二、 綜合改錯
詞匯、語法類錯誤
詞匯、語法類錯誤涵蓋面甚廣，包括除邏輯錯誤以外的所有錯誤，在六級考試改錯題當(dāng)中該類錯誤約占到70%。下面我們就詞類的角度，分析、歸納經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的錯誤。
(一) 名詞錯誤
單復(fù)數(shù)錯誤，可數(shù)名數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞誤用。
(二) 代詞錯誤
① 代詞單復(fù)數(shù)用錯，造成搭配不一致；② 人稱與非人稱用錯；③ 主格、賓格或所有格用錯；④ 關(guān)系代詞用錯；⑤ 不定代詞用錯。
(三) 動詞錯誤來源：www.examda.com
① 時態(tài)，語態(tài)，第順頻ナ砦?；?謂語動詞形式錯誤；③ 及物與不及物動詞用錯，造成缺賓語或不能帶賓語；④ 動詞采用非謂語動詞形式，造成謂語缺失，或用動詞代替分詞狀語，造成一句中有兩個謂語。
(四) 形容詞、副詞錯誤
形容詞、副詞比較級、級錯誤。
(五) 介詞錯誤
① 用錯介詞，造成搭配錯誤；② 遺漏介詞或添加多余的介詞。
(六) 分詞錯誤
現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞置換錯誤，該用ing分詞卻用了ed分詞，或者相反。來源：www.examda.com
(七) 其他詞類錯誤
① 定冠詞和不定冠詞用錯，冠詞遺漏或多余；② 不定式符號to的缺漏或多余；③ 基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞錯用。
(八) 詞性誤用
詞類誤用出現(xiàn)在以上主要詞類中，在實(shí)考試卷中，多表現(xiàn)為以下各組詞類間的誤用：
① 名詞形容詞
用錯的情況經(jīng)常是：該用形容詞作定語的地方用了名詞，或該作賓語的位置用了形容詞。
● There may be sound medicine reasons for accepting electrical shock treatment.應(yīng)為medical
● It is often this idea that caused their problems rather than any short of professional skills. 應(yīng)為shortage
② 形容詞副詞
經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的錯誤情形為：用于修飾形容詞、動詞的副詞被錯用為形容詞，或處于表語、補(bǔ)誤位置的形容詞被錯用為副詞。
● Deciding how much discomfort and risk we are prepared to put up with in the name of better health is a high personal matter. 應(yīng)為highly
● Industrial growth in countries that had former been markets hastened regional selfsufficiency, and in consequence, hastened the collapse of organized longdistance trade. 應(yīng)為formerly
● The bees sting is used only once and is made more effectively by the fact that it is left behind in the victim. 應(yīng)為effective
● It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of cooperation and sharing of experience appear evidently. 應(yīng)為evident
● Even the quiet of our careful protected wilderness areas can be invaded at any moment by a passing jet. 應(yīng)為carefully
(九) 措詞錯誤
此類錯誤主要指選詞的錯誤，即該用某個詞，卻誤用了另外一個詞，造成語義不當(dāng)或語法上的錯誤。所以要糾正錯誤，必須另換一詞。這類錯誤主要表現(xiàn)為以下幾個方面：
① 同義詞、近義詞選用不當(dāng)；來源：www.examda.com
② 形似義異詞用錯。
● Between sunrise and sunset, streets and highways are a constant resource of noise from ears, buses and trucks. resource意為“資源”，意義不當(dāng)，應(yīng)改作source(來源)。
● The government of most countries spend huge sums of money for international defence.
