一、 語(yǔ)言因素在聽(tīng)力中的運(yùn)用
聽(tīng)力理解可分為字面理解和深層理解。要做到字面理解，就必須具備一定的語(yǔ)音知識(shí)、一定的詞匯知識(shí)和一定的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。也只有在理解字面意思的基礎(chǔ)上才有可能對(duì)聽(tīng)力材料進(jìn)行深層次的理解，所以語(yǔ)言因素是聽(tīng)力理解的基礎(chǔ)。我們常提到的語(yǔ)言因素包括：
1、語(yǔ)音知識(shí)
聽(tīng)力不同于閱讀，要求同學(xué)們必須具備準(zhǔn)確辨音的能力，這是口頭交際的基礎(chǔ)。在正確掌握每個(gè)單詞的發(fā)音的同時(shí)，必須注意以下幾個(gè)方面：
（1）英語(yǔ)中最小對(duì)立體的發(fā)音，如ship---sheep, cheap ----
chip, pig ---peg, sack ---sock等，有針對(duì)性地進(jìn)行發(fā)音訓(xùn)練，比如繞口令之類的練習(xí)，如She sells sea cells by the
seashore. If she sells sea cells by the seashore, then she
sells seashore cells，適當(dāng)加強(qiáng)一些針對(duì)性的聽(tīng)力練習(xí)。
（2）重讀與弱讀：漢語(yǔ)是一個(gè)漢字一個(gè)音節(jié)，而英語(yǔ)中的一個(gè)單詞可能就有好多音節(jié)，這就造成了英漢節(jié)奏的差別。而英語(yǔ)中的一些虛詞一般要弱讀，這有可能會(huì)給聽(tīng)力造成一定的困難。對(duì)此也應(yīng)該進(jìn)行專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練。如：
Whats the time? Sing us a song. Ive eaten them all. He
has already visited a great number of different places in
Australia.(紅體部分的音節(jié)重讀)
（3）連讀：連讀時(shí)語(yǔ)速加快，連讀的單詞之間沒(méi)有了間隔，會(huì)給理解帶來(lái)困難。如：
in ˇor ˇout, yearˇ in and year ˇout, for ˇan ˇhour
（4）意群：聽(tīng)力時(shí)不能一個(gè)單詞一個(gè)單詞地去理解，應(yīng)該注意意群，因?yàn)橐馊褐g間隔之處正是停頓之處，注意下列語(yǔ)句朗讀時(shí)停頓的差別：
John said, " My father is here."
"John," said my father, "is here."
She likes pineapples.
She likes pie and apples.
He sold his houseboat and trailer.
He sold his house, boat, and trailer.
（5）注意同音字：有些單詞發(fā)音相同，也可能給聽(tīng)力理解帶來(lái)困難，如：
What is black and white, and read (red) all over?
這里在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候，很難分請(qǐng)是read還是red。
（6）語(yǔ)調(diào)：語(yǔ)調(diào)是說(shuō)話者表達(dá)情感的一種手段，同樣一個(gè)句子如果語(yǔ)調(diào)不同，則意思就有可能發(fā)生變化，如：
Open the door, will you?↗
Open the door, wont you?↘
用聲調(diào)表示一種請(qǐng)求，用降調(diào)表示命令。
What? ↗What?↘↗升調(diào)表示疑問(wèn)，降升表示吃驚和不相信。
測(cè)試中同樣有可能考查語(yǔ)調(diào)的作用，如：
① W: Where do you want to eat?
M: Is there anything wrong with the↘ coffee shop?
Q: What does the man mean?
A. He wonders if anything happened at the coffee shop.
B. He doesnt know why the coffee tastes bad.
C. He only wants coffee because he isnt happy.
D. He thinks that they ought to go to the coffee shop.
一般疑問(wèn)句，卻用了降調(diào)，表示出說(shuō)話者愿意去咖啡館的肯定態(tài)度，答案應(yīng)是D。
② M: Im terribly sorry Im late, but I just couldnt
help it.
I got there as soon as I could.
W: Well, its not soon enough, ↘is it?
Q: What does the woman mean?
