝影)底片
perfect5 a.①完善的，無(wú)瑕的;②完全的，十足的;v.使完美，改進(jìn)
perpetual1 a.永久的，永恒的，長(zhǎng)期的
poetry6 n.詩(shī)歌，詩(shī)集
positive4 a.①確實(shí)的，明確的;②積極的，肯定的;③正的，陽(yáng)性的;④十足的，完全的;n.(攝影)正片
potential13 a.①潛在的，可能的;②勢(shì)的，位的;n.潛能，潛力
powerful10 a.強(qiáng)大的，有力的，有權(quán)的
reality10 n.①現(xiàn)實(shí)，實(shí)際;②真實(shí)
reason26 n.①理由，原因;②理性，理智;v.①推論，推理;②說(shuō)服，評(píng)理;③討論，辯論
refresh1 v.(使)精神振作，(使)精力恢復(fù)
religion8 n.①宗教，信仰;②信念，信條
religious4 a.宗教的，信教的，虔誠(chéng)的
replace7 v.①放回，替換，取代;②歸還
risk14 v.冒...的危險(xiǎn);n.風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，危險(xiǎn)
skeptical2 a.懷疑性的，好懷疑的，無(wú)神論的
source11 n.①源，源泉;②來(lái)源，出處
suit4 v.①合適，適合;②相配，適應(yīng);n.①一套西服;②訴訟
surround3 v.包圍，環(huán)繞
wallet1 n.皮夾，錢包
weird1 a.怪異的，奇怪的;n.命運(yùn)，宿命
worm4 n.蟲(chóng)，蠕蟲(chóng)
advertise12 v.做廣告
arthritis1 n.關(guān)節(jié)炎
boring3 a.令人厭煩的，乏味的，無(wú)聊的
bummer1 n.失敗，壞事
clove1 n.丁香，丁香樹(shù)
daffodil1 n.水仙花;a.水仙花色的
disappointment2 n.失望
distasteful1 a.味道不佳的，(令人)不愉快的
eater1 n.吃...的人(動(dòng)物)
emergence5 n.浮現(xiàn)，出現(xiàn)
entertaining2 a.①使人愉快的;②有趣的
expressive2 a.有表現(xiàn)力的，富于表情的
media9 n.媒體
memento1 n.紀(jì)念品
onward1 a.向前的;ad.向前， 在前面
phony1 a.假冒的，虛假的;n.假冒者
reminder3 n.提醒的人，暗示
sadness1 n.悲哀，悲傷
unreliable1 a.不可靠的
worshipper1 n.禮拜者，崇拜者
難句1
But somewhere in the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring,as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.
[語(yǔ)法分析]
1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：...more artists began seeing...as...;
2. 句首為but引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);
3. as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaires flowers of evil也為狀語(yǔ)成分;
[本句難點(diǎn)]本句相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單，主要是兩個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的影響;
[方法對(duì)策]分別找出主句和從句主干結(jié)構(gòu)，注意其中包含一個(gè)see...as...的句型;
[例句精譯]但大約在19世紀(jì)，隨著從英國(guó)詩(shī)人沃茲沃斯的《水仙花》到法國(guó)詩(shī)人波德萊爾的《惡之花》作品的發(fā)表，許多藝術(shù)家們開(kāi)始把快樂(lè)看作是平淡的、虛偽的、甚至是討厭的東西。
難句2
The rise of anti happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.
[語(yǔ)法分析]
1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是The rise of antihappy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media;
2. and with it是 a commercial culture的前置定語(yǔ)，it指the emergence of mass media;
3. a commercial culture后面是in which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾a commercial culture;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是從句關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜;
[方法對(duì)策]首先找出句子的主干，然后再分析從句關(guān)系和從句主干;
[例句精譯](廣告等)大眾傳媒的出現(xiàn)帶來(lái)了一種商業(yè)文化。這種商業(yè)文化不僅把歡樂(lè)看成是理想，甚至還看成是一種意識(shí)形態(tài)。于是，反歡樂(lè)藝術(shù)也就應(yīng)運(yùn)而生了。
難句3
In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms.
[語(yǔ)法分析]
1. 本句句子主干是：...the most powerful mass medium was the church...;
2. 其后是which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾the church，此從句中，包含用and連接、that引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句;
[本句難點(diǎn)]從句和修飾成分比較復(fù)雜;
[方法對(duì)策]首先找出句子主干，然后再分析其他成分;
[例句精譯]在西方，在人們能讀書(shū)識(shí)字和大眾文化交流傳播之前，強(qiáng)大的大眾傳媒是教堂--它提醒禮拜者他們的靈魂處于危險(xiǎn)中，而且有朝一日他們的軀體也會(huì)成為蛆蟲(chóng)之肉。
難句4
What we forget-what our economy depends on is forgetting-is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain.
[語(yǔ)法分析]
1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：What we forget...is + that引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句;
2. 兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間是插入語(yǔ)，起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用;
3. 表語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單;
[本句難點(diǎn)]插入語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)從句對(duì)閱讀的影響;
[方法對(duì)策]第一遍閱讀可以忽略插入語(yǔ)，直接找出句子的主干，然后再分析其他成分;
[例句精譯]我們所忘掉的一點(diǎn)--我們經(jīng)濟(jì)所依賴的正是人們的遺忘--是：幸福不僅僅是沒(méi)有痛苦的歡樂(lè)而已。
難句5
Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it.