根據(jù)句中“大多數(shù)國家的政府”可知“ international”應(yīng)為“national”。
● The two countries will restore full diplomatic relations now that they have set their longstanding border dispute. 根據(jù)句意，句中set應(yīng)改為“settled”，與dispute搭配表示“平息/解決爭端”。而set無“平息，解決”之意，這是因?yàn)槠磳懓l(fā)音相似而導(dǎo)致的用詞錯誤。
● At the bottom of the world lays a mighty continent still wrapped in Ice Age and ,until recent times, unknown to man. 句中“l(fā)ays”意為“放置”，且為及物動詞，應(yīng)換作“l(fā)ies”(躺著)。這是一對容易混淆的詞。
邏輯錯誤
綜合改錯的第二大類錯誤為邏輯錯誤。從出題的角度看，設(shè)計(jì)者有意將某個連詞，或起連詞作用的副詞換成與文章思路矛盾的連詞或副詞；或?qū)⒛硞€正確的詞的詞義換成它的反義詞；或者通過去掉否定詞或添加否定詞，使上下文產(chǎn)生矛盾。
(一) 連詞或副詞錯用
連詞或起連詞作用的副詞按表示的邏輯關(guān)系可分為因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、并列、遞進(jìn)、讓步、假設(shè)等幾大類。出題者往往通過把表示某種關(guān)系的連詞或副詞換成表示另一類邏輯關(guān)系的詞，造成邏輯矛盾。如把因果關(guān)系連詞和轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞互換，把表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的與讓步關(guān)系的詞互換等。下列連詞和副詞在改錯題中要特別注意。
because, so, therefore, thus, since, as, for, consequently, but, however, nevertheless, whereas, although, yet, while, despite, before, after, moreover, furthermore, and, or, neither, nor來源：www.examda.com
● People are earning higher wages and salaries. This leads to changes in the way of life. As income goes up, people may not want more food to eat or more clothes to wear. Since they may want more and better care from doctors, dentists and hospitals. They are likely to travel more and to want more education. Nevertheless, many more jobs are available in these services.上面這段文字中的連詞“since”作“由于”解，與前文所述原因矛盾，而且since用在此，句法上也不正確，沒有主句，應(yīng)改為but。后面的連詞Nevertheless(然而),與上下文文意不合，應(yīng)改為表示因果關(guān)系的 “Therefore”或“So”。
(二) 反義詞
這種錯誤指的是出題者將文中某個詞，可以是動詞、形容詞、副詞、名詞、動名詞、分詞改成與正確文意相反或相對的詞?？忌仨毮軌蜃R別這種錯誤，把它改過來。由于許多單詞的反義詞都可通過增加或取消表示否定意義的前綴、后綴而構(gòu)成，在改正的過程，要特別注意利用這些詞綴。
● In part, technology has caused the population explosion, ... But in part, technology helps resolve the population problem, either. The need for more food discourages development of better technology which naturally keeps more people alive.
該段文字中的副詞“either”和動詞“discourages”在文中與文意相悖，邏輯上不通，應(yīng)分別改成它們的反義詞“too”和“encourages”。
(三) 肯定與否定
與上述兩種通過單詞本身的錯誤構(gòu)成邏輯錯誤不同，這類錯誤是由于否定詞not,no的缺漏或多余而造成的。
● The children attended a small elementary school (often of just one room) to which they had to walk every week, every day, possibly for a few miles. The school term was short so that the children could not help, on the farm.
“學(xué)期短，這樣這些孩子就不能在農(nóng)場上幫忙了”句意邏輯上不通，顯然最后一句中的not應(yīng)刪去。來源：www.examda.com
● The quality of the environment may reduce the need for expensive drugs when a patient is not recovering from an illness. A study has shown that patients who had a view onto a garden needed half the number of strong pain killers compared with patients who had view at all or only a brick wall to look at.
此段中“not”應(yīng)刪去，而在had view之間應(yīng)增添“no”，文意才通。
應(yīng)試技巧
以上我們對綜合改錯題的各種錯誤類型進(jìn)行了全面的歸納分析，可以說解題的思路和技巧已蘊(yùn)含其中，現(xiàn)在我們從應(yīng)試的角度提供幾點(diǎn)建議：
1快速瀏覽全文，把握話題和大意。
2細(xì)讀要求改錯的那行文字，看看每一個詞是否有語義、語法上的錯誤。
3如果本行或本句內(nèi)找不出詞匯語法上的錯誤，要特別注意一下上下文，看看是否有邏輯錯誤。來源：www.examda.com