A. Its soon enough to get here.
B. Its not soon enough to get here.
聽(tīng)力理解可分為字面理解和深層理解。要做到字面理解，就必須具備一定的語(yǔ)音知識(shí)、一定的詞匯知識(shí)和一定的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。也只有在理解字面意思的基礎(chǔ)上才有可能對(duì)聽(tīng)力材料進(jìn)行深層次的理解，所以語(yǔ)言因素是聽(tīng)力理解的基礎(chǔ)。我們常提到的語(yǔ)言因素包括：
1、語(yǔ)音知識(shí)
聽(tīng)力不同于閱讀，要求同學(xué)們必須具備準(zhǔn)確辨音的能力，這是口頭交際的基礎(chǔ)。在正確掌握每個(gè)單詞的發(fā)音的同時(shí)，必須注意以下幾個(gè)方面：
（1）英語(yǔ)中最小對(duì)立體的發(fā)音，如ship---sheep, cheap ----
chip, pig ---peg, sack ---sock等，有針對(duì)性地進(jìn)行發(fā)音訓(xùn)練，比如繞口令之類的練習(xí)，如She sells sea cells by the
seashore. If she sells sea cells by the seashore, then she
sells seashore cells，適當(dāng)加強(qiáng)一些針對(duì)性的聽(tīng)力練習(xí)。
（2）重讀與弱讀：漢語(yǔ)是一個(gè)漢字一個(gè)音節(jié)，而英語(yǔ)中的一個(gè)單詞可能就有好多音節(jié)，這就造成了英漢節(jié)奏的差別。而英語(yǔ)中的一些虛詞一般要弱讀，這有可能會(huì)給聽(tīng)力造成一定的困難。對(duì)此也應(yīng)該進(jìn)行專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練。如：
Whats the time? Sing us a song. Ive eaten them all. He
has already visited a great number of different places in
Australia.(紅體部分的音節(jié)重讀)
（3）連讀：連讀時(shí)語(yǔ)速加快，連讀的單詞之間沒(méi)有了間隔，會(huì)給理解帶來(lái)困難。如：
in ˇor ˇout, yearˇ in and year ˇout, for ˇan ˇhour
（4）意群：聽(tīng)力時(shí)不能一個(gè)單詞一個(gè)單詞地去理解，應(yīng)該注意意群，因?yàn)橐馊褐g間隔之處正是停頓之處，注意下列語(yǔ)句朗讀時(shí)停頓的差別：
John said, " My father is here."
"John," said my father, "is here."
She likes pineapples.
She likes pie and apples.
He sold his houseboat and trailer.
He sold his house, boat, and trailer.
（5）注意同音字：有些單詞發(fā)音相同，也可能給聽(tīng)力理解帶來(lái)困難，如：
What is black and white, and read (red) all over?
這里在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候，很難分請(qǐng)是read還是red。
（6）語(yǔ)調(diào)：語(yǔ)調(diào)是說(shuō)話者表達(dá)情感的一種手段，同樣一個(gè)句子如果語(yǔ)調(diào)不同，則意思就有可能發(fā)生變化，如：
Open the door, will you?↗
Open the door, wont you?↘
用聲調(diào)表示一種請(qǐng)求，用降調(diào)表示命令。
What? ↗What?↘↗升調(diào)表示疑問(wèn)，降升表示吃驚和不相信。
測(cè)試中同樣有可能考查語(yǔ)調(diào)的作用，如：
① W: Where do you want to eat?
M: Is there anything wrong with the↘ coffee shop?
Q: What does the man mean?
A. He wonders if anything happened at the coffee shop.
B. He doesnt know why the coffee tastes bad.
C. He only wants coffee because he isnt happy.
D. He thinks that they ought to go to the coffee shop.
一般疑問(wèn)句，卻用了降調(diào)，表示出說(shuō)話者愿意去咖啡館的肯定態(tài)度，答案應(yīng)是D。
② M: Im terribly sorry Im late, but I just couldnt
help it.
I got there as soon as I could.
W: Well, its not soon enough, ↘is it?
Q: What does the woman mean?
A. Its soon enough to get here.
B. Its not soon enough to get here.