[語(yǔ)法分析]1. 本句句子主干是：...we need art to tell us...Memento mori...;
2. 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)surrounded by promises of easy happiness作狀語(yǔ)，as religion once did作方式狀語(yǔ);
3. 冒號(hào)后面的部分是對(duì)Memento mori的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明;其中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為remember，賓語(yǔ)是三個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句;
[本句難點(diǎn)]從句關(guān)系和修飾成分比較復(fù)雜;
[方法對(duì)策]首先找出句子主干，然后再分析其他從句和修飾成分;
[例句精譯]如今，被唾手可得的幸?？鞓?lè)所包圍的我們，需要有人來(lái)告誡我們(就像宗教曾經(jīng)做的那樣)。(警示)--記?。耗銜?huì)死的，一切都會(huì)結(jié)束。幸?？鞓?lè)不在于要否認(rèn)這一點(diǎn)，而在于要能容忍這一點(diǎn)。
36.[答案]D
[解析]本文談了藝術(shù)家對(duì)人生不幸的理解。本題問(wèn)："作者引用兩位詩(shī)人作例子是想說(shuō)"看完頭兩段可知：作者說(shuō)：藝術(shù)只能描寫(xiě)人類的負(fù)面感情，即人類的悲哀嗎?不，早期的藝術(shù)主要是描述人類歡樂(lè)的!但是(又是這個(gè)討厭卻非常重要的"但是")，自從兩詩(shī)人出現(xiàn)后，風(fēng)向變了，更多的藝術(shù)家們開(kāi)始把幸福歡樂(lè)看作是平淡的、虛偽的、甚至是討厭的東西!可見(jiàn)引用兩詩(shī)人是為了說(shuō)明風(fēng)向變了，故選D。(切記!!!"但是"一詞后面經(jīng)常是給分點(diǎn)。"但是"包括：But，However，Yet，Although，Nevertheless等等。)
37.[答案]B
[解析]詞匯題應(yīng)該看上、下文。此處"bummer"一詞處于段尾，幾乎沒(méi)有下文，那就來(lái)看上文吧!上文說(shuō)：以前的教會(huì)會(huì)不斷提醒我們生活中碰到的多種艱辛和苦難，于是人們就需要點(diǎn)歡樂(lè)，不再需要藝術(shù)來(lái)提醒他們自己周圍生活中碰到的各種苦難了。故選B。
38.[答案]D
[解析]作者認(rèn)為：廣告只是給人們制造了某種虛幻的幸福。你看：廣告中快餐食用者們、新聞主持者們、郵差信使們，大家都在微笑，微笑，微笑......甚至雜志的封面人物也都在微笑......。既然這些廣告的目的只有一個(gè)：讓我們打開(kāi)錢包，那么，廣告向人們宣傳的快樂(lè)幸福是多么不可相信(unreliable不可靠，不可信)。然后，作者又舉了治關(guān)節(jié)炎的新藥"西樂(lè)葆"的廣告為例來(lái)說(shuō)明這一點(diǎn)。故選D。
39.[答案]B
[解析]我們從末段可知，作者認(rèn)為：the antihappy art提供的信息口味雖然很苦(bitter)，但是(yet)(又是："但是")卻帶來(lái)一股多么清新的風(fēng)。所以，選B(其中，把原文的"苦"bitter換成問(wèn)題中的distasteful"不好吃";把原文的fresh air換成refreshing)。至于A，作者并未講幸福常以悲劇結(jié)束。原文只是說(shuō)："歡樂(lè)幸福的事物中常會(huì)carry一些未來(lái)潛在loss and disappointment的可能性，并未說(shuō)幸福會(huì)以sadness結(jié)束。選項(xiàng)C說(shuō)：悲慘苦難應(yīng)被欣賞而不是被否認(rèn)。原文可沒(méi)這么說(shuō)，原文只說(shuō)是："幸福快樂(lè)不在于要否認(rèn)痛苦，而在于要能容忍它(living with it)。注意：living with it ≠enjoy it。選項(xiàng)D則明顯錯(cuò)誤。
40.[答案]A
[解析]選項(xiàng)A："宗教曾經(jīng)起過(guò)苦難提醒器的作用"是對(duì)的。依據(jù)是"in the west"，...church...reminded worshippers that...that...。其他幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)則沒(méi)有根據(jù)。
有許多事情讓人們認(rèn)為藝術(shù)家很怪異，而怪異之處在于：藝術(shù)家們的惟一工作是探索感情，但他們卻寧肯集中精力描寫(xiě)人類感情中悲哀的一面。
情況并非總是如此。早期的藝術(shù)形式，如繪畫(huà)和音樂(lè)，是適合描寫(xiě)歡樂(lè)的。但大約在19世紀(jì)，隨著從英國(guó)詩(shī)人沃茲沃斯的《水仙花》到法國(guó)詩(shī)人波德萊爾的《惡之花》作品的發(fā)表，許多藝術(shù)家們開(kāi)始把快樂(lè)看作是平淡的、虛偽的、甚至是討厭的東西。
你可能會(huì)爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō)：藝術(shù)對(duì)快樂(lè)感到了懷疑是因?yàn)楫?dāng)今時(shí)代目睹了如此多的苦難。但這似乎不能說(shuō)明問(wèn)題：早期的人類就沒(méi)有沒(méi)完沒(méi)了的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、災(zāi)禍和對(duì)無(wú)辜者們的*了嗎?!
事實(shí)上，可能恰恰相反，(藝術(shù)家對(duì)歡樂(lè)持懷疑態(tài)度的)理由是如今這個(gè)世界有著太多該死的歡樂(lè)幸福。
歸根結(jié)底，什么是完全致力于描述歡樂(lè)的現(xiàn)代表達(dá)方式呢?是--廣告。(廣告等)大眾傳媒的出現(xiàn)帶來(lái)了一種商業(yè)文化。這種商業(yè)文化不僅把歡樂(lè)看成是理想，甚至還看成是一種意識(shí)形態(tài)。于是，反歡樂(lè)藝術(shù)也就應(yīng)運(yùn)而生了。
對(duì)早期的人們來(lái)說(shuō)，周圍的一切都提醒著苦難：他們一直工作，直到累得筋疲力盡，生活幾無(wú)保障，年紀(jì)輕輕就命喪黃泉。在西方，在人們能讀書(shū)識(shí)字和大眾文化交流傳播之前，強(qiáng)大的大眾傳媒是教堂--它提醒禮拜者他們的靈魂處于危險(xiǎn)中，而且有朝一日他們的軀體也會(huì)成為蛆蟲(chóng)之肉?？紤]到這一切，人們也確實(shí)不再需要讓藝術(shù)也變成使人不快的東西了。
如今，普通西方人不斷接收的并非宗教性，而是商業(yè)性的、要永遠(yuǎn)快樂(lè)的信息?？觳褪秤谜邆?、新聞主持者們、郵差信使們，大家都在微笑、微笑......。我們的雜志以微笑的名流和住在完美住宅中的幸福家庭作為特寫(xiě)。
而既然這些信息只有一個(gè)意圖--誘使我們打開(kāi)自己的錢包--這就使快樂(lè)幸福的想法顯得多么不可相信。 "歡慶吧!"，治療關(guān)節(jié)炎的新藥"西樂(lè)葆"在廣告中這么呼喊，但不久我們就發(fā)現(xiàn)它能增加我們患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
我們所忘掉的一點(diǎn)--我們經(jīng)濟(jì)所依賴的正是人們的遺忘--是：幸福不僅僅是沒(méi)有痛苦的歡樂(lè)而已。能給人們帶來(lái)大歡樂(lè)的事物，常常伴隨有未來(lái)潛在的巨大失落或失望感在里面。如今，被唾手可得的幸?？鞓?lè)所包圍的我們，需要有人來(lái)告誡我們(就像宗教曾經(jīng)做的那樣)。(警示)--記?。耗銜?huì)死的，一切都會(huì)結(jié)束。幸?？鞓?lè)不在于要否認(rèn)這一點(diǎn)而在于要能容忍這一點(diǎn)。這是個(gè)比丁香煙葉還要苦的信息，但不知為何，卻能給我們帶來(lái)一股清新的氣息。
36.引用詩(shī)人沃茲沃斯和波德萊爾作例子作者是想說(shuō)：。
[A]詩(shī)歌不像繪畫(huà)和音樂(lè)那樣能表達(dá)歡樂(lè)
[B]藝術(shù)是從人們的正面和負(fù)面情感中產(chǎn)生出來(lái)的