4思路要開闊，考慮每類詞匯能出現(xiàn)的錯誤，這一點(diǎn)尤為重要。
5注意以下一些常常設(shè)置的考點(diǎn)：
①如果出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在分詞ing，考慮一下是否應(yīng)為過去分詞ed,反之亦然。
②如果是代詞，考慮一下應(yīng)該是主格、賓格還是所有格，或考慮應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式還是復(fù)數(shù)形式。
its—his,his/her/its—their
this—that/those/these
that—which—what
nothing—everything—anything
other—the other—another
few—a few, little—a little
③如果是形容詞，考慮一下是否應(yīng)為副詞，或涉及形容詞的語法錯誤，如比較級等，副詞亦如此。
much—many, more—less, few—fewer
little—few—less, late—later—latter—lately，good—well
④如果是介詞，考慮是否能與動詞、形容詞、名詞構(gòu)成正確的搭配。
as—like, in—on—of, from—with—between
⑤如果是系動詞be,助動詞have，考慮單復(fù)數(shù)時態(tài)問題。
is (was)—are(were), have—had/has
⑥如果是連詞，讀一下上下文是否文意順暢。來源：www.examda.com
⑦如果每個詞本身都找不出問題，看看是否漏掉了什么詞，如冠詞等。
詞匯、語法類錯誤
詞匯、語法類錯誤涵蓋面甚廣，包括除邏輯錯誤以外的所有錯誤，在六級考試改錯題當(dāng)中該類錯誤約占到70%。下面我們就詞類的角度，分析、歸納經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的錯誤。
(一) 名詞錯誤
單復(fù)數(shù)錯誤，可數(shù)名數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞誤用。
(二) 代詞錯誤
① 代詞單復(fù)數(shù)用錯，造成搭配不一致；② 人稱與非人稱用錯；③ 主格、賓格或所有格用錯；④ 關(guān)系代詞用錯；⑤ 不定代詞用錯。
(三) 動詞錯誤來源：www.examda.com
① 時態(tài)，語態(tài)，第順頻ナ砦?；?謂語動詞形式錯誤；③ 及物與不及物動詞用錯，造成缺賓語或不能帶賓語；④ 動詞采用非謂語動詞形式，造成謂語缺失，或用動詞代替分詞狀語，造成一句中有兩個謂語。
(四) 形容詞、副詞錯誤
形容詞、副詞比較級、級錯誤。
(五) 介詞錯誤
① 用錯介詞，造成搭配錯誤；② 遺漏介詞或添加多余的介詞。
(六) 分詞錯誤
現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞置換錯誤，該用ing分詞卻用了ed分詞，或者相反。來源：www.examda.com
(七) 其他詞類錯誤
① 定冠詞和不定冠詞用錯，冠詞遺漏或多余；② 不定式符號to的缺漏或多余；③ 基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞錯用。
(八) 詞性誤用
詞類誤用出現(xiàn)在以上主要詞類中，在實(shí)考試卷中，多表現(xiàn)為以下各組詞類間的誤用：
① 名詞形容詞
用錯的情況經(jīng)常是：該用形容詞作定語的地方用了名詞，或該作賓語的位置用了形容詞。
● There may be sound medicine reasons for accepting electrical shock treatment.應(yīng)為medical
● It is often this idea that caused their problems rather than any short of professional skills. 應(yīng)為shortage
② 形容詞副詞
經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的錯誤情形為：用于修飾形容詞、動詞的副詞被錯用為形容詞，或處于表語、補(bǔ)誤位置的形容詞被錯用為副詞。
● Deciding how much discomfort and risk we are prepared to put up with in the name of better health is a high personal matter. 應(yīng)為highly
● Industrial growth in countries that had former been markets hastened regional selfsufficiency, and in consequence, hastened the collapse of organized longdistance trade. 應(yīng)為formerly
● The bees sting is used only once and is made more effectively by the fact that it is left behind in the victim. 應(yīng)為effective
● It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of cooperation and sharing of experience appear evidently. 應(yīng)為evident
● Even the quiet of our careful protected wilderness areas can be invaded at any moment by a passing jet. 應(yīng)為carefully
(九) 措詞錯誤
此類錯誤主要指選詞的錯誤，即該用某個詞，卻誤用了另外一個詞，造成語義不當(dāng)或語法上的錯誤。所以要糾正錯誤，必須另換一詞。這類錯誤主要表現(xiàn)為以下幾個方面：
① 同義詞、近義詞選用不當(dāng)；來源：www.examda.com
② 形似義異詞用錯。
● Between sunrise and sunset, streets and highways are a constant resource of noise from ears, buses and trucks. resource意為“資源”，意義不當(dāng)，應(yīng)改作source(來源)。
● The government of most countries spend huge sums of money for international defence.
