A
Ability-to-pay principle能力納稅原則
The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden
Absolute advantage絕對優(yōu)勢
The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity
Aggregate-demand curve總需求曲線
A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at any price level
Aggregate-supply curve總供給曲線
A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at any level
Appreciation升值
An increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy
Automatic stabilizers自動穩(wěn)定器
Changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action
Average fixed cost平均固定成本
Fixed costs divided by the quantity of output
Average revenue平均收益
Total revenue divided by the quantity sold
Average tax rate平均稅率
Total taxes paid divided by total income
Average total cost平均總成本
Total cost divided by the quantity of output
Average variable cost平均可變成本
Variables costs divided by the quantity of output
Accelerator加速數(shù)
the effect on GDP of the increase in investment that results from an increase in output. For instance, the greater output leads a firm to believe that the demand for its products will rise in the future; the resulting increase in investment leads to growth in output and still further increases in investment, accelerating the expansion of the economy
Acquired endowments后天稟賦
resources a country builds for itself, like a network of roads or an educated population
Adaptive expectations適應(yīng)性預(yù)期
expectations based on the extrapolation of events in the recent past into the future
aggregate expenditures schedule總支出曲線
a curve that traces out the relationship between expenditures——the sum of consumption, investment, government expenditures, and net exports——and the national income, at a fixed price level
antitrust laws反托拉斯法
laws that discourage monopoly and restrictive practices and encourage greater competition
arbitrage套利
the process by which assets with comparable risk, liquidity, and tax treatment are priced to yield comparable expected returns
adverse selection逆向選擇
principle that says that those who most want to buy insurance tend to be those most at risk, but charging a high price for insurance (to cover the high risk)will discourage those at less risk from buying insurance at all
asset資產(chǎn)
any item that is long-lived, purchased for the service it renders over its life and for what one will receive when one sells it
assistance in kind實物援助
public assistance that provides particular goods and services, like food or medical care, rather than cash
asymmetric information信息不對稱
a situation in which the parties to a transaction have different information, as when the seller or a used car has more information about its quality then the buyer
autonomous consumption自主消費(fèi)
that part of consumption that does not depend on income
average costs平均成本
the total costs divided by the total output
average productivity平均產(chǎn)量
total quantity divided by the total quantity of input
B
Benefits principle 受益原則
The idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services
Bond 債券
A certificate of indebtedness
Budget constraint 預(yù)算約束
The limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford
Budget deficit 預(yù)算赤字
An excess of government spending over government receipts
Budget surplus 預(yù)算盈余
An excess of government receipts over government spendin
barriers to entry 進(jìn)入障礙
factors that prevent firms from entering a market, such as government rules or patents
basic competitive model 基本競爭模型
the model of the economy that pulls together the assumptions of self-interested consumers, profit maximizing firms, and perfectly competitive markets
bequest savings motive 儲蓄的遺產(chǎn)動機(jī)
people save so that they can leave an inheritance to their children
Bertrand competition 伯特蘭競爭
an oligopoly in which each firm believes that its rivals are committed to keeping their prices fixed and that customers can be lured away by offering lower prices
bilateral trade 雙邊貿(mào)易
trade between two parties
boom 繁榮
a period of time when resources are being fully used and GDP is growing steadily
Ability-to-pay principle能力納稅原則
The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden
Absolute advantage絕對優(yōu)勢
The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity
Aggregate-demand curve總需求曲線
A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at any price level
Aggregate-supply curve總供給曲線
A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at any level
Appreciation升值
An increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy
Automatic stabilizers自動穩(wěn)定器
Changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action
Average fixed cost平均固定成本
Fixed costs divided by the quantity of output
Average revenue平均收益
Total revenue divided by the quantity sold
Average tax rate平均稅率
Total taxes paid divided by total income
Average total cost平均總成本
Total cost divided by the quantity of output
Average variable cost平均可變成本
Variables costs divided by the quantity of output
Accelerator加速數(shù)
the effect on GDP of the increase in investment that results from an increase in output. For instance, the greater output leads a firm to believe that the demand for its products will rise in the future; the resulting increase in investment leads to growth in output and still further increases in investment, accelerating the expansion of the economy
Acquired endowments后天稟賦
resources a country builds for itself, like a network of roads or an educated population
Adaptive expectations適應(yīng)性預(yù)期
expectations based on the extrapolation of events in the recent past into the future
aggregate expenditures schedule總支出曲線
a curve that traces out the relationship between expenditures——the sum of consumption, investment, government expenditures, and net exports——and the national income, at a fixed price level
antitrust laws反托拉斯法
laws that discourage monopoly and restrictive practices and encourage greater competition
arbitrage套利
the process by which assets with comparable risk, liquidity, and tax treatment are priced to yield comparable expected returns
adverse selection逆向選擇
principle that says that those who most want to buy insurance tend to be those most at risk, but charging a high price for insurance (to cover the high risk)will discourage those at less risk from buying insurance at all
asset資產(chǎn)
any item that is long-lived, purchased for the service it renders over its life and for what one will receive when one sells it
assistance in kind實物援助
public assistance that provides particular goods and services, like food or medical care, rather than cash
asymmetric information信息不對稱
a situation in which the parties to a transaction have different information, as when the seller or a used car has more information about its quality then the buyer
autonomous consumption自主消費(fèi)
that part of consumption that does not depend on income
average costs平均成本
the total costs divided by the total output
average productivity平均產(chǎn)量
total quantity divided by the total quantity of input
B
Benefits principle 受益原則
The idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services
Bond 債券
A certificate of indebtedness
Budget constraint 預(yù)算約束
The limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford
Budget deficit 預(yù)算赤字
An excess of government spending over government receipts
Budget surplus 預(yù)算盈余
An excess of government receipts over government spendin
barriers to entry 進(jìn)入障礙
factors that prevent firms from entering a market, such as government rules or patents
basic competitive model 基本競爭模型
the model of the economy that pulls together the assumptions of self-interested consumers, profit maximizing firms, and perfectly competitive markets
bequest savings motive 儲蓄的遺產(chǎn)動機(jī)
people save so that they can leave an inheritance to their children
Bertrand competition 伯特蘭競爭
an oligopoly in which each firm believes that its rivals are committed to keeping their prices fixed and that customers can be lured away by offering lower prices
bilateral trade 雙邊貿(mào)易
trade between two parties
boom 繁榮
a period of time when resources are being fully used and GDP is growing steadily