[C]如今的詩(shī)人對(duì)幸?？鞓?lè)不那么懷疑了
[D]藝術(shù)家們已經(jīng)改變了他們的興趣點(diǎn)
37.單詞"bummer"的意思是。
[A]宗教的
[B]令人不快的
[C]愉快的
[D]商業(yè)性的
38.在作者看來(lái)，廣告。
[A]是隨著反快樂(lè)藝術(shù)的覺(jué)醒而出現(xiàn)的
[B]是公眾失望的原因
[C]取代教會(huì)成了一個(gè)信息的主要來(lái)源
[D]制造了某種虛幻的幸福而非真正的幸福
39.我們從末段可知，作者認(rèn)為。
[A]幸福常常以悲劇結(jié)束
[B]反幸?？鞓?lè)的藝術(shù)雖口味不好但卻發(fā)人深醒
[C]悲慘應(yīng)該被欣賞而不是被否認(rèn)
[D]反幸福藝術(shù)隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的繁榮而繁榮
40.關(guān)于本文，下面哪一條是對(duì)的?
[A]宗教曾經(jīng)起著提醒人們苦難的作用
[B]藝術(shù)在期盼和現(xiàn)實(shí)之間提供了某種平衡
[C]人們對(duì)現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)感到了失望
[D]大眾傳媒傾向于報(bào)道災(zāi)害和死亡的消息
TEXT 1
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as "all too human", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of "goods and services" than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers).So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a cooperative, group living species. Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by .
[A] posing a contrast
[B] justifying an assumption
[C] making a comparison
[D] explaining a phenomenon
22. The statement "it is all too monkey" (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that .
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys nature
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are .
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get
[B] attentive to researchers instructions
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament
[D] more generous than their male companions
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys .
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers
[B] can be taught to exchange things
[C] will not be cooperative if feeling cheated
[D] are unhappy when separated from other
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
ancestor1 n.祖宗，祖先
appearance3 n.①出現(xiàn)，出場(chǎng)，露面;②外表，外貌，外觀
assumption3 n.①假定，設(shè)想;②采取;③承擔(dān)
attention14 n.①注意(力)，留心;②立正
author69 n.①作者;②創(chuàng)始人
candidate3 n.①候選人，候補(bǔ)者;②報(bào)考者，應(yīng)試者
capable3 a.①有本領(lǐng)的，有能力的;②(of)可以...的，能...的
chamber3 n.房間，室
characteristic8 a.(of)特有的，獨(dú)特的;n.特征，特性
cheat1 v.①欺騙;②作弊;n.①騙子;②欺詐，欺騙行為
colleague4 n.同事，同僚
comparison3 n.比較，對(duì)比，比喻，比擬
contrast5 v.對(duì)比，對(duì)照;n.對(duì)比，對(duì)照，差異
cooperative2 a.合作的，協(xié)作的;n.合作社
counterpart2 n.對(duì)應(yīng)的人(或物)
creature2 n.人，動(dòng)物，生物
cucumber4 n.黃瓜
emotion4 n.情緒，情感
eventually4 ad.終于，后
evolve3 v.(使)發(fā)展，(使)進(jìn)化
exchange8 v./n.①(for)交換，調(diào)換，兌換;②交流，交易;③交換臺(tái)，交易所
female4 a.女的，雌的
generous1 a.寬宏大量的，慷慨的
goods9 n.商品，貨物
grape4 n.葡萄
imply12 v.意指，含...意思，暗示
incline2 v.①(使)傾斜，(使)偏向;②(使)傾向于;n.斜坡，斜面
indignation1 n.憤怒，憤慨
induce2 v.①引誘，勸使;②引起，導(dǎo)致;③感應(yīng)
infer21 v.推論，推斷
jealous1 a.①(of)妒忌的;②猜疑的，警惕的
justify8 v.證明...是正當(dāng)?shù)?，認(rèn)為有理
luxury1 n.①奢侈，華貴;②奢侈品;a.奢華的，豪華的
male4 n./a.男性(的)，雄性(的)
mere7 a.①純粹的;②僅僅，只不過(guò)
nature14 n.①自然界，大自然;②性質(zhì)，本性，天性
observe5 v.①遵守，奉行;②觀察，注意到，看到
opening3 n.①口子，孔;②開(kāi)始，開(kāi)端;③空缺，機(jī)會(huì);a.開(kāi)始的，開(kāi)幕的
outrage1 n.暴行，侮辱，憤怒;vt.觸怒，激怒
perfect5 a.①完善的，無(wú)瑕的;②完全的，十足的;v.使完美，改進(jìn)
phenomenon9 n.[pl.phenomena]現(xiàn)象
pose4 v.①造成(困難等);②提出(問(wèn)題等)，陳述(觀點(diǎn)等);③擺姿勢(shì);④假裝，冒充
preferable3 a.(to)更可取的，更好的
presence2 n.出席，到場(chǎng)，存在，在
preserve4 v.①保護(hù)，維持;②保存，保藏;③腌漬;n.專門領(lǐng)域
publish3 v.①出版，刊印;②公布，發(fā)表
readily4 ad.①容易地;②樂(lè)意地，欣然地
reluctant2 a.不愿的，勉強(qiáng)的
reputation1 n.名聲，聲望
resent3 v.對(duì)...表示忿恨，怨恨
reward3 n.(for)報(bào)酬，賞金，獎(jiǎng)賞;v.①(for)酬勞，獎(jiǎng)賞;②酬謝，報(bào)答，獎(jiǎng)酬
rival4 n.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者，對(duì)手;v.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，對(duì)抗;a.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的
sense16 n.①感官，官能;②感覺(jué);③判斷力;④見(jiàn)識(shí);⑤意義，意思;v.感覺(jué)到，意識(shí)到
slack2 a.①懈怠的，懶散的，松馳的，不緊的;②蕭條的;n.①淡季，蕭條;②[pl.]便褲，運(yùn)動(dòng)褲;v.松弛，放松
slice2 n.①薄片，切片;②一份;③部分切(片)