根據(jù)句中“大多數(shù)國家的政府”可知“ international”應(yīng)為“national”。
● The two countries will restore full diplomatic relations now that they have set their longstanding border dispute. 根據(jù)句意，句中set應(yīng)改為“settled”，與dispute搭配表示“平息/解決爭端”。而set無“平息，解決”之意，這是因?yàn)槠磳懓l(fā)音相似而導(dǎo)致的用詞錯誤。
● At the bottom of the world lays a mighty continent still wrapped in Ice Age and ,until recent times, unknown to man. 句中“l(fā)ays”意為“放置”，且為及物動詞，應(yīng)換作“l(fā)ies”(躺著)。這是一對容易混淆的詞。
邏輯錯誤
綜合改錯的第二大類錯誤為邏輯錯誤。從出題的角度看，設(shè)計(jì)者有意將某個連詞，或起連詞作用的副詞換成與文章思路矛盾的連詞或副詞；或?qū)⒛硞€正確的詞的詞義換成它的反義詞；或者通過去掉否定詞或添加否定詞，使上下文產(chǎn)生矛盾。
(一) 連詞或副詞錯用
連詞或起連詞作用的副詞按表示的邏輯關(guān)系可分為因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、并列、遞進(jìn)、讓步、假設(shè)等幾大類。出題者往往通過把表示某種關(guān)系的連詞或副詞換成表示另一類邏輯關(guān)系的詞，造成邏輯矛盾。如把因果關(guān)系連詞和轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞互換，把表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的與讓步關(guān)系的詞互換等。下列連詞和副詞在改錯題中要特別注意。
because, so, therefore, thus, since, as, for, consequently, but, however, nevertheless, whereas, although, yet, while, despite, before, after, moreover, furthermore, and, or, neither, nor來源：www.examda.com
● People are earning higher wages and salaries. This leads to changes in the way of life. As income goes up, people may not want more food to eat or more clothes to wear. Since they may want more and better care from doctors, dentists and hospitals. They are likely to travel more and to want more education. Nevertheless, many more jobs are available in these services.上面這段文字中的連詞“since”作“由于”解，與前文所述原因矛盾，而且since用在此，句法上也不正確，沒有主句，應(yīng)改為but。后面的連詞Nevertheless(然而),與上下文文意不合，應(yīng)改為表示因果關(guān)系的 “Therefore”或“So”。
(二) 反義詞
這種錯誤指的是出題者將文中某個詞，可以是動詞、形容詞、副詞、名詞、動名詞、分詞改成與正確文意相反或相對的詞?？忌仨毮軌蜃R別這種錯誤，把它改過來。由于許多單詞的反義詞都可通過增加或取消表示否定意義的前綴、后綴而構(gòu)成，在改正的過程，要特別注意利用這些詞綴。
● In part, technology has caused the population explosion, ... But in part, technology helps resolve the population problem, either. The need for more food discourages development of better technology which naturally keeps more people alive.
該段文字中的副詞“either”和動詞“discourages”在文中與文意相悖，邏輯上不通，應(yīng)分別改成它們的反義詞“too”和“encourages”。
(三) 肯定與否定
與上述兩種通過單詞本身的錯誤構(gòu)成邏輯錯誤不同，這類錯誤是由于否定詞not,no的缺漏或多余而造成的。
● The children attended a small elementary school (often of just one room) to which they had to walk every week, every day, possibly for a few miles. The school term was short so that the children could not help, on the farm.
“學(xué)期短，這樣這些孩子就不能在農(nóng)場上幫忙了”句意邏輯上不通，顯然最后一句中的not應(yīng)刪去。來源：www.examda.com
● The quality of the environment may reduce the need for expensive drugs when a patient is not recovering from an illness. A study has shown that patients who had a view onto a garden needed half the number of strong pain killers compared with patients who had view at all or only a brick wall to look at.
此段中“not”應(yīng)刪去，而在had view之間應(yīng)增添“no”，文意才通。
應(yīng)試技巧
以上我們對綜合改錯題的各種錯誤類型進(jìn)行了全面的歸納分析，可以說解題的思路和技巧已蘊(yùn)含其中，現(xiàn)在我們從應(yīng)試的角度提供幾點(diǎn)建議：
1快速瀏覽全文，把握話題和大意。
2細(xì)讀要求改錯的那行文字，看看每一個詞是否有語義、語法上的錯誤。
3如果本行或本句內(nèi)找不出詞匯語法上的錯誤，要特別注意一下上下文，看看是否有邏輯錯誤。來源：www.examda.com
4思路要開闊，考慮每類詞匯能出現(xiàn)的錯誤，這一點(diǎn)尤為重要。
5注意以下一些常常設(shè)置的考點(diǎn)：
①如果出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在分詞ing，考慮一下是否應(yīng)為過去分詞ed,反之亦然。
②如果是代詞，考慮一下應(yīng)該是主格、賓格還是所有格，或考慮應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式還是復(fù)數(shù)形式。
its—his,his/her/its—their
this—that/those/these
that—which—what
nothing—everything—anything
other—the other—another
few—a few, little—a little
③如果是形容詞，考慮一下是否應(yīng)為副詞，或涉及形容詞的語法錯誤，如比較級等，副詞亦如此。
much—many, more—less, few—fewer
little—few—less, late—later—latter—lately，good—well
④如果是介詞，考慮是否能與動詞、形容詞、名詞構(gòu)成正確的搭配。
as—like, in—on—of, from—with—between
⑤如果是系動詞be,助動詞have，考慮單復(fù)數(shù)時態(tài)問題。
is (was)—are(were), have—had/has
⑥如果是連詞，讀一下上下文是否文意順暢。來源：www.examda.com
⑦如果每個詞本身都找不出問題，看看是否漏掉了什么詞，如冠詞等。