Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of theirpeople depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralizedcontrol and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and ind
ustry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors insgroupsto step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere insgroupsto reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
73) Owing to the remarkable development in masscommunications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for thereasons given above. At the same time. the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting themsintoseffect.
71. Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economistsand operational research experts.
［參考譯文］
在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要不同程度的中央控制措施，從而就需要獲得諸如經(jīng)濟學和運籌學等領域?qū)＜业膮f(xié)助。
本題屬于簡單句。句子框架是this requires various measures of centralized control and...the help of specialized scientists such as...。
本句比較簡單。需要注意的是：require有兩個賓語。第2個賓語是the help。在翻譯時需要加上“獲得”二字。measure在這里是“程度，幅度，限度”的意思。varying measures可譯成“程度不同”。
72. Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy isdirectly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that
this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
［參考譯文］
再者，顯而易見的是一個國家的經(jīng)濟實力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關，而效率的提高則有賴于各種科技人員的努力。
本題屬于復合句。句子框架是it is obvious that...and that...
。It是形式主語。兩個that引導的是兩個主語從句，由and連接起來。
be bound up with意思是“與……有關系”。in turn的意思是“轉(zhuǎn)而，反過來”。rest upon依靠，仰賴。this指的是前面提到的efficiency，翻譯時要重復一下，即“效率的提高”。
73. Owing to the remarkable development in masscommunications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for thereasons given above.
［參考譯文］大眾通信的迅猛發(fā)展使得各地的人們正在感覺到有新的需求，接觸新的習慣和新的想法。由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。
本題屬于復合結(jié)構。句子框架是people...are feeling new wants and arebeing exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are forced to introduce still further innovations for...。
owing to由于；mass communications大眾通信；be exposed to接觸；while然而。翻譯時可將owing to引導的原因狀語去掉，將其后的賓語the remarkable development in mass communication譯成漢語的主語，在其后加上“使得”二字。while一詞表示“轉(zhuǎn)折”可省略不譯。
74. In the early industrialized countries of Europe，the processof industrializationwith all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nationmay undergo the same process in a decade or so.
［參考譯文］
在先期實現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國家中，其工業(yè)化進程以及隨之而來的各種深刻的社會結(jié)構變革，持續(xù)了大約一個世紀之久，而如今一個發(fā)展中國家在十年左右就可能完成這個過程。
本題屬于復合結(jié)構。句子框架是the process of industrialization...was spread over nearly a century, whereas...a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so。with all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed在這里是附加that followed作all the farreaching changes in social patterns的定語。
farreaching深遠的、深刻的；spread over延續(xù)、持續(xù)；undergo經(jīng)歷；whereas然而，卻。with的意思是“跟……一起，伴隨”，這里譯成“以及”。例如：His money, with his wifes comes to a million dollars.他的錢連同他太太的合計達100萬美金。
75. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
［參考譯文］
由于人口的猛增或大量人口流動(現(xiàn)代交通工具使這種流動相對容易)引發(fā)的種種問題也會對社會造成新的壓力。
本題屬于簡單句。句子框架是Additional social stresses may also occur because of...or problem arising from...
arising from“由……引起”，在句中作定語修飾problem。Additional social stresses不必逐字翻譯，可轉(zhuǎn)譯成“對社會造成新的壓力”。themselves指mass migration movement。因此括號里譯成“使這種流動相對容易”。
ustry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors insgroupsto step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere insgroupsto reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
73) Owing to the remarkable development in masscommunications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for thereasons given above. At the same time. the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting themsintoseffect.
71. Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economistsand operational research experts.
［參考譯文］
在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要不同程度的中央控制措施，從而就需要獲得諸如經(jīng)濟學和運籌學等領域?qū)＜业膮f(xié)助。
本題屬于簡單句。句子框架是this requires various measures of centralized control and...the help of specialized scientists such as...。
本句比較簡單。需要注意的是：require有兩個賓語。第2個賓語是the help。在翻譯時需要加上“獲得”二字。measure在這里是“程度，幅度，限度”的意思。varying measures可譯成“程度不同”。
72. Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy isdirectly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that
this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
［參考譯文］
再者，顯而易見的是一個國家的經(jīng)濟實力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關，而效率的提高則有賴于各種科技人員的努力。
本題屬于復合句。句子框架是it is obvious that...and that...
。It是形式主語。兩個that引導的是兩個主語從句，由and連接起來。
be bound up with意思是“與……有關系”。in turn的意思是“轉(zhuǎn)而，反過來”。rest upon依靠，仰賴。this指的是前面提到的efficiency，翻譯時要重復一下，即“效率的提高”。
73. Owing to the remarkable development in masscommunications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for thereasons given above.
［參考譯文］大眾通信的迅猛發(fā)展使得各地的人們正在感覺到有新的需求，接觸新的習慣和新的想法。由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。
本題屬于復合結(jié)構。句子框架是people...are feeling new wants and arebeing exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are forced to introduce still further innovations for...。
owing to由于；mass communications大眾通信；be exposed to接觸；while然而。翻譯時可將owing to引導的原因狀語去掉，將其后的賓語the remarkable development in mass communication譯成漢語的主語，在其后加上“使得”二字。while一詞表示“轉(zhuǎn)折”可省略不譯。
74. In the early industrialized countries of Europe，the processof industrializationwith all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nationmay undergo the same process in a decade or so.
［參考譯文］
在先期實現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國家中，其工業(yè)化進程以及隨之而來的各種深刻的社會結(jié)構變革，持續(xù)了大約一個世紀之久，而如今一個發(fā)展中國家在十年左右就可能完成這個過程。
本題屬于復合結(jié)構。句子框架是the process of industrialization...was spread over nearly a century, whereas...a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so。with all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed在這里是附加that followed作all the farreaching changes in social patterns的定語。
farreaching深遠的、深刻的；spread over延續(xù)、持續(xù)；undergo經(jīng)歷；whereas然而，卻。with的意思是“跟……一起，伴隨”，這里譯成“以及”。例如：His money, with his wifes comes to a million dollars.他的錢連同他太太的合計達100萬美金。
75. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
［參考譯文］
由于人口的猛增或大量人口流動(現(xiàn)代交通工具使這種流動相對容易)引發(fā)的種種問題也會對社會造成新的壓力。
本題屬于簡單句。句子框架是Additional social stresses may also occur because of...or problem arising from...
arising from“由……引起”，在句中作定語修飾problem。Additional social stresses不必逐字翻譯，可轉(zhuǎn)譯成“對社會造成新的壓力”。themselves指mass migration movement。因此括號里譯成“使這種流動相對容易”。