social38 a.①社會(huì)的;②社交的，交際的;n.社交活動(dòng)
source11 n.①源，源泉;②來(lái)源，出處
species7 n.(物)種，種類
stable3 a.穩(wěn)定的，安定的;n.馬廄，馬棚
statement7 n.聲明，陳述
stem2 n.①莖，干;②詞干;vi.(from)源自，起源于
temperament1 n.氣質(zhì)，性情，性格
tend26 v.①趨向，往往是;②照料，看護(hù)
token3 n.①象征;②代金券，代用品;a.象征性的
topic3 n.話題，主題，題目
toss1 v.①投，扔;②搖擺，顛簸;③輾轉(zhuǎn)反側(cè)
underlying2 a.①含蓄的，潛在的;②在下面的
vanish3 v.消失，消散
abundantly1 ad.豐富地
adjoin1 v.毗連，靠近
attentive1 a.注意的，專心的
capuchin5 n.卷尾猴
cooperation3 n.合作，協(xié)作
cute1 a.可愛(ài)的，聰明的，伶俐的
fairness1 n.公平，正直
finely1 ad.精巧地;細(xì)微地，美好地
grievance1 n.委屈，抱怨
independently3 ad.獨(dú)立地，自立地
markedly1 ad.顯著地，明顯地
resentment1 n.怨恨，憤恨
righteous1 a.正直的，正當(dāng)?shù)?BR> unfairness2 n.不公平
難句1
Such behaviour is regarded as "all too human", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：Such behaviour is regarded as...;
2. 逗號(hào)后面是with引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)，對(duì)such behaviour起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用;
3. assumption后面是一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句，修飾assumption;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜;
[方法對(duì)策]首先找出句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)，然后再分析其他成分;
[例句精譯]這種行為被認(rèn)為是人類獨(dú)有的，因?yàn)槿藗儩撛诘卣J(rèn)為其他動(dòng)物沒(méi)有能進(jìn)化出這種抱怨他人的情感。
難句2
However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:...their behaviour became markedly different;
2. 句首是when引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，其后是when狀語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)果，用so that引導(dǎo);
[本句難點(diǎn)]理解從句之間的關(guān)系;
[方法對(duì)策]本句后一個(gè)分句是主句，so that引導(dǎo)的句子是when時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)果;
[例句精譯]但是當(dāng)兩只猴子被分別關(guān)在相鄰的籠子，而且每只猴子還能看到對(duì)方用石頭交換了什么物品時(shí)，它們的行為就極其不同了。
難句3
And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句第一個(gè)逗號(hào)前是if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句;
2. 第一個(gè)逗號(hào)后面是本句的主句，主語(yǔ)是the other，三個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)用either...or...or...連接，第一個(gè)為tossed，第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)也是tossed，此處省略，第三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)是refused to accept;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是主句中三個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)的理解;
[方法對(duì)策]首先分析主句和從句，然后再分析各自的主干結(jié)構(gòu)，注意主句包含三個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ);
[例句精譯]如果一只猴子無(wú)需交出石頭就能得到葡萄，另一只會(huì)把石頭扔向研究人員進(jìn)行報(bào)復(fù)或扔出籠外，還有的會(huì)拒絕接受這么一小條黃瓜。
難句4
However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句主語(yǔ)是whether...or...連接的兩個(gè)句子，謂語(yǔ)是is，賓語(yǔ)是an unanswered question;
2. ancestor后面的that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the common ancestor;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主句主語(yǔ)是whether...or...連接的兩個(gè)句子，比較長(zhǎng)，且其中包含一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句;
[方法對(duì)策]注意主句主語(yǔ)中的連接詞：whether...or...，本句的謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)比較簡(jiǎn)單;
[例句精譯]但是，這種憤憤不平之心是人類和猴子獨(dú)立地進(jìn)化出來(lái)的，還是他們?nèi)灏偃f(wàn)年前從老祖先那遺傳來(lái)的，這一問(wèn)題尚沒(méi)有定論。
21.[答案] C
[解析]這是一篇心理學(xué)方面的文章。講得是人類遇到不公平就會(huì)義憤填膺，這是"人之常情"。但通過(guò)科學(xué)家的研究，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)猴子也會(huì)如此，這其實(shí)也是"猴之常情"。此題問(wèn)："第一段作者用什么引出其話題?"是D：解釋一種現(xiàn)象嗎?是B：證實(shí)一個(gè)假定的合理性嗎?細(xì)看第一段，既沒(méi)有"解釋"(為什么猴子也會(huì)如此)，更沒(méi)有"證實(shí)"(猴子這么做非常合理)，只說(shuō)了：猴子亦會(huì)跟人一樣對(duì)不公平憤怒這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)。所以，答案須從A與C中尋找。那么，是A：把人與猴"對(duì)照"，還是C：把人與猴"對(duì)比"呢?這道題出的十分狡猾。但仔細(xì)想想，如果人會(huì)生氣，猴不會(huì)，這種截然相反，才用"對(duì)照"一詞;而人會(huì)生氣，猴也能，這是在拿猴和人進(jìn)行比較，所以用"對(duì)比"，選C。
22.[答案] B
[解析]問(wèn)題："這種情況也是猴之常情"這句話什么含義?推理題。第一段講了，人遇到不公平會(huì)憤怒，所以"猴之常情"表明猴也會(huì)如此，故選B。至于A：猴會(huì)對(duì)懶惰的對(duì)手感到憤怒，C：猴跟人一樣會(huì)互相嫉妒，第一段中并無(wú)此意。至于D：除猴子外別的動(dòng)物不會(huì)有這種感情(指正義感)，更是對(duì)人類的侮辱。你看，看了第一段就可以回答兩道題，分段閱讀的查找式閱讀法是多么重要啊!
23.[答案] A
[解析]問(wèn)題："雌卷尾猴被選來(lái)做這項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)，可能的原因是。"從第二段中可知：它們又可愛(ài)，又溫順，還很配合。但是，主要的原因是(Above all)"它們比雄性更注意給什么貨，就干什么活，"，換言之，它們對(duì)事情的公平不公平更為敏感。故選A："它們更能夠掂量出它們所得到的(是否合理)。"weigh是"掂量"的意思。此題的關(guān)鍵是問(wèn)選雌猴可能的原因，當(dāng)然從above all后邊找答案。至于B 、C、D，要不文中未提及，要不為次要原因。
24. [答案] C
[解析]問(wèn)題："兩位博士在研究中終發(fā)現(xiàn)猴子。"因?yàn)?終發(fā)現(xiàn)"(eventually)，所以只能從結(jié)論中去找：The researchers suggest that...(注意，此處suggest不是"建議"而是"認(rèn)為"，否則，后面that從句中謂語(yǔ)用be才行)In the wild，猴子們很配合，很互相信賴，但是只有在每只猴子都覺(jué)得自己沒(méi)上當(dāng)受騙時(shí)才行。所以選C。"若是感到上當(dāng)受騙，就不再配合。"至于A：猴子"喜歡葡萄甚于黃瓜"，是事實(shí)，不是研究結(jié)果;B：猴子"可以學(xué)會(huì)交換商品"，是研究的過(guò)程所發(fā)生的，不是結(jié)論;D："如果與其他猴子分開(kāi)，就會(huì)不高興"文中從未提及。
25.[答案] B
[解析]推理題，依據(jù)文章末句可以推出此結(jié)論。A錯(cuò)，因?yàn)閟ocial emotions 是猴子們先天具有的(見(jiàn)"The researchers suggest that..."一句)，不需要去develop(培養(yǎng))，C、D明顯錯(cuò)誤。
人人都喜歡工資暴漲。但假如你得知你的同事工資漲幅比你還大，你這種快樂(lè)的心情就會(huì)消失。事實(shí)上，如果他還有偷懶怠工的名聲，你可能會(huì)暴怒的。這種行為被認(rèn)為是人類獨(dú)有的，因?yàn)槿藗儩撛诘卣J(rèn)為其他動(dòng)物沒(méi)有能進(jìn)化出這種抱怨他人的情感。位于佐治亞州亞特蘭大市的Emory大學(xué)的兩位學(xué)者Sarah Brosnan和Frans de Waal在《自然》雜志上發(fā)表了他們的研究成果，研究表明猴類動(dòng)物也有這種憤憤不平之心。
研究人員研究了兩只棕色的雌性南美卷尾猴。它們看起來(lái)很可愛(ài)，溫順合作，總是能分享食物。重要的是，這兩支雌猴像參照物人類女性一樣，比起男性來(lái)更能關(guān)注 "給什么貨，就服什么務(wù)"的價(jià)值。(換言之，它們對(duì)事情的公平與否更為敏感。)
因?yàn)檫@些特點(diǎn)，它們(猴子)成為了Brosnan和de Waal博士的佳研究 "候選人"。研究人員花了兩年時(shí)間來(lái)教會(huì)這兩只猴子如何用代用品來(lái)交換食物。一般情況下，猴子會(huì)很高興用一塊石頭去換取一條黃瓜。但是當(dāng)兩只猴子被分別關(guān)在相鄰的籠子，而且每只猴子還能看到對(duì)方用石頭交換了什么物品時(shí)，它們的行為就極其不同了。
在猴子的世界中，葡萄是奢侈品(要比黃瓜更受它們的喜愛(ài))。當(dāng)一只猴子用代用品去交換葡萄時(shí)，另一只是不愿意用代用品來(lái)交換黃瓜的。如果一只猴子無(wú)需交出石頭就能得到葡萄，另一只會(huì)把石頭扔向研究人員進(jìn)行報(bào)復(fù)或扔出籠外，還有的會(huì)拒絕接受這么一小條黃瓜。事實(shí)上，一個(gè)籠舍里葡萄的存在(就算是沒(méi)有猴子在吃)，就足以引起另一只猴子憤憤不平了。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，猴子也和人類一樣，是受社會(huì)情感影響的。在野外，它們能相互合作，屬群體性動(dòng)物，但這種合作只有在每只猴子沒(méi)有感到被欺騙的情況下才能保持穩(wěn)定?？雌饋?lái)，正當(dāng)?shù)牧x憤不僅僅是人類獨(dú)有的。拒絕較小的獎(jiǎng)賞能向群體其他成員清楚地表達(dá)這一心情。但是，這種憤憤不平之心是人類和猴子獨(dú)立地進(jìn)化出來(lái)的，還是他們?nèi)灏偃f(wàn)年前從老祖先那遺傳來(lái)的，這一問(wèn)題尚沒(méi)有定論。
21. 在起始段，作者通過(guò)引入主題。
[A] 提出對(duì)照
[B] 證實(shí)一種假定的合理性
[C] 進(jìn)行對(duì)比
[D] 解釋一種現(xiàn)象
22. "這也是猴子的行為"這一說(shuō)法暗示著。
[A] 猴子對(duì)偷懶的對(duì)手也很憤慨
[B] 對(duì)不公平感到義憤也是猴子的本能
[C] 猴子與人一樣也會(huì)相互嫉妒
[D] 沒(méi)有其他動(dòng)物會(huì)同猴子一樣有如此的情感
23. 選雌卷尾猴為研究對(duì)象是因?yàn)樗鼈儭?BR> [A] 更能掂量出它們所得到的是否合理
[B] 關(guān)注研究人員的指令
[C] 外表和脾氣俱佳
[D] 要比其他雄猴更大方一些
24. Brosnan和de Waal博士終在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)猴子。
[A] 喜歡葡萄勝過(guò)喜歡黃瓜
[B] 可以學(xué)會(huì)交換商品
[C] 若是感到上當(dāng)受騙，就不會(huì)再配合
[D] 如果與其他猴子分開(kāi)就會(huì)不高興
25. 從后一段我們可以推理出。
[A] 通過(guò)訓(xùn)練猴子能培養(yǎng)出社會(huì)情感
[B] 人類憤慨之心的來(lái)源尚不清楚
[C] 動(dòng)物通常與人類一樣會(huì)公開(kāi)表達(dá)自己的情感
[D] 只有在野外，猴子才會(huì)合作
TEXT 2
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: "Science never has all the answer. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions."
Just as on smoking, voice now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic of "paralysis by analysis."
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that.
[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death
[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant
[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life
[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense
27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as.
[A]a protector
[B]a judge
[C]a critic
[D]a guide
28. What does the author mean by "paralysis by analysis" (last line, Paragraph 4)?
[A] Endless studies kill action.
[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.
[C] Prudent planning hinders progress.
[D] Extensive research helps decision making.
29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?
[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.
[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.
[C] Press for further scientific research.
[D] Take some legislative measures.
30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because .
[A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence
[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former
[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former
[D] both of them have turned from bad to worse
academy3 n.學(xué)院
action11 n.①行動(dòng)，行為;②動(dòng)作，活動(dòng);③(on)作用
administration2 n.①管理，經(jīng)營(yíng);②行政(機(jī)關(guān)，部門);③政府
aggravate3 v.惡化，加重，加劇
aid4 v.援助，救援，幫助;n.①援助，救護(hù);②助手，輔助物，輔助設(shè)備
analysis8 n.分析，分解
applicable1 a.(to)能應(yīng)用的，適用的
argue19 v.①爭(zhēng)論，辯論;②認(rèn)為，主張，論證;③說(shuō)服
argument6 n.①爭(zhēng)論，辨認(rèn);②論據(jù)，論點(diǎn)，理由
associate3 v.①(with)使聯(lián)系，使聯(lián)合;②交往，結(jié)合;n.合作人，伙伴，同事，同行;a.副的
atmosphere3 n.①大氣(層);②空氣;③氣氛，環(huán)境
attention14 n.①注意(力)，留心;②立正
author69 n.①作者;②創(chuàng)始人
available18 a.①可用的，可得到的;②可以見(jiàn)到的，隨時(shí)可來(lái)的
classic1 n.①[pl.]杰作，名著;②典型或傳統(tǒng)的例子;a.第一流的，不朽的，古典的
concerning5 prep.關(guān)于
congress2 n.①(代表)大會(huì);②[Congress](美國(guó)等國(guó)的)國(guó)會(huì)，議會(huì)
consequence13 n.結(jié)果，影響，重要性
conservation2 n.①保存，保護(hù)，保守;②守恒，不滅
critic7 n.批評(píng)家，評(píng)論家
critical7 a.①批評(píng)的，評(píng)論的;②危急的，緊要的;③臨界的;④重要的，關(guān)鍵的
crucial5 a.至關(guān)重要的，決定性的
decade18 n.十年
democratic6 a.民主的
evidence14 n.①根據(jù)，證據(jù);②形跡，跡象
extensive2 a.廣大的，廣闊的
fashion6 n.①流行式樣(或貨品)，風(fēng)尚，風(fēng)氣;②樣子，方式;vt.形成，制作，塑造
financial11 a.財(cái)政的，金融的
former10 a.①前任的;②以前的，在前的;pron.前者
fume1 n.(濃烈或難聞的)煙，氣體;v.①用煙熏，冒煙;②發(fā)怒
global6 a.全球的，世界的
grave1 n.墳?zāi)?a.嚴(yán)肅的，莊重的
hinder1 v.(from)阻止，妨礙
incentive2 n.①動(dòng)機(jī);②激勵(lì)，鼓勵(lì);a.激勵(lì)的
initiative3 a.創(chuàng)始的，起始的;n.第一步，創(chuàng)始，主動(dòng)精神
insurance6 n.保險(xiǎn)，保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)，保險(xiǎn)業(yè)
issue18 v.①流出，放出;②發(fā)行，發(fā)表，頒布;n.①發(fā)行(物)，(報(bào)刊)期號(hào);②問(wèn)題，爭(zhēng)論點(diǎn)，爭(zhēng)端
judgment6 n.①審判，判決;②判斷力，識(shí)別力，看法，意見(jiàn)
latter3 a.后面的，末了的;pron.后者
lesson3 n.功課，課程;教訓(xùn)
lobby2 n.①門廊，門廳，(會(huì)議)休息廳;②游說(shuō)團(tuán);vt.游說(shuō)，疏通
measure14 v.測(cè)量;n.①尺寸，大小;②[常pl.]措施，辦法;③法案，法律規(guī)定
nonsense1 n.胡說(shuō)，廢話
obvious13 a.明顯的，顯而易見(jiàn)的
outcome4 n.結(jié)果，成果
panel8 n.①面，板;②控制板，儀表盤(pán);③專門小組
parallel3 a.①(to，with)平行的，并聯(lián)的;②(to)相同的，類似的;n.①平行線，平行面;②類似，相似物;③對(duì)比，緯線
planet6 n.行星
policy12 n.政策，方針
preface2 n.序言，引言，前言
present16 a.①出席的，到場(chǎng)的;②現(xiàn)在的，目前的;n.①現(xiàn)在，目前;②禮物，贈(zèng)品;v.①贈(zèng)(送)，呈獻(xiàn);②介紹，陳述;③提出，呈交;④上演
private11 a.私人的，個(gè)人的，秘密的，私下的
promising2 a.有希望的，有前途的
prudent1 a.謹(jǐn)慎的
responsible11 a.①(for，to)應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)的，有責(zé)任的;②可靠的，可信賴的;③責(zé)任重大的，重要的
reveal8 v.展現(xiàn)，顯示，揭示，揭露，告訴，泄露
risk14 v.冒...的危險(xiǎn);n.風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，危險(xiǎn)
science58 n.①科學(xué);②學(xué)科
senator3 n.參議員
sound7 n.聲音，聲響;v.①發(fā)聲，響;②聽(tīng)起來(lái);a.①健全的，完好的;②正當(dāng)?shù)?，有根?jù)的;③徹底的，充分的
steward1 n.乘務(wù)員
suffer4 v.①(from)受痛苦，患病;②受損失;③遭受;④忍受，忍耐
threat9 n.①恐嚇，威脅;②壞兆頭，危險(xiǎn)跡象
according47 ad.依照，根據(jù)
adviser1 n.顧問(wèn)
antismoking1 n./a.反對(duì)吸煙(的)，禁止吸煙(的)
atmospheric1 a.大氣的
awareness2 n.了解，知道，察覺(jué)
correlation1 n.相互關(guān)系，相關(guān)(性)
definitely2 ad.明確地，干脆地
doubter1 n.懷疑者
enlist1 v.①參軍，入伍;②獲得(贊助，支持等)
environmentally1 ad.周圍地，環(huán)境地
inadequate2 a.不充分的，不適當(dāng)?shù)?BR> inconclusive2 a.非決定性的，不確定的
insignificant1 a.無(wú)關(guān)緊要的，可忽略的，無(wú)意義的
investigation1 n.調(diào)查，研究
latest8 a.近的
legislative2 a.立法的，立法機(jī)關(guān)的;n.立法機(jī)關(guān)
negligence1 n.疏忽
oceanic1 a.海洋的，海洋產(chǎn)出的，生活于海洋的
paralysis1 n.癱瘓，麻痹
upsetting3 a.令人心煩意亂的，令人苦惱的
難句1
Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]本句是and連接的兩個(gè)句子，兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是that nonsense的指代關(guān)系;
[方法對(duì)策]that nonsense實(shí)際指香煙;
[例句精譯]結(jié)果有許多美國(guó)人買了香煙這種無(wú)意義的東西，30年來(lái)，大約有一千萬(wàn)煙民早早就進(jìn)了墳?zāi)埂?BR> 難句2
The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely manmade.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句主干部分是：The latest was a panel...;
2. 兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間的部分是插入語(yǔ);
3. to tell us that是賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，tell后面用and連接的兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句構(gòu)成了tell的賓語(yǔ);
[本句難點(diǎn)]插入語(yǔ)的影響，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)比較復(fù)雜;
[方法對(duì)策]第一遍閱讀可以忽略插入語(yǔ)，首先找出主句的主干，然后再分析句子其他成分;
[例句精譯]近，國(guó)家科學(xué)院開(kāi)了由白宮贊助的會(huì)議，告訴大家地球的大氣正在變暖，而且這一麻煩主要是人為的。
難句3
"But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgements that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions."
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句為and連接的兩個(gè)分句，逗號(hào)前為第一個(gè)分句，逗號(hào)后面是第二個(gè)分句
2. 第二個(gè)分句中，it是形式主語(yǔ)，真正主語(yǔ)是critical后面的that從句;
3. judgements后面的that從句是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾judgements;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是句子關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜;
[方法對(duì)策]根據(jù)連接詞and分別找出兩個(gè)分句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)，再分析其他修飾成分;
[例句精譯]"但科學(xué)的確能給我們提供有關(guān)未來(lái)的好指導(dǎo)。更重要的是，我們國(guó)家和全世界的重大政策都應(yīng)該建立在科學(xué)所能為我們提供的這些佳判斷的基礎(chǔ)上，而這些判斷將涉及到當(dāng)前行為的未來(lái)后果。"
難句4
Just as on smoking, voice now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句主干為：...voice...come from many quarters...;
2. 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)insisting為狀語(yǔ)，具體解釋voice的內(nèi)容，其后包含兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ);
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是修飾成分比較復(fù)雜;
[方法對(duì)策]找出主干，然后再分析修飾成分中的句子結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系;
[例句精譯]和吸煙的問(wèn)題一樣，來(lái)自不同領(lǐng)域的聲音則堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，有關(guān)全球變暖的科學(xué)說(shuō)法不能確定;我們?cè)诓豢隙ㄖ?，向大氣中排放污氣就沒(méi)有什么大不了的。
26.[答案] C
[解析]這是一篇環(huán)保方面的文章。作者借"古"諷"今"，從三十年前人們不重視科學(xué)家關(guān)于香煙有害的警告而任意抽煙從而導(dǎo)致了大批煙民死亡這一事實(shí)談起，轉(zhuǎn)而諷刺人們今日對(duì)科學(xué)家關(guān)于地球正在變暖的警告同樣漠然置之，這將會(huì)導(dǎo)致更大的悲劇發(fā)生。
問(wèn)題："贊成抽煙者的論點(diǎn)是"。從第一段可以知道：科學(xué)家認(rèn)為抽煙有害，而反對(duì)者們堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為(that)我們還不能這么肯定吧?!還認(rèn)為(that)科學(xué)證據(jù)未必充分吧?!還認(rèn)為(that)反對(duì)吸煙的人正在動(dòng)手摧毀我們的生活方式，政府好別插手這事了吧?!結(jié)果，許多美國(guó)人買了香煙這種毫無(wú)意義的東西，早早進(jìn)了墳?zāi)埂?注意：nonsense無(wú)意義，此處代指香煙，否則，nonsense前頭不會(huì)用bought"買"一詞)
由此可知，支持抽煙者認(rèn)為，人們有權(quán)過(guò)他們自己選擇的生活方式。因此，C正確;選項(xiàng)A與第一段第二句矛盾，選項(xiàng)B與第一段后一句矛盾，選項(xiàng)D改變了原文nonsense的意思，原文指代"香煙"，此處成了"胡說(shuō)八道"，而原文看不出"胡說(shuō)八道"的意思來(lái)，因此D項(xiàng)也錯(cuò)誤。還應(yīng)注意，支持抽煙者insisted后邊連跟了三個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句that...;that...; that...;閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)該一氣呵成，這叫"意群閱讀"，抓文章骨干。
27.[答案] D
[解析]第二個(gè)問(wèn)題自然從第二段找答案，這種查找式閱讀可以將題緊緊扣住而得分，幾乎百發(fā)百中。而問(wèn)題是："按照Bruce Alberts先生的說(shuō)法，科學(xué)可以充當(dāng)。"當(dāng)然找本段中Bruce Alberts的話語(yǔ)，尤其是"But"后邊science一句，由此可見(jiàn)，but一詞在閱讀中作用決不可等閑視之。至于說(shuō)科學(xué)是保護(hù)者(A);法官(B);批評(píng)家(C)原文無(wú)此意。
28.[答案] A
[解析]通過(guò)上下文可知，白宮已經(jīng)開(kāi)始關(guān)注此事。但是總統(tǒng)的大多數(shù)顧問(wèn)們還未信以為真，他們還在敦促(press)更深入的研究而非采取行動(dòng)......，這是典型的"坐而論道、空談?wù)`國(guó)"。故選A。此處"paralysis by analysis"既然加了引號(hào)，就不是原意"靠分析而癱瘓"，而是"通過(guò)分析來(lái)拖延"。
29.[答案] D
[解析]問(wèn)題："對(duì)于全球變暖，政府*應(yīng)該做什么?"注意：Administration(政府*)為信號(hào)詞，原文說(shuō)：要是政府*不采取司法上的主動(dòng)性(initiative)，則國(guó)會(huì)應(yīng)采取行動(dòng)。此句告訴我們D為答案。其余三個(gè)選項(xiàng)不對(duì)：是參議員Robert Byrd，"Many","We"等人，甚至是作者的，而不是"Administration"的。至于C，則與文章主題發(fā)生矛盾。
30. [答案] B
[解析]作者從抽煙有害引出大氣變暖無(wú)非是想讓我們從前者吸取教訓(xùn)(lesson)，要相信科學(xué)，防止后者發(fā)生。至于A：兩者都受到政府忽視(顯然抽煙有害并未說(shuō)政府忽視不管)，C：抽煙的后果加劇了全球變暖，D：兩個(gè)問(wèn)題都在越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重。文中并無(wú)此類說(shuō)法。
你還記得那些年月嗎?每當(dāng)科學(xué)家指出吸煙會(huì)致死時(shí)，總是有懷疑者堅(jiān)持說(shuō)并不一定吧?!如果證據(jù)不充分，沒(méi)有科學(xué)定論吧?!反對(duì)吸煙的人總是想站出來(lái)破壞我們的生活方式，政府好不要插手此事了吧?結(jié)果有許多美國(guó)人買了香煙這種無(wú)意義的東西，30年來(lái)，大約有一千萬(wàn)煙民早早就進(jìn)了墳?zāi)埂?BR> 今天又有了同樣令人不安的怪事了，科學(xué)家們?nèi)宕蔚脑噲D警告我們?nèi)驓夂蜃兣耐{。近，國(guó)家科學(xué)院開(kāi)了由白宮贊助的會(huì)議，告訴大家地球的大氣正在變暖，而且這一麻煩主要是人為的。這里傳遞的一個(gè)明確信息是：我們應(yīng)當(dāng)采取措施來(lái)保護(hù)自己。國(guó)家科學(xué)院的主席Bruce Alberts在會(huì)議的報(bào)告前言中增加了關(guān)鍵的一點(diǎn)，即 "科學(xué)從來(lái)就不能提供所有問(wèn)題的答案。但科學(xué)的確能給我們提供有關(guān)未來(lái)的好指導(dǎo)。更重要的是，我們國(guó)家和全世界的重大政策都應(yīng)該建立在科學(xué)所能為我們提供的這些佳判斷的基礎(chǔ)上，而這些判斷將涉及到當(dāng)前行為的未來(lái)后果。"
和吸煙的問(wèn)題一樣，來(lái)自不同領(lǐng)域的聲音則堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，有關(guān)全球變暖的科學(xué)說(shuō)法不能確定，我們?cè)诓豢隙ㄖ?，向大氣中排放有害氣體就沒(méi)有什么大不了的。這是一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)的游戲，因?yàn)楫?dāng)我們地掌握了證據(jù)之后，可是已經(jīng)來(lái)不及了。隨著危險(xiǎn)愈來(lái)愈明顯和不斷上升，謹(jǐn)慎的人們現(xiàn)在就應(yīng)該采取更安全的政策了。
幸運(yùn)的是，白宮已開(kāi)始關(guān)注這一問(wèn)題了。但很明顯，總統(tǒng)的大多數(shù)顧問(wèn)先生們并沒(méi)有將此事當(dāng)回事。不但沒(méi)有行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，反而取而代之的是他們?cè)诜磸?fù)不斷地敦促繼續(xù)研究--這是典型的 "坐而論道，空談?wù)`國(guó)"。
作為地球有責(zé)任的一員，我們必須敦促進(jìn)一步對(duì)大氣和海洋進(jìn)行研究。但光有研究是不夠的。假如政府*沒(méi)有采取司法行動(dòng)，議會(huì)就應(yīng)該協(xié)助來(lái)推廣環(huán)保措施。西弗吉尼亞議員Robert Byrd提出議案，用資金去推動(dòng)私有企業(yè)進(jìn)行環(huán)保，這是一個(gè)良好的開(kāi)端。很多人都看到國(guó)家正在或?qū)⒁藿ㄔS多電廠來(lái)滿足我們對(duì)能源的需求。假如我們要保護(hù)我們的大氣層，關(guān)鍵一點(diǎn)是：新建的電廠必須是環(huán)保安全型的。
26. 吸煙支持者所持的一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是。
[A] 在抽煙和死亡的關(guān)系方面尚無(wú)科學(xué)依據(jù)
[B] 過(guò)去幾十年因吸煙而死亡的數(shù)字無(wú)關(guān)緊要
[C] 人們有選擇自己生活方式的自由
[D] 反對(duì)吸煙的人往往是胡說(shuō)八道
27. 根據(jù)Bruce Alberts的說(shuō)法，科學(xué)可以充當(dāng)。
[A] 一個(gè)保護(hù)者
[B] 一個(gè)法官
[C] 一個(gè)批評(píng)家
[D] 一個(gè)指導(dǎo)
28. 作者說(shuō)paralysis by analysis(通過(guò)分析來(lái)拖延)是什么意思?
[A] 坐而論道，空談?wù)`國(guó)
[B] 仔細(xì)的調(diào)查會(huì)揭示真相
[C] 謹(jǐn)慎的計(jì)劃會(huì)阻礙進(jìn)步
[D] 廣泛的研究有助于制定決策
29. 根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn),在全球變暖這一問(wèn)題上政府*應(yīng)該怎么做?
[A] 提供資助來(lái)建造更環(huán)保的發(fā)電廠。
[B] 提高人們對(duì)環(huán)保的認(rèn)識(shí)。
[C] 促進(jìn)進(jìn)一步的科學(xué)研究。
[D] 采取一些司法措施。
30. 作者將全球變暖問(wèn)題與吸煙相聯(lián)系是因?yàn)椤?BR> [A] 兩者都被政府忽視了
[B] 吸煙的教訓(xùn)也適用于全球變暖
[C] 后者的結(jié)果比前者更嚴(yán)重
[D] 兩者都是由糟糕變得更加糟糕